Regina, Archdiocese of(REGINA, ARCIDIOCESI DI)Vol. X, p. 389 REGINA, ARCHDIOCESE of. - In the south-eastern part of the province of Saskatchewan (Canada). The Catholic population is 69,889 inhabitants. There are 91…
Reginon of Prüm(RÉGINONE DI PRÜM)Vol. X, p. 390 RÉGINONE di PRÜM. — Born at Altripp (Rhenish Prussia), he entered the Benedictine monastery of Prüm (diocese of Trier), where he was appointed abbot (892);…
Regione ConciliareVol. X, p. 391 REGIONE CONCILIARE. — This is the name given to the territorial divisions into which Italy was divided by the decree of 15 February 1919 of the S. Congr.…
RegioniVol. X, p. 391 REGIONS. - The new Italian Constitution proclaims that the Republic is “one and indivisible,” but “recognizes and promotes local autonomies,” including…
Regis Superni NuntiaVol. X, p. 392 «REGIS SUPERNI NUNTIA». – Hymn of Vespers and Matins for the feast of s. Teresa di Gesù, composed by Urban VIII in 1629, when he extended her feast to the…
Register(REGESTO)Vol. X, p. 381 REGESTO. – The word regestum (from re-gero) was used chiefly, from the end of the classical age almost to the present day, as equivalent to registrum (in the…
Register of Araguaia, Prelature "Nullius" of(REGISTRO DO ARAGUAIA, PRELATURA « NULLIUS » DI)Vol. X, p. 394 REGISTRO DO ARAGUAIA, PRELATURE « nullius ». — Suffragan of Cuiabá, in the State of Matto Grosso, Brazil. It was erected on 12 May 1914 and entrusted to the…
Regula MagistriVol. X, p. 396 REGULA MAGISTRI. – A monastic rule by an unknown author (not unacquainted with letters and somewhat too abstract in the formulation of disciplinary precepts),…
Regulae Cancellariae ApostolicaeVol. X, p. 396 REGULAE CANCELLARIAE APOSTOLICAE. — These were a body of norms issued or confirmed by each pontiff for the Apostolic Chancery (v.), concerning the…
Regular Clerics(CHIERICI REGOLARI)Vol. III, p. 834 Regular Clerics. — These are the religious societies of clerics founded from the early sixteenth century until about the end of the eighteenth, which did not…
Regular Third Order of Saint Francis(TERZ'ORDINE REGOLARE DI SAN FRANCESCO)Vol. XI, p. 1228 THIRD REGULAR ORDER OF SAINT FRANCIS. - It derives from the Third Order of Penance, established by s. Francesco d'Assisi in 1221 for laypeople. As time passed,…
Regulars(REGOLARI)Vol. X, p. 395 REGULARS. — Conventional and invariable numbers used to determine certain dates; there were three kinds of r., namely the solar r. (regulares solis), the lunar…
Regulation (in Biology)(REGOLAZIONE (IN BIOLOGIA))Vol. X, p. 395 REGULATION (in BIOLOGY). — This term denotes one of the fundamental phenomena of living beings, whereby an organism tends to “regulate” any anatomical and…
Rehoboam(ROBOAM)Vol. X, p. 614 ROBOAM. — King of Judah for 17 years (932–915 B.C.), son and successor of Salomon (v.). At the beginning of his reign, the schism of the northern tribes took…
ReichenauVol. X, p. 397 REICHENAU. – This “Augia dives,” an island in Lake Constance, connected with the mainland by a causeway, today belongs to Baden. It was the site of a historic…
Reichensperger Family(REICHENSPERGER FAMIGLIA)Vol. X, p. 398 German politician, born on 22 March 1808 in Co- blenz, died there on 16 July 1895, brother of Peter R. In 1830 he entered the magistracy as an auditor at the…
