Ra'(RĀ')Vol. X, p. 264 RĀ': v. EGITTO, III. Religion of ancient E. RAB: ABBA AREKA.
Rabanus (Hrabanus, Rhabanus, Magnentius), Mauro(RABANO (HRABANUS, RHABANUS, MAGNENTIUS), MAURO)Vol. X, p. 264 RABANO (Hrabanus, Rhabanus, Ma- gnentius), MAURO. — Benedictine, b. at Mainz ca. 784, d. there on 4 February 856. Trained in sacred and profane letters by…
Rabat, Apostolic Vicariate of(RABAT, VICARIATO APOSTOLICO DI)Vol. X, p. 264 RABAT, APOSTOLIC VICARIATE of. — It was erected on 2 July 1923 by division of the Apostolic Vicariate of Morocco (v. MAROCCO, III. Evangelizzazione) and…
Rabaul, Apostolic Vicariate of(RABAUL, VICARIATO APOSTOLICO DI)Vol. X, p. 264 RABAUL, APOSTOLIC VICARIATE of. - North-east of New Guinea. It originated on 10 May 1889 from the apostolic vicariate of Melanesia, divided into the apostolic…
Rabbath (Rabbath) of Ammon(RABBA (RABBATH) DI AMMON)Vol. X, p. 264 RABBA (RABBATH) of AMMON. — Ancient city (Deut. 3:11) east of the Jordan, today ‘Ammān, capital of Jordan and formerly of the Ammonites (v.). Following the…
Rabbi(RABBINO)Vol. X, p. 265 RABBINO. — A title belonging to the doctors of Jewish law: rabh, “master”; rabbî, “my master.” Rabbân was the title given to a highly eminent master; the same…
Rabbūlâ(RABBÛLÂ)Vol. X, p. 266 RABBÛLÂ. — Syrian bishop of Edessa, born in Berea near Antioch in the second half of the 4th century, elected bishop ca. 415 and died on 7 August 435…
Rabelais, FrançoisVol. X, p. 266 RABELAIS, FRANÇOIS. — Writer, born probably at La Dovinière (Touraine) ca. 1494, died in April 1555 (?). In 1521 he was a Franciscan friar at…
RacaVol. X, p. 267 RACA. – Transcription into Greek (ḥuxā), and subsequently into Latin, of an Aramaic word (rēqā). Etymologically (cf. Heb. rīq; Akkadian rēqu or rāqu), it means…
RaccoglimentoVol. X, p. 267 RECOLLECTION. — An ascetic exercise proper to the interior life, analogous to the isolation of the scholar who concentrates his attention and thought on the…
Rachel (Heb. Rāḥēl)(RACHELE (EBR. RĀHĒL))Vol. X, p. 267 RACHELE (Hebr. Rāhēl). — Wife of the patriarch Giacobbe (v.). At the suggestion of his mother Rebecca (Gen. 27:46), Giacobbe goes to Mesopotamia to choose a…
RachisVol. X, p. 268 RACHIS. — King of the Lombards, formerly duke of Friuli and advocate of an understanding with the Papacy, he ascended the throne in 744, following a movement…
Racine, JeanVol. X, p. 268 RACINE, JEAN. - Poet, born at La Ferté-Milon, in the Valois, on Dec. 21, 1639, died in Paris on Apr. 21, 1699. Descended from the lower bourgeoisie, orphaned…
Racism(RAZZISMO)Vol. X, p. 353 RACISM. — A term that entered usage in Italy (and in France: racisme) beginning in 1935–38, to designate a doctrine and a political practice relating to race,…
Raclot, MathildeVol. X, p. 272 RACLOT, MATHILDE. - Religious of the Ladies of St. Maur and missionary, born at Surauville (Vosgi) in 1814, died at Tokio in 1911. Having entered, at the age…
Racovia, Catechism of(RACOVIA, CATECHISMO DI)Vol. X, p. 272 RACOVIA, CATECHISM. — Fundamental text of the Socinians (v. SOCINI), published in Polish at Racovia (Rakau in Poland) in 1605, reprinted in German in 1608 and…
Rada, Martino deVol. X, p. 272 RADA, MARTINO de. - Augustinian missionary, b. at Pamplona on 20 July 1533, d. on the island of Borneo in July 1578. In 1557 he sailed for Mexico, whence, in…
RadarVol. X, p. 272 RADAR. — This designation is used generically to indicate a considerable series of criteria, methods, and devices capable of detecting, even at night and in…
Radberto of Corbie(RADBERTO DI CORBIE)Vol. X, p. 273 RADBERTO di CORBIE: v. PASCASIO, RADBERTO.
