R
743 articles · English index · Indice italiano-
Regeneration (Theology) (RIGENERAZIONE (TEOLOGIA))
Principal positive effect of justification, brought about in Baptism (v. BAPTISM; MYSTERIES; ORPHIC MYSTERIES; PALINGENESIA; SYNCRETISM). -
Regensburg (Ratisbona), Diocese of (RATISBONA (REGENSBURG), DIOCESI DI)
City and diocese of Germany, suffragan of Munich and Freising. It has an area of 12,193 sq km with a population of 1,471,938 inhabitants, of whom 1,224,190 are… -
Regent (REGGENTE)
In the Roman Curia this title is held by the prelate who is the superior of the Apostolic Penitentiary (v. TRIBUNALI ECCLESIASTICI, I. Penitenzieria… -
Reggianini, Luigi
Bishop, b. in Modena in July 1775, d. there in Jan. 1848. As soon as he was a priest he promoted a Congregation > (photo Enc. Catt.) > REGESTO - Title given in… -
Reggio Calabria, Archdiocese of (REGGIO CALABRIA, ARCIDIOCESI DI)
Archdiocese and capital city of the province of the same name. It has an area of about 660 sq. km., with a population of 212,960 inhabitants, of whom 211,960… -
Reggio Emilia, Diocese of (REGGIO EMILIA, DIOCESI DI)
It extends over 1982 sq km and counts 349,000 Catholics out of 349,500 inhabitants: 450 churches, 256 parishes, 393 diocesan priests and 63 regular clergy; it… -
Reggio, Isacco Samuel (REGGIO, ISACCO SAMUELE)
Hebraist, b. in Gorizia in 1784, d. there in 1855. From 1810 professor of history and geography at that Liceo, from 1846 honorary rabbi in succession to his… -
Regifugium
A festival of the ancient Roman religion, on February 24, a singular date insofar as it is an even day and immediately follows the Terminalia which close the… -
Regina, Archdiocese of (REGINA, ARCIDIOCESI DI)
In the southeastern part of the province of Saskatchewan (Canada). The Catholic population is 69,889. There are 91 parishes and 126 missions. The clergy… -
Regina Caeli
Major antiphon with which the Church greets and prays to the Most Holy Virgin, associating her with the triumph of the Resurrection through which she has… -
Réginald Antonin
Dominican theologian and polemicist, b. at Albi in 1606, d. at Toulouse on 12 April 1676; in the world Antoine Ravaille. A religious at Avignon (1624), he… -
Réginald da Piperno (RÉGINALDO DA PIPERNO)
Dominican theologian, b. at Piperno (Frosinone), d. at Anagni in 1290. A religious in Naples, he studied in Rome, where he met St. Thomas (1259), with whom he… -
Réginald of Saint-Gilles, Blessed (RÉGINALDO DI SAINT-GILLES, BEATO)
B. at St-Gilles in 1183, d. 1 February 1220. By 1206 he was already a professor of canon law in Paris. After a stay of 5 years there, R. became dean of the… -
Reginon of Prüm (RÉGINONE DI PRÜM)
Born at Altripp (Rhenish Prussia), he entered the Benedictine monastery of Prüm (diocese of Trier), where he was promoted abbot (892); but, driven out by the… -
Regione Conciliare
This is the name given to the districts into which Italy was divided by the decree of 15 February 1919 of the Sacred Congregation of the Consistory for the… -
Regions (REGIONI)
The new Italian constitutional Charter proclaims that the Republic is "one and indivisible," but "recognizes and promotes local autonomies" and among them the… -
Regis Superni Nuntia
Hymn of Vespers and Matins for the feast of St. Teresa of Jesus, composed by Urban VIII in 1629 when he extended the feast to the universal Church. The hymn… -
Register (REGESTO)
The word regestum (from re-gero) was used mainly, from the end of the classical age almost to our own days, as equivalent to registrum (in the sense of… -
Register of Araguaia, Prelature "Nullius" of (REGISTRO DO ARAGUAIA, PRELATURA « NULLIUS » DI)
Suffragan of Cuiabá, in the State of Mato Grosso, in Brazil. It was erected on 12 May 1914 and entrusted to the Salesians of St. John Bosco. It has 6 parishes… -
Regulae Cancellariae Apostolicae
They were a body of norms given or confirmed by each pontiff to the Apostolic Chancery (v.) and concerning the determination of the subject matter of apostolic… -
Regula Magistri
A monastic rule by an unknown author (not unlettered and somewhat too abstract in the formulation of its disciplinary precepts), whose dating oscillates… -
Regular Clerics (CHIERICI REGOLARI)
These are those religious societies of clerics which, founded from the beginning of the 16th century until about the end of the 18th, did not follow any of the… -
Regulars (REGOLARI)
Conventional and invariable numbers that served to find certain dates; there were three kinds of r., namely the solar r. (regulares solis), the lunar r.… -
Regular Third Order of Saint Francis (TERZ'ORDINE REGOLARE DI SAN FRANCESCO)
It derives from the Third Order of Penance, instituted by St. Francis of Assisi in 1221 for laypeople. With the passage of time many of these tertiaries, drawn… -
Regulation (in Biology) (REGOLAZIONE (IN BIOLOGIA))