ReichersbergVol. X, p. 399 REICHERSBERG. - Abbey of Canons Regular of S. Agostino, in the diocese formerly of Passavia, now of Linz (Upper Austria), on the plain of the Inn. Its renown…
Reichert, Benedict MariaVol. X, p. 399 REICHERT, BENEDICT MARIA. - Dominican historian, born 9 February 1868 at Amorbach, died 29 January 1917 at Priesendorf near Bamberg. He entered the Dominican…
Reid, ThomasVol. X, p. 399 REID, THOMAS. — English philosopher, born on 25 April 1710 at Strachan, near Aberdeen, at whose University he was a professor from 1752 to 1764, the year in…
Reiffenstuel, AnacletoVol. X, p. 400 REIFFENSTUEL, ANACLETO. - Canonist and theologian of the Order of Friars Minor, born at Tegernsee in Bavaria on 2 July 1641, died at Frisinga on 5 Oct. 1703.…
Reimarus, Hermann SamuelVol. X, p. 400 REIMARUS, HERMANN SAMUEL. - Deist, b. at Hamburg on 22 Dec. 1694, d. there on 1 March 1768. Rector at Wismar in 1723, professor of Oriental languages at the…
Reims, Archdiocese of(REIMS, ARCIDIOCESI DI)Vol. X, p. 400 REIMS, ARCIDIOCESI of — Archdiocese and chief city of the department of the Marne, on the right bank of the Vesle; it is surrounded by hills planted with…
Rein (Rein)Vol. X, p. 402 REIN (REIN). - A Cistercian abbey near Graz, in Styria, diocese of Seckau, formerly Salzburg. A daughter house of Ebrach, of the Morimond line, founded by…
Reincarnation(REINCARNAZIONE)Vol. X, p. 403 REINCARNATION. — A term used to indicate the passage of the soul from one human body to another. It has a narrower meaning than metempsychosis (from the Greek…
Reinhardt, HeinrichVol. X, p. 405 REINHARDT, HEINRICH. - Swiss historian, b. 10 Dec. 1855 at Olten, d. 6 Dec. 1906 at Fribourg, Switzerland. A teacher of history at the higher school of Lucerne…
Reinhold, Karl LeonhardVol. X, p. 405 REINHOLD, KARL LEONHARD. - Kantian philosopher, b. in Vienna on 26 Oct. 1758, d. in Kiel on 10 Apr. 1823. Educated by the Jesuits, he studied philosophy and…
Reinke, LaurentiusVol. X, p. 405 REINKE, LAURENTIUS. – Catholic exegete, born on 6 February 1797 in Langförden (Germany), died at Münster in V. on 4 June 1879. Ordained a priest (1822), he…
Reinkens, Josef HubertVol. X, p. 405 REINKENS, JOSEF HUBERT. – Bishop of the “Old Catholics,” born on 1 March 1821 at Burtscheid near Aachen, died on 4 January 1896 in Bonn. Ordained a priest in…
Reisach, Karl August vonVol. X, p. 405 REISACH, KARL AUGUST von. — Cardinal, born on 6 July 1800 at Roth (diocese of Eichstätt), died on 22 December 1869 at the Redemptorists’ house in Contamine…
Reisch, GregorVol. X, p. 406 REISCH, GREGOR. - Carthusian, b. at Balingen in inner Württemberg before 1467, d. at Freiburg im Br. on 9 May 1525. He studied at Freiburg, where in 1489 he…
Reithmayr, Franz XaverVol. X, p. 406 REITHMAYR, FRANZ XAVER. – New Testament exegete, born in Illkofen (Regensburg) to poor artisans on 16 March 1809, died in Munich on 26 January 1872. Ordained a…
Relation(RELAZIONE)Vol. X, p. 410 RELATION. – From referre, it signifies the ordering of one thing to a term, and its formal character consists precisely in this being toward another, which…
Relations Between State And Church(RELAZIONI TRA STATO E CHIESA)Vol. X, p. 261 RELATIONS BETWEEN STATE AND CHURCH. — Speaking of the capital, it is appropriate to mention the religious situation of the country, as a complement to the…