Radbodo, Saint(RADBODO, SANTO)Vol. X, p. 273 RADBODO, saint. — Bishop of Utrecht, died at Deventer on 29 Nov. 917. As a youth he attended the Palatine School under his uncle Guntero, archbishop of…
Radegonda, Saint(RADEGONDA, SANTA)Vol. X, p. 273 RADEGONDA, saint. - She is commemorated in the Roman Martyrology and in certain manuscripts of the Hieronymian Martyrology on 13 August. Daughter of Bertario,…
Rader, MatthäusVol. X, p. 274 RADER, MATTHÄUS. - Jesuit, philologist, and historian, b. at Innichen (Tyrol) in 1561, d. at Munich on 22 Dec. 1634. Having entered the Society of Jesus in…
Radet, Étienne(RADET, ETIENNE)Vol. X, p. 274 RADET, ETIENNE. - French general, b. 19 Dec. 1762 at Stenay (Lorena), d. 28 Sept. 1825 at Varennes. After the outbreak of the French Revolution he entered the…
Radiations(RADIAZIONI)Vol. X, p. 274 RADIAZIONI. — Under the generic name of r. one may designate both the flow of particles or corpuscles and that of electromagnetic waves: that is, there are…
Radicalism(RADICALISMO)Vol. X, p. 275 RADICALISM. — The term is usually used to designate the attitude of those ideological and political movements which, reconnecting with the agnostic,…
Radicati, AlbertoVol. X, p. 276 RADICATI, ALBERTO. – Count of Passerano and Cocconato, born in Turin in 1698, died at The Hague on 24 October 1734. For several years he was an adviser to…
Radiciotti, GiuseppeVol. X, p. 276 RADICIOTTI, GIUSEPPE. - Musicologist, b. at Jesi on 25 Jan. 1859, d. at Tivoli on 4 Apr. 1931. He studied at the University of Rome, where he later taught in…
Radiesthesia(RADIESTESIA)Vol. X, p. 276 RADIESTHESIA. — Name given to a particular group of phenomena of direct clairvoyance (v.) in which knowledge of the event or entity sought is acquired through…
Radini Tedeschi, CarloVol. X, p. 277 RADINI TEDESCHI, CARLO. - Catholic organizer, born in Piacenza in 1829, died there on 23 March 1908. Of a noble family, he preserved and transmitted to his…
Radini Tedeschi, GiacomoVol. X, p. 278 RADINI TEDESCHI, GIACOMO. — Bishop, born in Piacenza on 12 July 1857 to Carlo and Luisa Fantini, died in Bergamo on 22 August 1914. Having obtained degrees in…
Radioactivity(RADIOATTIVITÀ)Vol. X, p. 278 RADIOACTIVITY. – Atoms, according to the suggestive model proposed by Rutherford, consist of a nucleus and satellite electrons (e.). The nuclei, in turn, are…
Radiocommunications(RADIOCOMUNICAZIONI)Vol. X, p. 279 RADIOCOMUNICAZIONI. – I. BEGINNINGS. – The scientific basis of this means of transmitting various forms of communication is found, as is well known, in…
Radić, AnteVol. X, p. 275 RADIĆ, ANTE. - Croatian politician, b. at Trebarjevo Desno on 11 June 1868, d. at Zagreb on 10 Feb. 1919. After studying at Zagreb and Vienna, he became a…
Radić, StjepanVol. X, p. 275 RADIĆ, STJEPAN. - Croatian politician, brother of Ante, b. at Trebarjevo Desno on 11 June 1871, d. at Zagreb on 8 Aug. 1928. While still a student he was…
Radziwiłł(RADZIWILL)Vol. X, p. 281 RADZIWILL. - An ancient noble family of Lithuanian origin, united in the 16th century by ties of kinship with the Jagelloni. Its progenitor was Ostyk, but it…
Raffaella Maria of the Sacred Heart, Blessed(RAFFAELLA MARIA DEL SACRO CUORE, BEATA)Vol. X, p. 285 RAFFAELLA MARIA DEL SACRO CUORE, blessed. - In the world Raffaella Porras y Ayllon, foundress of the Handmaids of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, born at Pedro-Abad…
Raffaellino del ColleVol. X, p. 285 RAFFAELLINO del COLLE: v. DEL COLLE, RAFFAELLINO.
Raffaellino del GarboVol. X, p. 285 RAFFAELLINO del GARBO. — Florentine painter, born around 1470, lived until about 1525. He was formerly distinguished into as many artists of differing training…
RagesVol. X, p. 293 RAGES. - In the book of Tobit (4, 21; 5, 14; 9, 3) mention is made of R., a city of the Medes, where Gabelo (v.) resided. The Greek text has 'Páγαι or 'Páγαι…
Raggio, Giambattista FrancescoVol. X, p. 293 RAGGIO, GIAMBATTISTA FRANCESCO. – Abbot and scholar, born in Chiavari on 15 July 1795, died in Genoa on 6 February 1860. Professor of Latin and Greek…
Raguel (Heb. Rē'ḏēl = "Friend of God")(RAGUEL (EBR. RÉ'D'ĒL = «AMICO DI DIO»))Vol. X, p. 296 RAGUEL (Hebr. Ré'd'ēl = “friend of God”).—Name of several persons in the Old Testament. 1. Priest of Midian and father of Sephora, the wife of Moses (Ex.…
Ragueneau, PaulVol. X, p. 296 RAGUENEAU, PAUL. - Missionary, b. in Parigi on 18 March 1608, d. there on 3 Sept. 1680. On 21 Aug. 1626 he entered the Jesuit novitiate. On 28 June 1636 he…
Ragusa, Diocese of(RAGUSA, DIOCESI DI)Vol. X, p. 296 RAGUSA, DIOCESE OF. — Erected on 6 May 1950, by taking seven communes from the archdiocese of Syracuse and one from the diocese of Noto. It is united «aeque…
Raguzzini, FilippoVol. X, p. 299 RAGUZZINI, FILIPPO. - Architect, born at Benevento about 1680, died at Rome in February 1771. He is an artistic figure who in recent times has assumed…
Rahab (Heb. Rāḥāb)(RAHAB (EBR. RĀḤĀBH))Vol. X, p. 299 RAHAB (Hebr. Rāḥābh). — A prostitute of Jericho, who received and concealed two scouts sent by Joshua (v.), encamped beyond the Jordan. Impressed by what was…
Rahmānī, Ignatius Ephrem II(RAHMĀNĪ, IGNAZIO EFREM II)Vol. X, p. 300 RAHMĀNĪ, IGNAZIO EFREM II. - Catholic Patriarch of Antioch of the Syrians, orientalist, b. 12 Oct. 1848 at Mossul, d. 7 May 1929 at Cairo. After his studies at…
Raibolini, FrancescoVol. X, p. 300 RAIBOLINI, FRANCESCO: v. FRANCIA, RAIBOLINI FRANCESCO detto il.