This term designates one of the fundamental phenomena of living beings, whereby an organism tends to "regulate" any anatomical and physiological modifications… -
Reichenau
Called "Augia dives", an island on Lake Constance, joined to the mainland by a causeway; today it belongs to Baden. It was the seat of a historic Benedictine… -
Reichensperger Family (REICHENSPERGER FAMIGLIA)
German politician, b. 22 March 1808 at Koblenz, d. there 16 July 1895, brother of Peter R. In 1830 he entered the judiciary as an auditor at the Higher… -
Reichersberg
Abbey of Canons Regular of St. Augustine, in the diocese first of Passau, now of Linz (Upper Austria), on the plain of the Inn. Its renown is due to the… -
Reichert, Benedict Maria
Dominican historian, b. Feb. 9, 1868, at Amorbach, d. Jan. 29, 1917, at Priesendorf near Bamberg. Having entered the Dominican Order in 1889, a priest in 1895… -
Reid, Thomas
English philosopher, b. April 25, 1710 at Strachan, near Aberdeen, at whose university he was a professor from 1752 to 1764, the year in which he succeeded A.… -
Reiffenstuel, Anacleto
Canonist and theologian, of the Order of Friars Minor, b. at Tegernsee, in Bavaria, on 2 July 1641, d. at Freising on 5 Oct. 1703. He taught philosophy… -
Reimarus, Hermann Samuel
Deist, b. in Hamburg on 22 Dec. 1694, d. there on 1 March 1768. Rector at Wismar in 1723, professor of Oriental languages at the Gymnasium of Hamburg from 1727… -
Reims, Archdiocese of (REIMS, ARCIDIOCESI DI)
Archdiocese and capital city of the department of the Marne, on the right bank of the Vesle; it is surrounded by hills cultivated with vines. The archdiocese… -
Rein (REIN (REIN))
Cistercian abbey, near Graz, in Styria, diocese of Seckau, formerly Salzburg. Daughter of Ebrach, of the line of Morimond, founded by Leopold I, Margrave of… -
Reincarnation (REINCARNAZIONE)
Term used to indicate the passage of the soul from one human body to another. It has a narrower meaning than metempsychosis (from Gk. μετὰ, in the sense of… -
Reinhardt, Heinrich
Swiss historian, b. 10 Dec. 1855 at Olten, d. 6 Dec. 1906 at Fribourg in Switzerland. A lecturer in history at the Lucerne Higher School from 1878 to 1889… -
Reinhold, Karl Leonhard
Kantian philosopher, b. in Vienna on 26 Oct. 1758, d. in Kiel on 10 Apr. 1823. Educated by the Jesuits, he studied philosophy and theology, was a professor at… -
Reinke, Laurentius
Catholic exegete, b. 6 Feb. 1797 in Langförden (Germany), d. at Münster in Westphalia on 4 June 1879. Ordained a priest (1822), he devoted himself with zeal to… -
Reinkens, Josef Hubert
Bishop of the "Old Catholics," b. March 1, 1821 at Burtscheid near Aachen, d. Jan. 4, 1896 at Bonn. Ordained a priest in 1848 and awarded a doctorate in… -
Reisach, Karl August von
Cardinal, b. July 6, 1800 at Roth (diocese of Eichstätt), d. December 22, 1869 at the Redemptorists' house in Contamine (Savoy). Having earned a degree in… -
Reisch, Gregor
Carthusian, b. at Balingen in inner Württemberg before 1467, d. at Freiburg im Breisgau on 9 May 1525. He studied at Freiburg, where in 1489 he obtained the… -
Reithmayr, Franz Xaver
New Testament exegete, b. in Illkofen (Ratisbon) to poor artisans on 16 March 1809, d. in Munich on 26 Jan. 1872. A priest in 1832, he taught religion in… -
Relation (RELAZIONE)
From referre, it means the reference of one thing to a term, and its formality consists precisely in this being-toward-another, which differentiates it from… -
Relations Between Church and State (RELAZIONI TRA CHIESA E STATO)
RELATIONS BETWEEN CHURCH AND STATE: v. CHURCH: A). Church and State. -
Relativism (RELATIVISMO)
A term that indicates not a specific doctrine or system, but an attitude common to various thinkers, according to which every value is such only insofar as it… -
Relativity, Theory of (RELATIVITÀ, TEORIA DELLA)
I. PHYSICAL SPACE AND TIMES. - This theory, like the almost contemporary theory of "quanta" (v.), is one of the singular theories to which physics had to come… -
Relator General (RELATORE GENERALE)
Title of one of the official prelates of the Sacred Congregation of Rites (v.). He presides over the historical section, created within that Congregation by… -
Relegation (RELEGAZIONE)
A penalty of the Roman imperial period, consisting in compulsory residence in a determined place or on an island, either in perpetuity or for a fixed term… -
Relics (RELIQUIE)
In Greek λαίφανα. Etymologically it is what remains, and it is understood as the human body or a part of it; in a broader sense, objects that were in contact… -
Relief (RILIEVO)
In the figurative arts it is distinguished from the statuary group by being attached to a background plane from which figures, architecture and landscapes… -
Religion (In Canon Law) (RELIGIONE (NEL DIRITTO CANONICO))
I. NO- ZIONE. - In canon law, r. means a society approved by the legitimate ecclesiastical authority, in which the members, according to the constitutions and… -
Religion (In Moral Theology) (RELIGIONE (NELLA TEOLOGIA MORALE))