Relativism(RELATIVISMO)Vol. X, p. 406 RELATIVISMO. – A term indicating not a specific doctrine or system, but an attitude common to various thinkers, according to which every value is such only…
Relativity, Theory of(RELATIVITÀ, TEORIA DELLA)Vol. X, p. 407 RELATIVITÀ, TEORIA della. - I. PHYSICAL SPACE AND TIME. - This theory, like the nearly contemporaneous theory of «quanta» (v.), is one of the singular theories…
Relator General(RELATORE GENERALE)Vol. X, p. 410 GENERAL RELATOR. — Title of one of the official prelates of the S. Congregation of Rites (v.). He presides over the historical section, established within that…
Relegation(RELEGAZIONE)Vol. X, p. 411 RELEGATION. - A punishment of the Roman imperial period, consisting in compulsory residence in a specified place or on an island, either permanently or for a…
Relics(RELIQUIE)Vol. X, p. 445 RELICS. - In Greek λαίφανα. Etymologically, it refers to what remains, specifically of the human body or a part thereof; in a broader sense, relics are also…
Relief(RILIEVO)Vol. X, p. 539 RILIEVO. – In the figurative arts, it is distinguished from a statuary group by being attached to a background plane from which figures, architectural…
Religion (In Canon Law)(RELIGIONE (NEL DIRITTO CANONICO))Vol. X, p. 411 RELIGIONE (NEL DIRITTO CANONICO). - I. NO- NOTION. — In canon law, r. signifies a society approved by the legitimate ecclesiastical authority, in which the…
Religion (In Moral Theology)(RELIGIONE (NELLA TEOLOGIA MORALE))Vol. X, p. 414 RELIGION (IN MORAL THEOLOGY). — I. DEFINITION. — From Lat. religio, whose meaning varies according to whether it is derived from relegere (“to consider, to…
Religion of the Germans(GERMANI, RELIGIONE DEI)Vol. VI, p. 92 GERMANI, RELIGION of the. - On the religious beliefs of the ancient Germanic peoples prior to their contact with the Roman world—that is, until the systematic…
Religions, Comparative Study Of(RELIGIONI, STUDIO COMPARATO DELLE)Vol. X, p. 416 COMPARATIVE STUDY OF RELIGIONS Many scholars, especially over the past century, believe that only a thorough comparison of all religions can lead to convincing…
Religious Congregation(CONGREGAZIONE RELIGIOSA)Vol. IV, p. 193 RELIGIOUS CONGREGATION. — The CIC defines a religious congregation as a religious institute in which only simple vows are taken, whether perpetual or temporary…
Religious Experience(ESPERIENZA RELIGIOSA)Vol. V, p. 375 ESPERIENZA RELIGIOSA. – It is a certain “contact” that human consciousness may have with God and, in a derived sense, the awareness of God’s action in the…
Religious House(CASA RELIGIOSA)Vol. III, p. 570 RELIGIOUS HOUSE. — The smallest division of an Order, Congregation, or religious society that exists as a community is commonly called a r. h. in canon law…
Religious Missionary Congregations, Male and Female(CONGREGAZIONI RELIGIOSE MISSIONARIE MASCHILI E FEMMINILI)Vol. IV, p. 194 MALE AND FEMALE MISSIONARY RELIGIOUS CONGREGATIONS. – In the conversion of the peoples of northern Europe, the Benedictine monks played a most important role,…
Religious of Saint Juliana, Apostoline of the Most Holy Sacrament(RELIGIOSE DI SANTA GIULIANA, APOSTOLINE DEL S.MO SACRAMENTO)Vol. X, p. 441 RELIGIOSE DI SANTA GIULIANA, APOSTOLINE DEL S.mo SACRAMENTO. — Founded at Mechelen in 1856 by Fanny Kestre for the perpetual adoration of the Most Holy…
Religious Order(ORDINE RELIGIOSO)Vol. IX, p. 168 ORDINE RELIGIOSO: v. RELIGIONE.
