A sudden outbreak forced the imperial army to retreat, obliging it to withdraw. Paschal III shut himself up in a fortified tower in Trastevere; he died on 20 Sept. 1168, when Denmark defected and the King of England began to show neutrality between him and Alexander III.
BIBL.: J. M. Watterich, Pontificum Romanorum... vitae, Leipzig 1862; H. Reuter, Gesch. Alexanders III. und der Kirche seiner Zeit, 3 vols., Leipzig 1860-64 (very important); A. Hauck, Kirchengesch. Deutschland, IV, Leipzig 1906; MGH, Leges, I and II, 1912; Hefele-Lecleer, V, pp. 1003-1004, 1011-27. Guglielmo Mollat