I. DEFINITION. - From the Latin religio, whose meaning varies according to whether it is derived from relegere ("to consider, to treat with diligence")… -
Religion of the Germans (GERMANI, RELIGIONE DEI)
On the religious beliefs of the ancient Germanic peoples prior to their contact with the Roman world, that is, up to the methodical conquest under Augustus… -
Religions, Comparative Study of (RELIGIONI, STUDIO COMPARATO DELLE)
Many scholars, especially over the past century, believe that only an in-depth comparison of all religions can lead to convincing conclusions regarding the… -
Religious Congregation (CONGREGAZIONE RELIGIOSA)
The CIC defines a r.c. as a religio, that is, a religious institute in which only simple vows are taken, whether perpetual or temporary (can. 488, 2). This… -
Religious Experience (ESPERIENZA RELIGIOSA)
It is a certain "contact" that the human conscience can have with God, and, in a derived sense, it is the awareness of God's action in the soul as well as of… -
Religious House (CASA RELIGIOSA)
The smallest part of an Order, Congregation, or religious society, which exists as a community, is commonly called in canon law a religious house (CIC, can.… -
Religious Missionary Congregations, Male and Female (CONGREGAZIONI RELIGIOSE MISSIONARIE MASCHILI E FEMMINILI)
In the conversion of the peoples of northern Europe the Benedictine monks played a very important part, while from the 12th century the Dominicans and… -
Religious of Saint Juliana, Apostoline of the Most Holy Sacrament (RELIGIOSE DI SANTA GIULIANA, APOSTOLINE DEL S.MO SACRAMENTO)
Founded at Mechelen in 1856 by Fanny Kestre for the perpetual adoration of the Most Blessed Sacrament and to promote devotion to it among the faithful. It is… -
Religious Order (ORDINE RELIGIOSO)
ORDINE RELIGIOSO: v. RELIGIONE. -
Religious Profession (PROFESSIONE RELIGIOSA)
PROFESSIONE RELIGIOSA: v. RELIGIOSI. -
Religious Researches (RICERCHE RELIGIOSE)
Monthly journal of historico-religious studies founded by E. Buonaiuti in 1925 (and condemned in that same year), after the founder had been censured in 1924.… -
Religious Sisters of Our Lady of Mercy (RELIGIOSE DI NOSTRA SIGNORA DELLA MERCEDE)
In 1864 Msgr. Charles Lavigerie founded in Nancy, where he was bishop, a women's institute for the education of girls, called the Sisters of the Assumption.… -
Religious Sisters of Our Lady of Mount Carmel (RELIGIOSE DI NOSTRA SIGNORA DEL CARMELO)
They date back to 1852, when Miss Maria Scrilli (later Sister Maria Teresa of Jesus) and some companions were called to take over the direction of the… -
Religious Sisters of Our Lady of the Retreat of the Cenacle (RELIGIOSE DI NOSTRA SIGNORA DEL RITIRO DEL CENACOLO)
They were founded in 1826 at La Louvesc (Ardèche), near the tomb of St. Francis Regis, by the priest Stephen Terme and by the blessed Mary Victoria Teresa… -
Religious Sisters of the Holy Union of the Sacred Hearts (RELIGIOSE DELLA SANTA UNIONE DEI SACRI CUORI)
Congregation founded at Douai (Cambrai) in 1828 by the priest G. B. de Brabant. Purpose: the Christian education of youth through elementary and secondary… -
Religious Sisters of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary (RELIGIOSE DEI SACRI CUORI DI GESÙ E MARIA)
Congregation founded at Castellammare di Stabia in 1872 by the bishop Msgr. Francesco Saverio Petagna. Purpose: the instruction and education of youth… -
Religious Sisters Teachers of Mary Immaculate (RELIGIOSE INSEGNANTI DI MARIA IMMACOLATA)
Founded in 1852 by Antonia Paris de S. Pedro in Santiago de Cuba. The sisters, with solemn vows and papal enclosure, devote themselves to the teaching and… -
Religious Society (SOCIETÀ RELIGIOSA)
SOCIETÀ RELIGIOSA: V. RELIGIONE. -
Religious State (STATO RELIGIOSO)
In canon law, and in the strict sense, it is the juridical situation of those Christians who, desiring to live a stable life of Christian perfection, embrace… -
Religious Studies (STUDI RELIGIOSI)
A bimonthly review, "critical and historical, promoter of religious culture in Italy." Founded in 1901 in Florence by the then Fr. Salvatore Minocchi and… -
Religious Superior (SUPERIORE RELIGIOSO)
He who has the legitimate power to command the members of a religious society or a part of it. I. In canon law there are major and minor superiors. Among the… -
Religious, Teaching of (RELIGIOSO, INSEGNAMENTO)
That part of education and instruction which has as its object the explanation and learning of religious truths. Man, in fact, and the Christian, are not, in… -
Religious Tertiary Capuchins of Our Lady of Sorrows (RELIGIOSI TERZIARI CAPPUCCINI DI NOSTRA SIGNORA ADDOLORATA)
They were founded by Luigi Amigò at Masamagrell (Valencia) in Spain on 12 April 1889. Pontifical approval dates from 19 September 1902, and the definitive… -
Reliquary (RELIQUIARIO)