Religious Researches(RICERCHE RELIGIOSE)Vol. X, p. 516 RICERCHE RELIGIOSE. - A monthly review of historical-religious studies founded by E. Buonaiuti in 1925 (and condemned in that same year), after its founder had…
Religious Sisters Of Our Lady Of Mercy(RELIGIOSE DI NOSTRA SIGNORA DELLA MERCEDE)Vol. X, p. 441 RELIGIOUS OF OUR LADY OF MERCY. - Mons. Carlo Lavigerie founded in 1864 at Nancy, where he was bishop, a female institute for the education of girls, known as…
Religious Sisters Of Our Lady Of Mount Carmel(RELIGIOSE DI NOSTRA SIGNORA DEL CARMELO)Vol. X, p. 441 RELIGIOUS OF OUR LADY OF MOUNT CARMEL. - They date back to 1852, when Miss Maria Scrilli (later Sister Maria Teresa di Gesù), together with some companions,…
Religious Sisters Of Our Lady Of The Retreat Of The Cenacle(RELIGIOSE DI NOSTRA SIGNORA DEL RITIRO DEL CENACOLO)Vol. X, p. 441 RELIGIOUS OF OUR LADY OF THE RETREAT OF THE CENACLE. — They were founded in 1826 at La Louvesc (Ardèche), near the tomb of s. Fr. Regis, by the priest Stefano…
Religious Sisters Of The Holy Union Of The Sacred Hearts(RELIGIOSE DELLA SANTA UNIONE DEI SACRI CUORI)Vol. X, p. 441 RELIGIOUS OF THE HOLY UNION OF THE SACRED HEARTS. – Congregation founded at Douai (Cambrai) in 1828 by the priest G. B. de Brabant. Purpose: the Christian…
Religious Sisters Of The Sacred Hearts Of Jesus And Mary(RELIGIOSE DEI SACRI CUORI DI GESÙ E MARIA)Vol. X, p. 441 RELIGIOUS OF THE SACRED HEARTS OF JESUS AND MARY. – Congregation founded at Castellammare di Stabia in 1872 by Bishop Mons. Francesco Saverio Petagna. Purpose:…
Religious Sisters Teachers Of Mary Immaculate(RELIGIOSE INSEGNANTI DI MARIA IMMACOLATA)Vol. X, p. 442 RELIGIOSE INSEGNANTI DI MARIA IMMACOLATA. — Founded in 1852 by Antonia Paris de S. Pedro in Santiago de Cuba. The nuns, who take solemn vows and observe papal…
Religious Society(SOCIETÀ RELIGIOSA)Vol. XI, p. 525 SOCIETÀ RELIGIOSA: V. RELIGIONE.
Religious State(STATO RELIGIOSO)Vol. XI, p. 774 RELIGIOUS STATE. - In canon law, and in the strict sense, this is the juridical situation of those Christians who, desiring to live a stable life of Christian…
Religious Studies(STUDI RELIGIOSI)Vol. XI, p. 883 STUDI RELIGIOSI. — A bimonthly journal, “critical and historical, promotive of religious culture in Italy.” Founded in Florence in 1901 by the then priest…
Religious Superior(SUPERIORE RELIGIOSO)Vol. XI, p. 953 RELIGIOUS SUPERIOR. - He is one who possesses the legitimate power to command the members of a religious society or part thereof. I. In canon law, major and…
Religious Tertiary Capuchins Of Our Lady Of Sorrows(RELIGIOSI TERZIARI CAPPUCCINI DI NOSTRA SIGNORA ADDOLORATA)Vol. X, p. 442 CAPUCHIN TERTIARY RELIGIOUS OF OUR LADY OF SORROWS. – They were founded by Luigi Amigò at Masamagrell (Valencia), Spain, on 12 Apr. 1889. Papal approval dates…
Religious, Teaching Of(RELIGIOSO, INSEGNAMENTO)Vol. X, p. 442 RELIGIOUS INSTRUCTION. — That part of education and instruction whose object is the explanation and learning of religious truths. For man and the Christian are…
Reliquary(RELIQUIARIO)Vol. X, p. 443 RELIQUIARIO. - The common name for an object chosen to contain relics; but since antiquity it has had a great variety of names depending on its shape. The most…
Rembrandt (Rembrandt Harmenszogn Van Rijn or Van Rijn)(REMBRANDT (REMBRANDT HARMENSZOGN VAN RIJN O VAN RIJJN))Vol. X, p. 451 REMBRANDT (REMBRANDT HARMENSZOGN VAN RIJN OR VAN RIJJN). — Painter and etcher, born in Leiden on 15 July 1606, son of Harmen Gerritsz, owner of a mill on the…