Raibolini, Francesco, detto il Francia(FRANCIA, RAIBOLINI FRANCESCO, DETTO IL)Vol. V, p. 1004 FRANCIA, RAIBOLINI FRANCESCO, called il. – Painter, b. in Bologna ca. 1460, d. there on 5 January 1517. He is the best-known and most prolific of the Bolognese…
Raiffeisen, Friedrich Wilhelm(RAIFFAISEN, FRIEDRICH WILHELM)Vol. X, p. 300 RAIFFAISEN, FRIEDRICH WILHELM. - Originator and organizer of agricultural credit cooperatives, b. at Hamm a. d. Sieg on 30 March 1818, d. at Neuwied on 11…
Raigarh–Ambikapur, Diocese of(RAIGARH-AMBIKAPUR, DIOCESI DI)Vol. X, p. 300 RAIGARH-AMBIKAPUR, DIOCESE of. - Established on 13 Dec. 1951, it is situated in north-eastern India, comprising the civil districts of R. and Surguja, detached…
Raimondi, Giovanni TimoleoneVol. X, p. 300 RAIMONDI, GIOVANNI TIMOLEONE. - First apostolic vicar of Hongkong, born in Milano in 1827, died in Hongkong in 1894. Brother of ANTONIO, naturalist and…
Raimondi, PietroVol. X, p. 301 RAIMONDI, PIETRO. - Musician, b. in Roma on 20 Dec. 1786, d. on 30 Oct. 1853. He studied in Napoli at the Conservatorio della Pietà de' Turchini and taught…
Rainallucci (Rainalducci), Pietro, Antipope(RAINALLUCCI (RAINALDUCCI), PIETRO, ANTIPAPA)Vol. X, p. 303 RAINALLUCCI (RAINALDUCCI), PIETRO, ANTIPOPE. — Friar Minor, an unwary supporter of Ludovico IV of Bavaria (v.) and antipope under the name of Niccolò V, born…
Rainbow(ARCOBALENO)Vol. I, p. 1089 ARCOBALENO. – 1. A. IN THE BIBLE. – The phenomenon—called simply “bow” in the Hebrew text—is mentioned for the first time after the Flood (Gen. 9:12–17). It is…
Rajaburi, Apostolic Vicariate of(RAJABURI, VICARIATO APOSTOLICO DI)Vol. X, p. 303 RAJABURI, APOSTOLIC VICARIATE of. — It is situated on the Gulf of Siam and consists of five civil provinces, of which three were originally detached from the…
Raleigh, Diocese of(RALEIGH, DIOCESI DI)Vol. X, p. 304 RALEIGH, DIOCESI di. - City and diocese in the State of North Carolina (United States of America). The diocese of R. comprises the whole State of North…
Rallis, Georgio AlessandroVol. X, p. 304 RALLIS, GEORGIO ALESSANDRO. — Jurist and politician, born in Constantinople in 1804. He pursued higher studies in Vienna and Paris, where he also taught…
Ram(ARIETE)Vol. I, p. 1117 ARIETE. - Although the figure of the ram appears as a decorative ornament on pagan monuments, it constitutes a symbol employed by Christianity from its…
Ram, PierreVol. X, p. 304 RAM, PIERRE - FRANÇOIS - XAVIER de. — Belgian prelate and historian, born in Louvain on 2 September 1804, died there on 14 November 1865. Ordained a priest at…
Ramah (Heb. Hā-Rāmāh = "The Height")(RAMA (EBR. HĀ-RĀMĀH « L'ALTURA »))Vol. X, p. 305 RAMA (Heb. hā-Rāmāh “the height”). — Name of several biblical localities situated in the hill country. 1. R. in the tribe of Benjamin (Ios. 18, 25), on the…
Ramakrishna Paramahamsa(RĀMAKRṢṆA PARAMAHAMSA)Vol. X, p. 305 RĀMAKRṢṆA PARAMAHAMSA. – His real name was Gadādhar Chatterji, born into a poor Brahman family at Hoogly in Bengal on 20 February 1834 (according to others, 18…
Ramayana(RĀMĀYAṆA)Vol. X, p. 305 RĀMĀYAṆA. - Vālmīki, the author of the R., was the first Indian poet to compose an artistic poem (kāvyā) on motifs from popular epic poetry, in the 3rd or 4th…
Ramazzini, BernardinoVol. X, p. 306 RAMAZZINI, BERNARDINO. — Born at Carpi (Modena) on 3 November 1633, died at Padua on 5 November 1714. He studied under the guidance of the Jesuits, then went…
Ramazzotti, AngeloVol. X, p. 306 RAMAZZOTTI, ANGELO. — Born in Milan on 3 August 1800, died in Venice on 24 September 1861. Founder of the Institute for Foreign Missions of Milan and patriarch…
Ramberto dei PrimadizziVol. X, p. 306 RAMBERTO dei PRIMADIZZI. - Dominican theologian, born in Bologna, died at Castello (Venice) on Nov. 8, 1308. He entered religious life in his native city,…
Rambona, Abbey of(RAMBONA, ABBAZIA DI)Vol. X, p. 309 RAMBONA, ABBAZIA di: v. DITTICO; MACERATA.
Rameses(RAMESSES)Vol. X, p. 309 RAMESSES (RAMSES): v. PHITHOM.