The current name for the object chosen to contain relics; but since antiquity it has had a very great variety of names depending on its shape. The most common… -
Rembrandt (Rembrandt Harmenszogn van Rijn or van Rijn) (REMBRANDT (REMBRANDT HARMENSZOGN VAN RIJN O VAN RIJJN))
Painter and etcher, b. at Leiden on 15 July 1606, son of Harmen Gerritsz, owner of a mill on the Rhine, whence the name of the house van Rijn, with which R.… -
Remedius (Remedio), Saint (ROMEDIO (REMEDIO), SANTO)
Eponym of a famous sanctuary in Val di Non, whose cult, confirmed on 24 July 1907 by Pius X, has no certain traces older than the 11th century. On 7 March 1795… -
Remigio da Sant'Erasmo Maschat (MASCHAT, REMIGIO DA SANT'ERASMO)
Bohemian canonist, b. in 1692, d. in 1747. A Piarist, he was superior general of the Order. Also highly versed in music, he was a professor of canon law and of… -
Remigio de' Girolami
Dominican theologian, b. in Florence in 1235, d. there in 1319. He studied in Paris, where he had St. Thomas Aquinas as his master; he taught for 42 years in… -
Remigius, Archbishop of Lyon (REMIGIO, ARCIVESCOVO DI LIONE)
Chaplain of the emperor Lothair and of King Charles of Provence, archbishop of Lyons in 852, he obtained, through the favor he enjoyed with the princes, the… -
Remigius, Archbishop of Rouen (REMIGIO, ARCIVESCOVO DI ROUEN)
Natural son of Charles Martel, educated at court, he succeeded Rainfroi in the archbishopric of Rouen around 754-55. After a mission entrusted to him by his… -
Remigius, Bishop of Reims, Saint (REMIGIO, VESCOVO DI REIMS, SANTO)
He is commemorated in the Hieronymian Martyrology on 15 January, in the Roman Martyrology on 13 January, and in the historical martyrologies of the diocese on… -
Remigius of Auxerre (REMIGIO DI AUXERRE)
Benedictine, exegete, theologian, grammarian, b. shortly after 841, d. in Paris before 908. A monk in the abbey of St. Germanus of Auxerre (861-62), he was a… -
Reminiscence (REMINISCENZA)
In a generic sense (from re-miniscor) it denotes memory, recollection. In philosophy the term (Gk. ἀνάμνησις) had a technical meaning in Platonism, where it… -
Remission of Sins (REMISSIONE DEI PECCATI)
REMISSIONE DEI PECCATI: v. ASSOLUZIONE; CONTRIZIONE; PENITENZA. REMISSORIE LETTERE: LETTERE ECCLESIASTICHE. -
Remling, Franz Xaver
Priest, archivist and historian, b. at Edenkoben (Palatinate) on 10 July 1803, d. there on 28 June 1873. Episcopal archivist, then parish priest, from 1852… -
Removability (AMOVIBILITÀ)
Ecclesiastical offices are called irremovable (or also perpetual or titled) or removable (also called manual or temporary), according to whether their holder… -
Removal (RIMOZIONE)
In a generic sense it indicates the authoritative removal of someone from an office or benefice; in a strict sense removal is proper to parish priests, whether… -
Removal (Amotio) (AMOZIONE)
A. or removal or more often privation (but generally the latter term is used when it is a matter of a penal sanction) is the dismissal of the holder of an… -
Rémuzat, Anne-Madeleine, Venerable (RÉMUZAT, ANNE-MADELEINE, VENERABILE)
Visitandine propagator of the cult of the Sacred Heart, b. at Marseille in 1696, d. there on 15 February 1730. She entered the Visitation of Marseille, where… -
Renaissance (RINASCIMENTO)
The concept designated by the word "R." (or rebirth) is commonly applied to the period of Italian history extending roughly from the last decades of the… -
Renan, Ernest
Orientalist, b. at Tréguier in Brittany on 17 Feb. 1823, d. at Paris on 2 Oct. 1892. Orphaned of his father at the age of five, in 1838 R. entered the minor… -
Renano, Blessed (RENANO, BEATO)
German scholar and editor, from a family originally from Rheinau (Lower Alsace) whose surname was Bild, b. at Schlettstadt on 22 Aug. 1485, d. at Strasbourg on… -
Renata of France, Duchess of Ferrara (RENATA DI FRANCIA, DUCHESSA DI FERRARA)
Daughter of the king of France Louis XII and of Anne of Brittany, b. in the castle of Blois on 25 Oct. 1510, d. in the castle of Montargis on 12 June 1575.… -
Renato, Camillo
Pseudonym of an Italian anti-Trinitarian and Anabaptist heretic, b. in Sicily at the beginning of the 15th century, d. after 1571 at Caspano. In all likelihood… -
Renato, Goupil
RENATO, GOUPIL: V. CANADO-AMERICANI, MARTIRI. -
Renaudot, Eusèbe
Born in Paris on 22 July 1648, died there on 1 September 1720; orientalist, liturgist, journalist. R. entered the Oratory on 17 June 1665, received the four… -
Rendu, Jeanne-Marie (In Religion Soeur Rosalie) (RENDU, JEANNE-MARIE (IN RELIGIONE SOEUR ROSALIE))
Daughter of Charity, b. at Confort (Ain) on 8 Sept. 1787, d. at Paris on 7 Feb. 1856. Having entered the Daughters of Charity at a very young age, she devoted… -
Rendu, Louis
Bishop of Annecy, b. 19 Dec. 1789 at Meyrin near Geneva, d. 28 Aug. 1858 at Annecy. A priest on 19 June 1814, from 1821 to 1829 he was professor of physics… -
Reni, Guido