Remedius (Remedio), Saint(ROMEDIO (REMEDIO), SANTO)Vol. X, p. 793 ROMEDIO (REMEDIO), saint. — Eponym of a celebrated sanctuary in the Val di Non, whose cult, confirmed on 24 July 1907 by Pio X, has no certain traces earlier…
Remigio da Sant'Erasmo Maschat(MASCHAT, REMIGIO DA SANT'ERASMO)Vol. VIII, p. 191 MASCHAT, REMIGIO da SANT'ERASMO. – Bohemian canonist, born in 1692, died in 1747. A Piarist, he was superior general of the Order. Highly versed also in music,…
Remigio De' GirolamiVol. X, p. 452 REMIGIO de' GIROLAMI. — Dominican theologian, born in Florence in 1235, died there in 1319. He studied in Paris, where s. Tommaso d'Aquino was his teacher; he…
Remigius Of Auxerre(REMIGIO DI AUXERRE)Vol. X, p. 452 REMIGIO di AUXERRE. — Benedictine, exegete, theologian, grammarian, born shortly after 841, died in Paris before 908. A monk in the abbey of S. Germano di…
Remigius, Archbishop of Lyon(REMIGIO, ARCIVESCOVO DI LIONE)Vol. X, p. 453 REMIGIO, archbishop of LIONE. - Chaplain to Emperor Lotario and King Carlo of Provenza, archbishop of Lione in 852, he obtained, through the favor he enjoyed…
Remigius, Archbishop Of Rouen(REMIGIO, ARCIVESCOVO DI ROUEN)Vol. X, p. 453 REMIGIO, archbishop of ROUEN. - Natural son of Carlo Martello, educated at court, he succeeded Rainfroi in the archbishopric of Rouen around 754–55. After a…
Remigius, Bishop Of Reims, Saint(REMIGIO, VESCOVO DI REIMS, SANTO)Vol. X, p. 453 REMIGIO, bishop of REIMS, saint. - He is commemorated in the Hieronymian Martyrology on 15 Jan., in the Roman on the 13th, and in the medieval historical…
Reminiscence(REMINISCENZA)Vol. X, p. 453 REMINISCENCE. — In the generic sense (from re-miniscor), it indicates memory, recollection. In philosophy the term (Gr. ἀνάμνησις) acquired a technical meaning…
Remission Of Sins(REMISSIONE DEI PECCATI)Vol. X, p. 454 REMISSIONE DEI PECCATI: v. ASSOLUZIONE; CONTRIZIONE; PENITENZA. REMISSORIE LETTERE: LETTERE ECCLESIASTICHE.
Remling, Franz XaverVol. X, p. 454 REMLING, FRANZ XAVER. - Priest, archivist, and historian, b. at Edenkoben (Palatinate) on 10 July 1803, d. there on 28 June 1873. Episcopal archivist, then…
Removability(AMOVIBILITÀ)Vol. I, p. 682 AMOVIBILITY. – Ecclesiastical offices are said to be irremovable (or also perpetual or titular) or removable (also called manual or temporary), according as…
Removal(RIMOZIONE)Vol. X, p. 543 REMOVAL. — In the generic sense, this indicates the authoritative removal of someone from an office or benefice; in the strict sense, removal properly concerns…
Renaissance(RINASCIMENTO)Vol. X, p. 543 RENAISSANCE. - The concept designated by the word "Renaissance" (or rinascita) is commonly applied to the period of Italian history spanning roughly from the…
Renan, ErnestVol. X, p. 454 RENAN, ERNEST. — Orientalist, born at Tréguier in Brittany on 17 February 1823, died in Paris on 2 October 1892. Orphaned by his father at the age of five, in…
Renano, Blessed(RENANO, BEATO)Vol. X, p. 457 RENANO, BEATO. — German scholar and editor, from a family originally from Rheinau (Lower Alsace), whose surname was Bild; born at Schlettstadt on 22 August…
Renata Of France, Duchess Of Ferrara(RENATA DI FRANCIA, DUCHESSA DI FERRARA)Vol. X, p. 457 RENATA OF FRANCE, Duchess of FERRARA. - Daughter of the King of France, Louis XII, and Anne of Brittany, born in the castle of Blois on October 25, 1510, died…
Renato, CamilloVol. X, p. 457 RENATO, CAMILLO. — Pseudonym of an Italian anti-Trinitarian and Anabaptist heretic, b. in Sicily at the beginning of the fifteenth century, d. after 1571 at…
Renato, GoupilVol. X, p. 458 RENATO, GOUPIL: V. CANADO-AMERICANI, MARTIRI.