Ramière, HenryVol. X, p. 309 RAMIÈRE, HENRY. - Jesuit, theologian, b. at Castres (diocese of Albi) on 10 July 1821, d. at Tolosa on 3 Jan. 1884. Professor of philosophy and theology at the…
RamlehVol. X, p. 309 RAMLEH. – City of Palestine southeast of Jaffa. Arab writers attribute the city’s foundation to the Umayyad caliph Sulajmān (716), who intended to create an…
Ramoth-Gilead(RAMOTH IN GALAAD)Vol. X, p. 310 RAMOTH in GALAAD. - A Levitical and refuge city in the tribe of Gad (Deut. 4, 13; Ios. 20, 8; 21, 38; I Par. 6, 66), capital of the Solomonic district north…
Rampegolo (de Rampegolis, Rampegolus, Rampegoli, Rampalogi, Rampazoli), Antonio(RAMPEGOLO (DE RAMPEGOLIS, RAMPEGOLUS, RAMPELOGI, RAMPALOGI, RAMPAZOLI), ANTONIO)Vol. X, p. 311 RAMPEGOLO (de Rampegolis, Rampegolus, Rampelogi, Rampalogi, Rampazoli), ANTONIO. — Augustinian theologian and preacher, born in Genova around 1360, died after…
Rampolla del Tindaro, MarianoVol. X, p. 311 RAMPOLLA DEL TINDARO, MARIANO. — Cardinal, born on 17 August 1843 at Polizzi (Cefalù, Sicily), died on 16 December 1913 at Rome. He entered the Vatican…
Ramses ("Râ' Has Generated Him") II(RAMSES (« RÂ' LO HA GENERATO ») II)Vol. X, p. 311 RAMSES (“Râ has begotten him”) II. — Pharaoh of the Nineteenth Dynasty, son of Seti I (Sethos) and Queen Tewe, he reigned for 67 years, from 1299 to 1233 B.C.…
Ramus (de la Ramée), Pierre(RAMO (RAMUS, DE LA RAMÉE), PIERRE)Vol. X, p. 310 RAMO (RAMUS, de la RAMÉE), PIERRE. — French humanist, born in 1515 at Cuth (Soissons) and killed on the third day of the massacre of S. Bartolomeo (26 Aug.…
Rancagua, Diocese of(RANCAGUA, DIOCESI DI)Vol. X, p. 312 RANCAGUA, DIOCESE of. — City and diocese in the civil provinces of O’Higgins and Colchagua, Chile (South America). The diocese covers a territory of 15,590 sq.…
Ranchi, Diocese of(RANCHI, DIOCESI DI)Vol. X, p. 312 RANCHI, DIOCESE of. — More often called the Chota Nagpur mission, after the name of one of its principal regions, it was detached from the Archdiocese of…
Rancé, Armand deVol. X, p. 312 RANCÉ, ARMAND de: v. BOUTHILLER DE RANCÉ, ARMAND-JEAN de.
Randi, Lorenzo IlarioneVol. X, p. 312 RANDI, LORENZO ILARIONE. — Cardinal, born at Bagnacavallo (Faenza) on 18 July 1818, died in Rome on 20 December 1887. Having entered the prelature in order to…
Raniero Giordani da PisaVol. X, p. 313 RANIERO GIORDANI da PISA. - Dominican theologian, born at Rivalto, died at Pisa in 1348. He studied at Paris and taught at Pisa and in other convents of his…
Ranke, Leopold vonVol. X, p. 313 RANKE, LEOPOLD von. — Historian, born at Wiehe (Thuringia) on 21 December 1785, into a family of Protestant pastors; died in Berlin on 23 May 1886. At the age…
Ranulph of Homblieres (Ranulphus, Arnulphus de Humbloneria, Albumeria)(RANOLFO D'HOMBLIÈRES (RANULPHUS, ARNULPHUS DE HUMBLONERIA, ALBUMERIA))Vol. X, p. 313 RANOLFO d'HOMBLIÈRES (Ranulphus, Arnulphus de Humbloneria, Albumeria). - Theologian and bishop, b. in Normandy at the beginning of the 13th century, d. in…
Ranuzzi, Angelo MariaVol. X, p. 313 RANUZZI, ANGELO MARIA. - Cardinal, b. at Bologna on 19 May 1626, d. at Fano on 27 Sept. 1689. While still very young he embarked upon an ecclesiastical career,…
Ranzano, PietroVol. X, p. 314 RANZANO, PIETRO. - Humanist and Dominican bishop, b. in Palermo c. 1420–28, d. in Lucera (?) in 1492. He entered the Palermo convent of S. Domenico (c. 1444).…
Ranzoli, CesareVol. X, p. 314 RANZOLI, CESARE. - Philosopher, b. in Mantova on 13 April 1876, d. in Genova on 8 February 1926. He was professor of philosophy at the University of Messina…
Rape(STUPRO)Vol. XI, p. 886 STUPRO. — In canon law, s. means the carnal violation of a virgin woman; whereas moralists extend s. to the violation of any woman, irrespective of her…
Raphael Sanzio (originally Santi, family from Colbordolo)(RAFFAELLO SANZIO (FORMA ORIGINALE SANTI, FAMIGLIA ORIUNDA DA COLBORDOLI))Vol. X, p. 285 RAPHAEL SANZIO (original form SANTI, family originally from Colbordoli). — Painter and architect, b. at Urbino on 6 Apr. 1483 (probable date), son of Giovanni…
Raphael, Saint(RAFFAELE, SANTO)Vol. X, p. 281 RAFFAELE, saint. - I. SACRED SCRIPTURE. - Angel who appears under this symbolic name (Hebr. Réphá'el, “God has healed” or “heals”) and defines RADIO…
RaphaimVol. X, p. 314 RAPHAIM. — A more general descriptive term for the race that, in the Stone Age, inhabited Transjordan and certain parts of Palestine (v. GIGANTI). The Moabites…
Raphaim, Valley of(RAPHAIM, VALLE DI)Vol. X, p. 314 RAPHAIM, VALLEY of. – Fertile (Is. 17:5) plain southwest of Jerusalem, today called Baqā (in Heb. 'ēmeq rêphâ'im). According to Jos. 15:8 ff., it extended…
RaphidimVol. X, p. 314 RAPHIDIM. — Israelite encampment on their journey from the Red Sea to Sinai, situated between the wilderness of Sin and Sinai (Ex. 17:1), after the stages at…
Raphoe, Diocese of(RAPHOE, DIOCESI DI)Vol. X, p. 315 RAPHOE, DIOCESE of. – City and diocese in north-western Ireland. It comprises most of the county of Donegal, in the ecclesiastical province of Armagh and the…
Rapid City, Diocese of(RAPID CITY, DIOCESI DI)Vol. X, p. 315 RAPID CITY, DIOCESE of. - City and diocese in the State of South Dakota (U. S. A.). Suffragan of S. Paolo. It covers an area of 43,000 sq. miles with a total…
Rapin, René(RAPIN, RÉNÉ)Vol. X, p. 315 RAPIN, RÉNÉ. – Jesuit, humanist, and theologian, born at Tours on 3 November 1621, died in Paris on 27 October 1687. He entered the Order in 1639 and taught…
Rapisardi, MarioVol. X, p. 315 RAPISARDI, MARIO. — Poet, born in Catania on 25 February 1844, died there on 4 January 1912. He taught Italian literature at the University of his native city.…
Rapolla, Diocese of(RAPOLLA, DIOCESI DI)Vol. X, p. 315 RAPOLLA, DIOCESI di: V. NIELFI E RAPOLLA, DIOCESI di.