Painter, b. at Calvenzano (Bologna) on 4 Nov. 1575, d. at Bologna on 9 Aug. 1642. At the age of twenty, in the school of the Carracci, he assimilated the… -
Rennes
City and archdiocese in France, capital of the prefecture of the department of Ille-et-Vilaine; the latter river divides the city into two parts: the older one… -
Reno, Diocese of (RENO, DIOCESI DI)
City and diocese in the State of Nevada (U. S. A.). The diocese of R. covers a territory of 110,829 sq. miles and the total population is 158,370 inhabitants… -
Renouvier, Charles
Philosopher, b. at Montpellier on 1 Jan. 1815 and d. at Prades on 1 Sept. 1903. He is considered the founder and the leading representative of French… -
Rensi, Giuseppe
Philosopher and political writer, b. 31 May 1871 at Villafranca (Treviso), d. at Genoa on 9 Feb. 1941. At first a journalist and lawyer, he later devoted… -
Renty, Gaston-Jean-Baptiste, Baron de (RENTY, GASTON-JEAN-BAPTISTE, BARONE DI)
Lay apostle and ascetic, b. in the castle of Bény (near Bayeux) in 1611, d. in Paris on 24 April 1649. As a young man he wanted to become a Carthusian; but in… -
Renunciation (Ascetic) (RINUNCIA (ASCETICA))
Ascetical detachment from earthly goods and joys insofar as they impede or slow down union with God. In evangelical doctrine, self-denial (v.) is a fundamental… -
Reo
REO: v. DELITTO. -
Reo and Conventus (REO E CONVENUTO)
The word "reus" (defendant), in the CIC [Code of Canon Law], is sometimes (though in truth rarely) taken in the sense of one convicted or confessed of a crime… -
Reordination (RIORDINAZIONE)
A modern term denoting the practice that arose in certain periods, and only in certain circles, of repeating an Ordination held to be invalid because it was… -
Reparata, Saint, Martyr (REPARATA, SANTA, MARTIRE)
Unknown to the ancient hagiographic documents, she is mentioned for the first time by the historical martyrologies of the Middle Ages, whence she passed into… -
Reparation (RIPARAZIONE)
In ascetical usage, besides actual reparation (the restoration of man to his original integrity, the passage from corruption to incorruption), reparation… -
Reparations (RIPARAZIONI)
Reparations consist of that complex of financial and economic burdens and various services that the victor customarily imposes on the vanquished by way of… -
Reparatrix Nuns (RIPARATRICI)
Female religious institutes, whose principal purpose is reparation. I. REPARATRIX SISTERS OF THE SACRED HEART OF JESUS. - Founded in Lima in 1896 by Teresa of… -
Report of the Literary, Cultural and Artistic Activity of Catholics in Italy, The (RAGGUAGLIO DELL'ATTIVITÀ LETTERARIA, CULTURALE E ARTISTICA DEI CATTOLICI IN ITALIA, IL)
Annual review of such activities, begun in 1930 by M. Luzzi, R. Perondi and E. Lucatello (in Florence until 1933, then in Milan). In the climate of the rebirth… -
Repoussé Work (FERRO BATTUTO)
The working of wrought iron, that is, of hammered, embossed and carved iron, with artistic intent, had its first diffusion in France, Germany and Spain around… -
Representation (RAPPRESENTAZIONE)
It is the term for a cognitive act when this is not immediately apprehensive and presentative of the reality known (it corresponds to the scholastic term… -
Representation (In Legal Acts) (RAPPRESENTANZA (NEGLI ATTI GIURIDICI))
It is the institution by which one person intervenes to carry out a juridical transaction (v.) valid for another, with the effect that the consequences of the… -
Representations of the Holy See (RAPPRESENTANZE DELLA S. SEDE)
RAPPRESENTANZE DELLA S. SEDE: v. DELEGATO APOSTOLICO; LEGAZIONE, DIRITTO di; NUNZIATURA APOSTOLICA; NUNZIO APOSTOLICO. -
Reprisal (RAPPRESAGLIA)
Generally speaking, a reprisal is a coercive measure by which it is intended to settle a question of law that could not be resolved by peaceful means. The… -
Reprobation of Testimonies (Reprobatio Attestationum) (RIPROVAZIONE DELLE TESTIMONIANZE (REPROBATIO ATTESTATIONUM))
It is a legal institution which the CIC, deriving it from the ius vetus, regulates in cann. 1783 no. 2, 1784 and 1785, and which is also found in the more… -
Reproduction (RIPRODUZIONE)
Reproduction, or the faculty of generating new organisms similar to themselves, is the most typical and fundamental characteristic of living beings. It allows… -
Republic (REPUBBLICA)
The res publica originally, and in a generic sense, was understood as the complex of interests and activities or functions of the citizen community; it later… -
Rerum Creator Optime
Hymn of Matins for Wednesday. By an unknown author (cf. G. M. Dreves - C. Blume, Anal. hymnica, LI, Leipzig 1908, p. 27 ff.). The soul of the poet, weighed… -
Rerum Deus Tenax Vigor
Hymn of the hour of None, corresponding to three in the afternoon, attributed without full certainty to St. Ambrose (cf. G. M. Dreves - C. Blume, Anal.… -
Rerum Ecclesiae
Thus begins the encyclical letter of Pius XI of 28 February 1926, intended to recall in writing the teachings of the Vatican Missionary Exhibition of the Holy… -