Renaudot, EusèbeVol. X, p. 458 RENAUDOT, EUSÈBE. – Born in Paris on 22 July 1648, and died there on 1 September 1720; Orientalist, liturgist, journalist. R. entered the Oratory on 17 June…
Rendu, Jeanne-Marie (In Religion Soeur Rosalie)(RENDU, JEANNE-MARIE (IN RELIGIONE SOEUR ROSALIE))Vol. X, p. 459 RENDU, JEANNE-MARIE (in religione SOEUR ROSALIE). - Daughter of Charity, born at Confort (Ain) on 8 Sept. 1787, died at Paris on 7 Feb. 1856. Having entered…
Rendu, LouisVol. X, p. 459 RENDU, LOUIS. — Bishop of Annecy, born on 19 December 1789 at Meyrin near Geneva, died on 28 August 1858 at Annecy. Ordained a priest on 19 June 1814, from…
Reni, GuidoVol. X, p. 459 RENI, GUIDO. — Painter, born at Calvenzano (Bologna) on 4 November 1575, died at Bologna on 9 August 1642. At the age of twenty, in the school of the Carracci,…
RennesVol. X, p. 460 RENNES. – City and archdiocese in France, capital of the prefecture of the department of Ille-et-Vilaine; the latter river divides the city into two parts: the…
Reno, Diocese Of(RENO, DIOCESI DI)Vol. X, p. 461 RENO, DIOCESE of. — City and diocese in the State of Nevada (U. S. A.). The diocese of R. covers a territory of 110,829 sq. miles, and the total population is…
Renouvier, CharlesVol. X, p. 461 RENOUVIER, CHARLES. – Philosopher, born in Montpellier on 1 January 1815 and died at Prades on 1 September 1903. He is considered the founder and foremost…
Rensi, GiuseppeVol. X, p. 462 RENSI, GIUSEPPE. — Philosopher and political writer, born on 31 May 1871 at Villafranca (Treviso), died at Genoa on 9 February 1941. Initially a journalist and…
Renty, Gaston-Jean-Baptiste, Baron de(RENTY, GASTON-JEAN-BAPTISTE, BARONE DI)Vol. X, p. 462 RENTY, GASTON-JEAN-BAPTISTE, Baron de. - Lay apostle and ascetic, born at the castle of Bény (near Bayeux) in 1611, died in Paris on 24 April 1649. In his…
Renunciation (Ascetic)(RINUNCIA (ASCETICA))Vol. X, p. 557 RENUNCIATION (ASCETICISM). — Ascetic detachment from earthly goods and joys insofar as they impede or slow union with God. In evangelical doctrine, self-denial…
Reo and Conventus(REO E CONVENUTO)Vol. X, p. 463 DEFENDANT AND RESPONDENT. — The word r., in the CIC, is sometimes used (though in truth rarely) in the sense of one convicted or confessing to a crime (e.g.,…
Reordination(RIORDINAZIONE)Vol. X, p. 558 RIORDINATION. – A modern term denoting the practice, prevalent in certain periods and only in certain circles, of repeating an Ordination deemed invalid…
Reparata, Saint, Martyr(REPARATA, SANTA, MARTIRE)Vol. X, p. 463 REPARATA, saint, martyr. — Unknown to the ancient hagiographical documents, she is first mentioned in the historical martyrologies of the Middle Ages, from…
Reparation(RIPARAZIONE)Vol. X, p. 560 REPARATION. — In ascetical usage, besides actual reparation (the restoration of man to his original integrity, the passage from corruption to incorruption),…
Reparations(RIPARAZIONI)Vol. X, p. 560 REPARATIONS. — Reparations consist in that complex of financial and economic burdens and various services which the victor ordinarily imposes upon the…
Reparatrix Nuns(RIPARATRICI)Vol. X, p. 559 RIPARATRICI. – Female religious institutes whose principal purpose is reparation. I. R. DEL S. CUORE DI GESÙ. - Founded in Lima in 1896 by Teresa del S. Cuore.…
Report of the Literary, Cultural and Artistic Activity of Catholics in Italy, The(RAGGUAGLIO DELL'ATTIVITÀ LETTERARIA, CULTURALE E ARTISTICA DEI CATTOLICI IN ITALIA, IL)Vol. X, p. 294 ACCOUNT OF THE LITERARY, CULTURAL, AND ARTISTIC ACTIVITY OF CATHOLICS IN ITALY, THE. - An annual review of such activities, begun in 1930 by M. Luzzi, R.…
Repoussé Work(FERRO BATTUTO)Vol. V, p. 725 WROUGHT IRON. — The artistic working of wrought iron, that is, hammered, embossed, and carved iron, first became widespread in France, Germany, and Spain…
Representation(RAPPRESENTAZIONE)Vol. X, p. 318 REPRESENTATION. - It is the term of an act of cognition when this is not an immediate apprehension and presentation of the reality known (it corresponds to the…
Representation (In Legal Acts)(RAPPRESENTANZA (NEGLI ATTI GIURIDICI))Vol. X, p. 317 REPRESENTATION (IN LEGAL ACTS). - It is the legal institution whereby a person intervenes to perform a legal transaction (v.) valid for another, with the…
Representations of the S.(RAPPRESENTANZE DELLA S)Vol. X, p. 318 RAPPRESENTANZE DELLA S. SEDE: v. DELEGATO APOSTOLICO; LEGAZIONE, DIRITTO di; NUNZIATURA APOSTOLICA; NUNZIO APOSTOLICO.