Ras Shamrah(RÄS ŠAMRAH)Vol. X, p. 321 RÄS ŠAMRAH: v. UGARIT.
Rasin (Heb. Rēṣīn; Septuagint Pāṇḍaṣ; Assyrian Rasūṇṇ)(RASIN (EBR. RĒṢĪN; SETTANTA PĀṆḌAṢ; ASSIRO RASŪṆṆ))Vol. X, p. 319 RASIN (Heb. Rēṣīn; Septuagint Pāṇḍaṣ; Assyrian Rasūṇṇ). — Last king of Damascus (ca. 740–732 B.C.). He was a usurper. In 738 he appears as tributary to the…
RaskolVol. X, p. 319 RASKOL. — A religious movement that separated from the Russian Church in the second half of the seventeenth century. However, the followers of the r.…
Rassler, ChristophVol. X, p. 322 RASSLER, CHRISTOPH. — Jesuit moral theologian, born at Costanza on 12 August 1654, died in Rome on 16 July 1723. After many years of teaching philosophy,…
Rastrelli, Bartolomeo FrancescoVol. X, p. 322 RASTRELLI, BARTOLOMEO FRANCESCO. – Architect, son of the famous sculptor Carlo R., born in Paris around 1700, died in Petersburg (Leningrad) in 1771. He…
Raterio of Verona(RATERIO DI VERONA)Vol. X, p. 323 RATERIO di VERONA. — Bishop and theologian, born near Liège around 890, died at Namur on 25 April 974. I. LIFE. — He grew up at the school of Ilduino, abbot of…
Ratio StudiorumVol. X, p. 324 RATIO STUDIORUM. — This is the scholastic and pedagogical code of the Society of Jesus, composed in the 16th century and still partly in force, for governing…
Ratiocination(RAZIOCINIO)Vol. X, p. 342 RAZIOCINIO : v. RAGIONAMENTO.
Rational Credibility of the Catholic Faith(CREDIBILITÀ RAZIONALE DELLA FEDE CATTOLICA)Vol. IV, p. 489 RATIONAL CREDIBILITY OF THE CATHOLIC FAITH. — I. NOTION. — Credible etymologically means everything that can be the object of belief or faith. Yet these two…
Rationale(RAZIONALE)Vol. X, p. 342 RATIONAL. — That which belongs to reason or is in conformity with it. In this sense one speaks of a rational demonstration, a rational deduction, as well as…
Rationalism(RAZIONALISMO)Vol. X, p. 347 RATIONALISM. — A relatively recent philosophical term (it entered usage with English deism [v.] in the seventeenth century) and one rich in meanings. Three…
Ratisbona (Brothers)(RATISBONNE (FRATELLI))Vol. X, p. 328 RATISBONNE (BROTHERS). — I. — THEODORE-MARIE, born in Strasbourg on 28 January 1802, died in Paris on 10 January 1884. The son of a Jewish banker, he was a…
Ratpert of Saint Gall(RATPERTO DI SAN GALLO)Vol. X, p. 328 RATPERTO di SAN GALLO. - German writer, native of Zurich, lived in the second half of the 9th century, d. around 895. He composed in Latin the chronicle of his…
Ratramnus of Corbie(RATRAMNO DI CORBIE)Vol. X, p. 329 RATRAMNO of CORBIE. - Benedictine theologian, the Body and Blood of Christ; indeed, he sometimes expressly states that the substance of the bread and that of…
Rattazzi, UrbanoVol. X, p. 329 RATTAZZI, URBANO. – Piedmontese statesman, born in Alessandria on 20 June 1808, died in Frosinone on 5 June 1873. He initially practised law with success;…
Raus, Jean-BaptisteVol. X, p. 332 RAUS, JEAN-BAPTISTE. — Moral theologian and canonist, born at Aspelt (Luxembourg) on 17 January 1881, died in Rome on 11 August 1943. Having entered the…
Rauschen, GerhardVol. X, p. 331 RAUSCHEN, GERHARD. - German ecclesiastical historian, b. at Heinsberg on 13 Oct. 1854, d. at Bonn on 12 Apr. 1917. He studied theology and philology at Bonn…
Rauscher, Joseph OthmarVol. X, p. 331 RAUSCHER, JOSEPH OTHMAR. — Cardinal, born on 6 October 1797 in Vienna, died there on 24 November 1875. After obtaining his law degree, he was ordained a priest…
Rauzan, Jean-BaptisteVol. X, p. 332 RAUZAN, JEAN-BAPTISTE. - Founder of the Congregation of the Priests of Mercy, born at Bordeaux on 5 Dec. 1757, died at Paris on 5 Sept. 1847. He first taught…
Ravaisson, FélixVol. X, p. 332 RAVAISSON, FÉLIX. — French philosopher, born in Namur (Belgium) on 23 October 1813, died in Paris on 18 May 1900. An independent spirit, he did not join the…
Ravanello, OresteVol. X, p. 332 RAVANELLO, ORESTE. - Composer and organist, b. in Venezia on 25 Aug. 1871, d. in Padova on 2 July 1938. Having graduated in organ at the age of 16, he…
RavelloVol. X, p. 333 RAVELLO. – Ancient diocese and town in the province of Salerno. Some consider R. a foundation of the Gothic age, others of Amalfi, whose Duchy it later became…
Ravenna, Archdiocese of(RAVENNA, ARCIDIOCESI DI)Vol. X, p. 333 RAVENNA, ARCIDIOCESI di. — In Romagna. As a metropolitan see, it still has subject to it the dioceses of Bertinoro, Cervia, Cesena, Comacchio, Forlì, Rimini,…
Ravenna, Archdiocese of(RAVENNA, ABCIDIOCESI DI)Vol. X, p. 336 RAVENNA, ARCHDIOCESE of — Veil for liturgical offerings with scriptural phrases woven into it. Silk fabric from the end of the 7th century, originating from S.…