Rerum Novarum
Encyclical de conditione opificum of Leo XIII of 15 May 1891, thus known from the words with which it begins; it is the most popular of the modern social… -
Res (COSA)
I. GENERAL NOTIONS. - In legal language, a "thing" is any portion of the external world suitable for use in satisfying human needs; a concept which, as can be… -
Rescission (Rescindibility) (RESCISSIONE (RESCINDIBILITÀ))
Rescission is a means of preventing or removing the effects of an act that is valid in itself, in which the proper proportion between the parties has not been… -
Rescript (RESCRITTO)
From re-scribere, it is any written reply. But already in the Latin sources it meant the reply or order, given in writing, by the lord of the land (thus in… -
Reservatum Ecclesiasticum
Name given to one of the most important clauses of the Peace of Augsburg (Sept. 25, 1555) between the Protestants and the Catholics of Germany. After the… -
Reserve and Reserved Cases (RISERVA E CASI RISERVATI)
R., from the Latin verb reservare, evokes the idea of separation in order to dispose of something later, as needed, the idea of restriction or exception. In… -
Reserved Cases (CASI RISERVATI)
CASI RISERVATI: v. RISERVA. -
Residence (RESIDENZA)
Etymologically (from residere) it indicates the place of prolonged, almost permanent and definitive stay, and is therefore synonymous with dwelling. In canon… -
Resignation (Canon Law) (RINUNCIA (DIRITTO CANONICO))
It is a form of manifestation of the power of disposition over rights. It consists in a pure and simple abandonment of a subjective right, without, however… -
Resistencia, Diocese of (RESISTENCIA, DIOCESI DI)
City and diocese in the territory of Chaco and Formosa in Argentina. It has an area of 172,173 sq. km. with a population of 583,000 inhabitants, of whom… -
Res Judicata (COSA GIUDICATA)
The c. g. [res judicata] has a twofold meaning. Understood in the formal sense, it represents the concept of the incontestability of the judgment and of the… -
Respicio, Saint, Martyr (RESPICIO, SANTO, MARTIRE)
RESPICIO, santo, martire: v. TRIFONE E RESPICIO, saints, martyrs. -
Respighi, Ottorino
Composer and conductor, b. in Bologna on 9 July 1879, d. in Rome on 18 Apr. 1936. He studied at the Liceo musicale of Bologna, then in St. Petersburg and in… -
Respiration (RESPIRAZIONE)
This term refers to the exchange between the organism and the external environment of those substances that are found in the environment in the gaseous state… -
Responsibility (RESPONSABILITÀ)
I. LAW. - It may be defined as subjection to the reaction that the legal order attaches to damage (v.). The legal effect of this consists in fact in a reaction… -
Responsibility of Knowledge (RESPONSABILITÀ DEL SAPERE)
A review published in Rome under the auspices of the "International Center for Comparison and Synthesis," founded and directed by Monsignor Maurizio Raffa. It… -
Responsorial (RESPONSORIALE)
RESPONSORIALE: v. ANTIFONARIO. -
Responsory (RESPONSORIO)
In the Mass, after the reading, and in the Office at the end of each lesson and in the Little Hours after the Chapter, the soloist sings or recites a verse of… -
Resta di Sogliano, Filippo
Papal general, b. of a noble family at Tagliacozzo in Oct. 1777, d. there on 20 Nov. 1853. Admitted at the age of fourteen (1791) into the papal army, he… -
Restituta, Saint, Martyr (RESTITUTA, SANTA, MARTIRE)
A martyr named R. appears in various Passiones of a legendary character and is venerated on May 17 at Ischia and Naples (BHL, 7190-91), in Corsica (BHL, suppl.… -
Restitution (RESTITUZIONE)
It is the reinstatement into the state (above all patrimonial) in which one would be, had certain unjust acts or attitudes not been committed or allowed by… -
Restitution, "In Integrum" (RESTITUZIONE « IN INTEGRUM »)
It is defined by writers on canon law as the extraordinary legal remedy by which one who has been injured in his rights is, on the basis of natural equity and… -
Restoration (RESTAURAZIONE)
Commonly by R. is meant the period that followed the Napoleonic collapse. It was not, however, a pure and simple return: in fact conservatism and R. do not… -
Restoration (RESTAURO)
I. IN ARCHITECTURE. - This is the term used to define those direct interventions on the structures and essential decorative elements of a building aimed at… -
Resurrection and Reviviscence (RISURREZIONE E REVIVISCENZA)
Resurrection, that is, the return to full life of an organism that is certainly dead, has at all times been invoked as the greatest demonstration of a power… -
Resurrectionists (RESURREZIONISTI)
A religious congregation begun in 1836 in Paris by Bogdan Janski, Peter Semenenko and Jerome Kajsiewicz, who were at that time carrying on religious and social… -
Resurrection of Jesus Christ (RISURREZIONE DI GESÙ CRISTO)