Reprisal(RAPPRESAGLIA)Vol. X, p. 315 RAPPRESAGLIA. — Generally speaking, a reprisal is a coercive measure intended to settle a question of law that could not be resolved by peaceful means. The…
Reprobation of Testimonies (Reprobatio Attestationum)(RIPROVAZIONE DELLE TESTIMONIANZE (REPROBATIO ATTESTATIONUM))Vol. X, p. 565 RIPROVAZIONE DELLE TESTIMONIANZE (reprobatio attestationum). — This is a juridical institution which the CIC, deriving it from the ius vetus, regulates in…
Reproduction(RIPRODUZIONE)Vol. X, p. 563 REPRODUCTION. – Reproduction, or the faculty of generating new organisms similar to themselves, is the most characteristic and fundamental feature of living…
Republic(REPUBBLICA)Vol. X, p. 463 REPUBBLICA. – The res publica was originally understood, in a general sense, as the totality of the interests and activities or functions of the civic…
Rerum Creator OptimeVol. X, p. 465 « RERUM CREATOR OPTIME ». – Hymn of Matins on Wednesday. By an unknown author (cf. G. M. Dreves – C. Blume, Anal. hymnica, LI, Leipzig 1908, p. 27 ff.). The…
Rerum Deus Tenax VigorVol. X, p. 465 « RERUM DEUS TENAX VIGOR ». — Hymn of the hour of none, corresponding to three in the afternoon, attributed, though not with complete certainty, to St. Ambrose…
Rerum EcclesiaeVol. X, p. 465 « RERUM ECCLESIAE ». — Thus begins the encyclical letter of Pius XI dated 28 February 1926, intended to recall in writing the teachings of the Vatican…
Rerum NovarumVol. X, p. 466 « RERUM NOVARUM ». — Encyclical de conditione opificum of Leo XIII dated 15 May 1891, known by these words with which it begins; it is the most popular of the…
Res(COSA)Vol. IV, p. 397 COSA. — I. GENERAL NOTIONS. — In legal language, c. is every portion of the external world capable of being used for the satisfaction of human needs; a concept…
Res Judicata(COSA GIUDICATA)Vol. IV, p. 398 RES JUDICATA. – Res judicata has a twofold meaning. Understood in the formal sense, it represents the concept of the unassailability of the judgment and,…
Rescission (Rescindibility)(RESCISSIONE (RESCINDIBILITÀ))Vol. X, p. 467 RESCISSION (RESCINDIBILITY). — Rescission is a means of preventing or removing the effects of an act which is in itself valid, but in which the proper…
Rescript(RESCRITTO)Vol. X, p. 468 RESCRIBED LETTER. — From re-scribere, this means any written reply. But already in Latin sources it signified the reply or order given in writing by the lord…
Reservatum EcclesiasticumVol. X, p. 470 RESERVATUM ECCLESIASTICUM. — Name given to one of the most important clauses of the Peace of Augsburg (25 Sept. 1555) between the Protestants and Catholics of…
Reserve and Reserved Cases(RISERVA E CASI RISERVATI)Vol. X, p. 567 RISERVA and CASI RISERVATI. — R., from the Latin verb reservare, evokes the idea of separation in order to arrange something subsequently when the need arises,…
Reserved Cases(CASI RISERVATI)Vol. III, p. 575 CASI RISERVATI: v. RISERVA.