Ravignan, Gustave-Xavier de La Croix de(RAVIGNAN, GUSTAVE-XAVIER DELACROIX DE)Vol. X, p. 342 RAVIGNAN, GUSTAVE-XAVIER DELACROIX de. - Jesuit, orator, b. at Bayonne on Dec. 1, 1795, d. at Paris on Feb. 26, 1858. Having abandoned the judiciary, he…
Raw Materials(MATERIE PRIME)Vol. VIII, p. 252 MATERIE PRIME. – They are also improperly called greggie, as those obtained directly, through so-called first-hand labor, from nature: the earth, sea, and…
Rawalpindi, Diocese of(RAWALPINDI, DIOCESI DI)Vol. X, p. 342 RAWALPINDI, DIOCESE of. — It derives from the apostolic prefecture of Kafiristan and Kashmir, erected on 6 July 1887 with territory detached from the diocese…
Raymond Giordano(RAIMONDO GIORDANO)Vol. X, p. 301 Raymond Giordano. – French, canon regular of the Order of Saint Augustine, to which he was admitted after a dissolute youth; "licentiatus in decretis," provost…
Raymond Martini(RAIMONDO MARTINI)Vol. X, p. 301 RAIMONDO MARTINI. – Dominican theologian and missionary, born at Subirats (Catalonia) around 1220, died at Barcelona after July 1286. A religious from 1236, he…
Raymond Nonnatus, Saint(RAIMONDO NONNATO, SANTO)Vol. X, p. 302 RAIMONDO NONNATO, saint. - The biographical information and that concerning the cult of St. R. are of late and highly uncertain origin. From the unusual manner…
Raymond of Capua(RAIMONDO DA CAPUA)Vol. X, p. 301 RAIMONDO DA CAPUA, blessed. — The blessed R. in the act of writing, fresco by F. Vanni (1563–1619) — Siena, church of S. Caterina, chapel of S. Caterina. G.…
Raymond of Capua, Blessed(RAIMONDO DA CAPUA, BEATO)Vol. X, p. 301 RAIMONDO da CAPUA, blessed. — Born in Capua around 1330, into a noble family descended from Pier delle Vigne; he died in Nuremberg in September 1399. He…
Raymond of Peñafort, Saint(RAIMONDO DE PEÑAFORT, SANTO)Vol. X, p. 302 RAIMONDO DE PEÑAFORT, saint. — Dominican, born in Barcelona in 1175, died there on 6 January 1275. He studied and then taught rhetoric and logic in Barcelona.…
Raymond Palmerio (Palmieri, Palmario), Saint(RAIMONDO PALMERIO (PALMIERI, PALMARIO), SANTO)Vol. X, p. 302 RAIMONDO PALMERIO (PALMIERI, PALMARIO), saint. - Pilgrim, b. ca. 1140 at Piacenza, d. there on 28 July 1200. At the age of 12 he took up the trade of…
Raymond Sebond (de Sebiuda)(RAIMONDO SEBOND (DE SIBIUDA))Vol. X, p. 303 RAIMONDO SEBOND (DE SIBIUDA). - Spanish physician, philosopher, and theologian, he taught at Tolosa, where he died on 29 Apr. 1436. At Tolosa, during the last…
Rayneval, Alphonse, Count of(RAYNEVAL, ALPHONSE, CONTE DI)Vol. X, p. 342 RAYNEVAL, ALPHONSE, conte di. — Diplomat, born in Paris on 1 Aug. 1813, died there on 10 Feb. 1858. (from du Panthéon des illustrations françaises du XIXe…
RazonVol. X, p. 350 RAZON. - Founder of the Aramaean kingdom of Damascus, son of a certain Eliada (Heb. Rézón ben 'Eljádha'; in the Greek, codices B, L and in the Old Latin:…
Razzi, SerafinoVol. X, p. 353 RAZZI, SERAFINO. - Dominican historian, born at Marradi di Mugello on 13 Dec. 1531, died at Firenze on 8 Aug. 1611. He entered religious life at Firenze in the…
Razzi, SilvanoVol. X, p. 353 RAZZI, SILVANO. - Camaldolese humanist and hagiographer, brother of Serafino, b. at Marradi di Mugello in 1527, d. at Firenze on 15 Oct. 1611. A devoted…
Razón y FeVol. X, p. 350 RAZÓN Y FE. – Monthly journal founded in Madrid in September 1901 by the Jesuits. The purpose of the periodical, suggested by its title, has always been to…
Rački, FranjoVol. X, p. 272 RAČKI, FRA- NJO. — Croatian canonist and historian, b. at Fužine on 25 November 1828, d. at Zagreb on 13 February 1894. Ordained a priest on 15 August 1852, he…
Raši (acronym for Rabbi Shelomoh Yishāqi)(RAŠI (SIGLA PER RABBI ŠELOMOH JISHĀQI))Vol. X, p. 319 RAŠI (abbreviation for Rabbi Šelomoh Jishāqi). - Celebrated Jewish exegete, born at Troyes in 1040 into a family distinguished for piety and learning, died…
Readings(LETTURE)Vol. VII, p. 738 LETTURE. – A monthly review of book criticism, entrusted to the Jesuits by the Archbishop of Milan in 1945 and begun in 1946. It provides timely notices of…
Realism(REALISMO)Vol. X, p. 357 REALISM. – A philosophical orientation that affirms the priority of being over knowing, in the sense that being is independent of the act by which it is known.…
Reality(REALTÀ)Vol. X, p. 359 REALTÀ: V. ENTE, ESSERE.
Rearm Moral(RIARMO MORALE)Vol. X, p. 498 RIARMO MORALE: v. BUCHMANISMO.
Reason(RAGIONE)Vol. X, p. 294 REASON. — A philosophical term which, especially in the sense of faculty (v.), has had a multiplicity of meanings throughout the history of Western thought,…
Reason and Faith(RAGIONE E FEDE)Vol. X, p. 296 REASON AND FAITH: v. FAITH, III. Faith and reason.