The historical fact of the R. of Christ and the related dogmatic treatment are set out at the entry GESÙ CRISTO. The liturgical commemoration of the R. is… -
Resurrection of the Dead (RISURREZIONE DEI MORTI)
The Catholic Church believes that, at the end of the world, all the dead, good and wicked, will rise again to be judged by Jesus Christ and to receive eternal… -
Retablo
The interpretation given here of this word, which belongs to the Spanish language, remains confined to the meaning it takes on in the fields of architecture… -
Retord, Pierre-André
Born on May 19, 1803 in Renaison (Loire) and died on Oct. 23, 1858. Ordained a priest on May 31, 1828, after three years of ministry in Lyon he entered the… -
Retributive Penalties (PENE VENDICATIVE)
These are the canonical penalties (v. PENALTY) that tend directly toward the punishment of the guilty party and the restoration of the order that has been… -
Retroactivity of the Law (RETROATTIVITÀ DELLA LEGGE)
The CIC has adopted the principle of the non-retroactivity of law, establishing that leges respiciunt futura, non praeterita, nisi nominatim in eis de… -
Retté, Adolphe
French poet, b. in Paris in 1863, d. at Beaune on 8 Dec. 1930. He belonged to the first Symbolist group, along with Jean Moréas and Gustave Kahn; he played a… -
Retz, Cardinal de (RETZ, CARDINALE DI)
Jean-François Paul de Gondi, b. at Montmirail on Sept. 20, 1613, d. in Paris on Aug. 24, 1679; the Duchy of R. (or Rais) had been conferred in 1581 by Henry… -
Reubeni, David (DAVID REUBENI)
That is, "D., descendant of Reuben." A strange figure of an Eastern Jew, whose place of origin and many details of his eventful life are unknown. He appears in… -
Reuchlin, Johannes, called Capnion (REUCHLIN, JOHANNES, DETTO CAPNION)
German humanist, b. at Pforzheim on 22 February 1455, d. at Bad Liebenzell on 30 June 1522. He was the initiator of the study of Hebrew as an aid to biblical… -
Reumont, Alfred von
Prussian historian and diplomat, b. 15 Aug. 1808 in Aachen, d. there 27 Apr. 1887. A Catholic, he studied at the Universities of Bonn and Heidelberg and… -
Reunion (Saint-Denis), Diocese of (RÉUNION (SAINT-DENIS), DIOCESI DI)
The diocese of R. published his Tavole cronologiche e sincrone della storia fiorentina (Florence 1841; supplementary volume, ibid. 1875), very useful to… -
Reusch, Franz Heinrich
Catholic exegete, who went over to the sect of the "Old Catholics", b. at Brilon in Westphalia on 4 Dec. 1825, d. at Bonn on 3 March 1900. In 1849 a priest, in… -
Reus, Johann Baptist
Mystic, b. July 10, 1868 at Pottenstein, diocese of Bamberg, to a family of peasants; d. at São Leopoldo on July 21, 1947. Having entered his diocesan… -
Reuss, Francesco Saverio
Redemptorist, poet, b. at Bergheim (Strasbourg) on 9 Nov. 1842, d. at Rome on 13 Feb. 1924. His Latin poems were twice awarded prizes in the literary… -
Reuter, Johann
Jesuit, moralist, b. in Luxembourg on 13 Oct. 1680, d. in Trier on 21 Jan. 1761. He taught successively letters, philosophy, and dogmatics; then, for 8 years… -
Revelation (RIVELAZIONE)
The term R., from the Latin revelare, literally "to uncover," means the manifestation of a hidden reality or truth. In this sense it was also used in biblical… -
Revenue (RENDITA)
In common language it is equivalent to income (v.), with the addition of a marked character of gratuitousness, of certainty, or of constancy in amount, which… -
Review of Christian Archaeology (RIVISTA DI ARCHEOLOGIA CRISTIANA)
After the Nuovo bulletino di archeologia cristiana ceased publication in 1922, the Pontifical Commission of Sacred Archaeology began in 1924 the R. di a. c.… -
Review of Church History in Italy (RIVISTA DI STORIA DELLA CHIESA IN ITALIA)
It was begun in Jan. 1947; it has appeared regularly in four-monthly fascicles, with the aim of illustrating the most important men and events of Italian… -
Review of History and Bibliography of the Scolopi (RASSEGNA DI STORIA E BIBLIOGRAFIA SCOLOPICA)
Journal published under the direction of Fr. Leodegario Picanyol, general archivist of the Order of the Pious Schools. It appears twice a year and contains… -
Review of Italian Ecclesiastical Law (RIVISTA DI DIRITTO ECCLESIASTICO ITALIANO)
Founded in 1890 by the lawyer Serafino Giustiniani at the beginning of a new historical phase in relations between Church and State in Italy. The legislation… -
Review of Morals and Law (RASSEGNA DI MORALE E DIRITTO)
A quarterly periodical, established in Rome in 1935, under the direction of Monsignor Silvio Romani with the cooperation of the best jurists. Its purpose was… -
Review of Neoscholastic Philosophy (RIVISTA DI FILOSOFIA NEOSCOLASTICA)
It appeared in January 1909, directed by Fr. Agostino Gemelli and by Giulio Canella (who after a short time withdrew from the editorial board), and continued… -
Review of Readings (RIVISTA DI LETTURE)
A monthly periodical founded in Milan in 1904 under the title Bollettino delle biblioteche cattoliche, under the editorship of the priest G. Casati, and also… -