Reason of State(RAGIONE DI STATO)Vol. X, p. 295 REASON OF STATE. — Ratio is the principle, the rule that governs the life of the State. R. di S. is the translation of ratio reipublicae. The celebrated phrase…
Reasoning(RAGIONAMENTO)Vol. X, p. 294 REASONING. — From ratio (v. RAGIONE), it is the act by which thought, in virtue of given propositions, facts, and judgments, proceeds to a new affirmation. R.…
RebeccaVol. X, p. 359 REBECCA. - Daughter of Bathuel, granddaughter of Nachor (Gen. 22:23), and wife of Isacco (cbr. Ribhqāh). In accordance with the prayer made to God by Eliezer…
Recabites(RECABITI)Vol. X, p. 359 RECABITES. – A nomadic clan, descended from the Cineans or Kenites (I Par. 2:55), which in the ninth century B.C. received from Ionadab, son of Recab, a…
Recanati, Diocese of(RECANATI, DIOCESI DI)Vol. X, p. 359 RECANATI, DIOCESI of. – City in the province of Macerata. The diocese extends partly through the province of Macerata and partly through that of Ancona; it has…
Receptive Referral(RINVIO RICETTIZIO)Vol. X, p. 557 RECEPTIVE REFERENCE. – There is a receptive reference whenever a legislative provision of the State or of the Church adopts as its own, that is, receives, one…
Recherches de Science ReligieuseVol. X, p. 361 RECHERCHES DE SCIENCE RELIGIEUSE. - Bimonthly periodical, founded in Paris in 1910 under the direction of Fr. J. Lebreton, director of Etudes (v.). Its purpose…
Recherches de Théologie Ancienne et MédiévaleVol. X, p. 361 RECHERCHES DE THÉOLOGIE ANCIENNE ET MÉDIÉVALE. — A quarterly periodical, founded in Louvain under the auspices of the Abbey of Mont César in 1929. The field…
Recidivism (Recidivity)(RECIDIVA (RECIDIVITÀ))Vol. X, p. 361 RECIDIVA (RECIDIVITÀ). — In the language of moralists and jurists, this denotes the condition of one who falls again into the same sin or crime. I. MORAL…
RecifeVol. X, p. 362 RECIFE: v. OLINDA E RECIFE; BRASILE.
Recluses(RECLUSI)Vol. X, p. 362 RECLUSI. — Seclusion is a form of eremitical life in which the religious imposes upon himself a solitary existence, far from every community or shut up in a…
Reclusion(RECLUSIONE)Vol. X, p. 367 RECLUSION. — It may be regarded either as preventive custody (v. CARCERE) or as a retributive punishment for an offense. I. IMPRISONMENT AS A PENALTY IN CANON…
Recognition(RICOGNIZIONE)Vol. X, p. 521 RECOGNITION. — The term r. denotes two institutions entirely different in their function and purpose. One, common to the legislation of the Church and to other…
Recollect Franciscans(RECOLLETTI FRANCESCANI)Vol. X, p. 368 RECOLLETTI FRANCESCANI : v. FRATI MINORI.
Recollectine Penitents of Oirschot(PENITENTI RECOLLETTINE DI OIRSCHOT)Vol. IX, p. 676 PENITENTI RECOLLETTINE DI OIRSCHOT. – The Institute is an offshoot of the Congregation of Limburg, founded on 21 September 1623 by Mother Giovanna di Gesù and…
Recollectine Penitents of the Immaculate Conception of Rosendael(PENITENTI RECOLLETTINE DELL'IMMACOLATA CONCEZIONE DI ROOSENDAAL)Vol. IX, p. 676 PENITENT RECOLLECTINES OF THE IMMACULATE CONCEPTION OF ROOSENDAAL. - The Institute originated from the ancient monastery of Lovanio, suppressed by the French…
Recollects of Saint Augustine(RECOLLETTI DI SANT'AGOSTINO)Vol. X, p. 367 RECOLLETTI DI SANT'AGOSTINO. — A reform toward a more austere way of life within the Order of the Hermits of S. Agostino, which arose in the province of Toledo…
Reconvention(RICONVENZIONE)Vol. X, p. 522 COUNTERCLAIM. — This is the action that the defendant brings against the plaintiff, thereby becoming plaintiff in the counterclaim itself. According to this…
Recrimination(RECONVENZIONE)Vol. X, p. 368 RECONVENZIONE : v. CAUSA.
Recrosio, Raimondo (Filippo)Vol. X, p. 368 RECROSIO, RAIMONDO (FILIPPO). — Barnabite, bishop, born at Vercelli on 1 October 1657, died at Bolena (Nice) on 21 May 1732. He taught philosophy and then…
Rector(RETTORE)Vol. X, p. 484 RECTOR. – From regere, it denotes in itself one who is at the head of an institution. In common usage it is often synonymous with director or superior (in…
Rector Potens Verax DeusVol. X, p. 368 « RECTOR POTENS VERAX DEUS ». — Hymn of the hour of sext, composed by s. Ambrogio. The hour of sext corresponds to our noon. The heat of the hour recalls to…
Recueil des Historiens des GaulesVol. X, p. 368 RECUEIL DES HISTORIENS DES GAULES. — From 1636 to 1649, André and François Duchesne had published a selection of sources relating to the history of France up…
RecusantsVol. X, p. 369 RECUSANTS. – The name “r.” or nonconformists dates back to the time of Elizabeth, when the Anglican Church was established. At first, this name served to…
Red Cross Society(SOCIETÀ DELLA CROCE ROSSA)Vol. XI, p. 515 RED CROSS SOCIETY. — The R. C. is an international organization of universal character, operating in all the States of the world, legally regulated by…
Red Sea(ROSSO, MARE)Vol. X, p. 827 ROSSO, MARE — The Exodus from Egypt and the crossing of the Red Sea. Fresco of the 3rd century, Dura Europos, synagogue. the altarpiece of Villamagna. From…
Redeemed of the Cross(REDENTO DELLA CROCE)Vol. X, p. 370 REDENTO della CROCE: v. DIONIGI della NATIVITÀ e REDENTO della CROCE, beati.