Review of Religion
A quarterly periodical published by Columbia University, in New York City, beginning in 1936-37. Through the collaboration of many specialists it critically… -
Review of the Italian Clergy (RIVISTA DEL CLERO ITALIANO)
A monthly periodical founded in Milan in 1920 under the care of Fr. A. Gemelli and Msgr. F. Olgiati and L. Vigna. Addressed exclusively to priests, the… -
Review of the Young (RIVISTA DEI GIOVANI)
A monthly periodical founded in 1920 and directed by the Salesian Antonio Cojazzi, published by SEI (Società Editrice Internazionale) in Turin. It had wide… -
Réville, Jean
French Protestant theologian, b. 6 Nov. 1854 in Rotterdam, d. 5 May 1908 in Paris. Son of Albert R., a Protestant pastor and learned scholar of the history of… -
Revista Eclesiástica Brasileira (REVISTA ECLESIASTICA BRASILEIRA)
Among the theological journals of Latin America that have sprung up in recent times - such as Christus (Mexico), Ciencia y Fe (S. Miguel, F. C. P., Argentina)… -
Reviviscence of Merits (REVIVISCENZA DEI MERITI)
Merit is the right to the eternal reward (the beatific vision), acquired through good works performed in a state of Grace (v. MERITO DELL'UOMO). The works of… -
Reviviscence of the Sacraments (REVIVISCENZA DEI SACRAMENTI)
In modern theology, a Sacrament which, although validly received, did not produce Grace because of a moral indisposition (lack of the state of Grace or of… -
Revocation (REVOCAZIONE)
In Church law the term has a single meaning and is embodied exclusively in an act performed by the competent legislative or administrative authority for the… -
Revolution (RIVOLUZIONE)
Great uncertainty still reigns over the exact definition of the term. The revolutionary event is so complex in its causes and in the elements composing it that… -
Revue Apologétique
A monthly periodical founded in Paris in 1905 by the Sulpician Jean Guibert, director of the Seminary of the city's Catholic Institute, in order to offer… -
Revue Augustinienne
Monthly review of the Augustinians of the Assumption, published in Paris from March 15, 1902 to Dec. 15, 1910, in 2 annual volumes. Edited predominantly by the… -
Revue Bénédictine
Periodical begun in 1884 by the abbey of Maredsous (Belgium) under the almost ascetic title of Messager des fidèles and with the aim of bringing the faithful… -
Revue Biblique
A quarterly journal, founded in Paris in 1893 through the work of the Dominican Father Lagrange (v.), and published under the care of the "Practical School of… -
Revue Catholique of Institutions and of Canon Law (REVUE CATHOLIQUE DES INSTITUTIONS ET DU DROIT)
A journal, at first monthly, then twice-monthly, founded by the Jesuit J. Sambin (1820-92) and by the senator Lucien-Brun, which appeared in Grenoble in 1873.… -
Revue des Sciences Philosophiques et Théologiques
Periodical founded in 1907 by a group of French Dominicans, professors in the Faculty of Philosophy and Theology of Le Saulchoir (Etiolles, Seine-et-Oise). Its… -
Revue d'Histoire et de Littérature Religieuses
Founded in Paris in 1896, with the assiduous collaboration of the modernist A. Loisy, its principal aim was the history of Christianity and of Israel, biblical… -
Revue Internationale des Sociétés Secrètes
A monthly review founded in Paris in 1912, with the aim of documenting precisely the activity of secret societies (Freemasonry and adepts under the most varied… -
Revue Mabillon
A quarterly review, named after the Maurist Jean Mabillon, founded in 1905 and directed by J.-M. Besse (v.) of the Abbey of St. Martin of Ligugé (Vienne).… -
Revue Neo-Scholastic (REVUE NÉO-SCOLASTIQUE)
A quarterly journal, founded at Louvain in 1894 by the future Cardinal Desiré Mercier, and published by the "Société philosophique de Louvain" as the organ of… -
Revue of Asceticism and of Mysticism (REVUE D'ASCÉTIQUE ET DE MYSTIQUE)
A bimonthly journal, founded in Toulouse in 1920 by Fr. J. de Guibert, with the aim of studying spirituality scientifically in all its aspects. It aims… -
Revue of Ecclesiastical History (REVUE D'HISTOIRE ECCLÉSIASTIQUE)
Journal published by the Catholic University of Louvain, founded in 1900 by A. Cauchie and P. Ladeuze, with the program of re-examining the external and… -
Revue of Historical Questions (REVUE DES QUESTIONS HISTORIQUES)
Periodical founded in Paris in 1866 under the direction of the Marquis G. du Fresne de Beaucourt, with the aim of promoting and deepening the study of… -
Revue of Oriental Christianity (REVUE DE L'ORIENT CHRÉTIEN)
A scholarly journal embracing questions concerning the Christian East, which began in 1896 in Paris as a quarterly "Supplement" to the R. d. l'O. C. of a… -
Revue of Philosophy (REVUE DE PHILOSOPHIE)
Periodical founded in Paris by the Marist Father E. Peillaube, to promote philosophical studies anchored in the philosophy of St. Thomas, but enriched by…