Redemption (Gr. Ἀπολύτρωσις)(REDENZIONE (GR. ἈΠΟΛΎΤΡΩΣΙΣ))Vol. X, p. 370 REDEMPTION (Gr. ἀπολύτρωσις). — It is equivalent to ransom, evoking the idea of the liberation of slaves. In Christian doctrine, the R. accomplished by Christ…
Redemptorists(REDENTORISTI)Vol. X, p. 370 REDemptorists: v. CONGREGAZIONE del Ss.mo REDENTORE.
Redistribution(REDISTRIBUZIONE)Vol. X, p. 374 REDISTRIBUTION. — In the classical division of political economy, which goes back to G. B. Say (1803) and is still in use today, distribution is placed after…
Redolfi, Fortunato, Servant of God(REDOLFI, FORTUNATO, SERVO DI DIO)Vol. X, p. 375 REDOLFI, FORTUNATO, servant of God. - Barnabite, b. at Zanano (Brescia) on 8 Nov. 1777, d. at Monza on 8 Apr. 1850. He was called “the priest of the boys,” for…
Reductions(RIDUZIONI)Vol. X, p. 525 REDUCTIONS. – From the very beginning of Spanish colonization in America, the system of reductions was put into effect, following the instruction issued by the…
Refectory(REFETTORIO)Vol. X, p. 375 REFECTORY. – An area of convents and monasteries intended for communal meals. It is ordinarily a large rectangular hall accessible from the cloister and…
Referendaries of the Apostolic Signatura(REFERENDARI DELLA SEGNATURA APOSTOLICA)Vol. X, p. 375 REFERENDARI DELLA SEGNATURA APOSTOLICA: v. TRIBUNALI DELLA S. SEDE, II. Segnatura apostolica.
ReferendumVol. X, p. 375 REFERENDUM. – The r. belongs among the institutions of direct democracy. What they have in common is the personal participation, rather than participation…
Reflected Principles(PRINCIPI RIFLESSI)Vol. X, p. 43 PRINCIPI RIFLESSI. — These are rules of a moral and general nature, supplementary to the direct principles for forming a certain conscience. I. PRELIMINARY…
Reflection(RIFLESSIONE)Vol. X, p. 531 REFLECTION. - It is the act by which thought becomes explicitly conscious of itself, considering its own activities, objects, and contents. Reflection…
Reformed Cistercians(CISTERCENSI RIFORMATI)Vol. III, p. 1015 Cisterciensians, Reformed — Abbot Armand-Jean Le Bouthillier de Rancé. Painting by Hyacinthe Rigaud — Abbey of Notre-Dame de la Trappe. CISTERCIANS OF THE…
Reformism(RIFORMISMO)Vol. X, p. 534 REFORMISM. – Reformism is neither a theory nor does it rest upon a particular ideology, but is a practical attitude concerning the method to be followed in…
Refreshment(REFRIGERIO)Vol. X, p. 376 REFRIGERIO. — In Greek, ἀνάφυξις means refreshment, relief, banquet. Among the Romans it is found in this sense as: refrigeratio aestate (Cicero, De senectute,…
Regalis Solio Fortis Hiberiae(REGALI SOLIO FORTIS HIBERIAE)Vol. X, p. 378 «REGALI SOLIO FORTIS HIBERIAE». — Hymn of Vespers and Matins for the feast of s. Ermenegildo, martyr, written by Urbano VIII when in 1636 he extended the…
Regalism(REGALISMO)Vol. X, p. 378 REGALISMO. — This term has been used to designate that particular jurisdictional system (v. SEPARATISMO) founded upon the hegemony of the State over the…
Regeneration (Science)(RIGENERAZIONE (SCIENZA))Vol. X, p. 536 RIGENERAZIONE (SCIENZA). — One of the general properties of living organisms is regulation (v.), a property that permits the preservation of the unity of the…
Regeneration (Theology)(RIGENERAZIONE (TEOLOGIA))Vol. X, p. 536 REGENERATION (THEOLOGY). — Principal positive effect of justification, brought about in Baptism (v. BATTESIMO; MISTERI; ORFICI MISTERI; PALINGENESIA;…
Regensburg (Ratisbona), Diocese of(RATISBONA (REGENSBURG), DIOCESI DI)Vol. X, p. 327 RATISBONA (REGENSBURG), DIOCESE of. – City and diocese of Germany, suffragan of Munich and Freising. It has an area of 12,193 sq. km., with a population of…
Regent(REGGENTE)Vol. X, p. 385 REGENT. — In the Roman Curia, this is the title of the superior prelate of the Apostolic Penitentiary (v. TRIBUNALI ECCLESIASTICI, I. Penitenzieria…
Reggianini, LuigiVol. X, p. 385 REGGIANINI, LUIGI. - Bishop, b. in Modena in July 1775, d. there in Jan. 1848. Scarcely ordained a priest, he promoted a Congregation (phot. Enc. Catt.)…
Reggio Calabria, Archdiocese of(REGGIO CALABRIA, ARCIDIOCESI DI)Vol. X, p. 386 REGGIO CALABRIA, ARCHDIOCESE of — Archdiocese and capital city of the province of the same name. It has an area of approximately 660 sq. km, with a population…
Reggio Emilia, Diocese of(REGGIO EMILIA, DIOCESI DI)Vol. X, p. 387 REGGIO EMILIA, DIOCESE of. — It extends over 1,982 sq. km and has 349,000 Catholics out of a population of 349,500: 450 churches, 256 parishes, 393 diocesan…
Reggio, Isacco Samuel(REGGIO, ISACCO SAMUELE)Vol. X, p. 386 REGGIO, ISACCO SAMUELE. — Hebraist, born in Gorizia in 1784, died there in 1855. From 1810 he was professor of history and geography at that Lyceum; from 1846,…
RegifugiumVol. X, p. 389 REGIFUGIUM. – Feast of the ancient Roman religion, observed on February 24, a remarkable date insofar as it is an even-numbered day and immediately follows the…
Regina CaeliVol. X, p. 389 « REGINA CAELI ». - Antifona maggiore con cui la Chiesa saluta e prega la S.ma Vergine associandola al trionfo della Risurrezione per la quale essa è divenuta…