Residence(RESIDENZA)Vol. X, p. 470 RESIDENCE. – Etymologically (from residere), it indicates the place of a prolonged, almost permanent and definitive stay and is therefore synonymous with…
Resignation (Canon Law)(RINUNCIA (DIRITTO CANONICO))Vol. X, p. 552 RENUNCIATION (CANON LAW). – This is a form of the exercise of the power to dispose of rights. It consists in the pure and simple abandonment of a subjective…
Resistencia, Diocese of(RESISTENCIA, DIOCESI DI)Vol. X, p. 472 RESISTENCIA, DIOCESE of. — City and diocese in the territory of Chaco and Formosa in Argentina. It has an area of 172,173 sq. km. and a population of 583,000…
Respicio, Saint, Martyr(RESPICIO, SANTO, MARTIRE)Vol. X, p. 472 RESPICIO, saint, martyr: v. TRIFONE E RESPICIO, santi, martiri.
Respighi, OttorinoVol. X, p. 472 RESPIGHI, OTTORINO. - Master composer, b. at Bologna on 9 July 1879, d. at Rome on 18 Apr. 1936. He studied at the Musical Lyceum of Bologna, then at St.…
Respiration(RESPIRAZIONE)Vol. X, p. 472 RESPIRATION. — This term denotes the exchange between the organism and the external environment of those substances found in the environment in a gaseous…
Responsibility(RESPONSABILITÀ)Vol. X, p. 473 RESPONSIBILITY. - I. LAW. - It may be defined as subjection to the reaction which the legal order connects with damage (v.). The legal effect of damage…
Responsibility of Knowledge(RESPONSABILITÀ DEL SAPERE)Vol. X, p. 474 RESPONSABILITÀ DEL SAPERE. - A review published in Rome under the auspices of the « Centro internazionale di comparazione e sintesi », founded and directed by…
Responsorial(RESPONSORIALE)Vol. X, p. 474 RESPONSORIALE: v. ANTIFONARIO.
Responsory(RESPONSORIO)Vol. X, p. 474 RESPONSORIUM. – In the Mass, after the reading, and in the Office at the end of each lesson, and at the minor hours after the Chapter, the soloist sings or…
Resta di Sogliano, FilippoVol. X, p. 475 RESTA DI SOGLIANO, FILIPPO. - Papal general, born into a noble family at Tagliacozzo in Oct. 1777, died there on 20 Nov. 1853. Admitted to the papal army at…
Restituta, Saint, Martyr(RESTITUTA, SANTA, MARTIRE)Vol. X, p. 477 RESTITUTA, saint, martyr. — A martyr named R. appears in various Passiones of a legendary character and is venerated on 17 May at Ischia and Naples (BHL,…
Restitution(RESTITUZIONE)Vol. X, p. 478 RESTITUTION. – It is the restoration to the condition (especially in terms of property) in which one would be if certain unjust acts or attitudes had not been…
Restitution, "In Integrum"(RESTITUZIONE « IN INTEGRUM »)Vol. X, p. 480 RESTITUTIO « IN INTEGRUM ». — It is defined by writers on canon law as the extraordinary legal remedy by which one who has suffered injury to his rights is, on…
Restoration(RESTAURAZIONE)Vol. X, p. 475 RESTAURATION. – Commonly, by r. one means the period that followed the collapse of Napoleon. It was not, however, a pure and simple return: in fact,…
Restoration(RESTAURO)Vol. X, p. 475 RESTORATION. – I. IN ARCHITECTURE. – This term denotes those direct interventions upon the structures and essential decorative elements of a building aimed at…
Resurrection and Reviviscence(RISURREZIONE E REVIVISCENZA)Vol. X, p. 578 RESURRECTION and REVIVISCENCE. — Resurrection, that is, the return to full life of an organism certainly dead, has at all times been invoked as the supreme…
Resurrection of Jesus Christ(RISURREZIONE DI GESÙ CRISTO)Vol. X, p. 576 RESURRECTION OF JESUS CHRIST. — The historical fact of the Resurrection of Christ and the related dogmatic treatment are set forth under v. GESÙ CRISTO. The…
Resurrection of the Dead(RISURREZIONE DEI MORTI)Vol. X, p. 574 RESURRECTION OF THE DEAD. — The Catholic Church believes that, at the end of the world, all the dead, good and evil, will rise again to be judged by Jesus…
Resurrectionists(RESURREZIONISTI)Vol. X, p. 481 RESURREZIONISTI. – Religious congregation begun in Paris in 1836 by Bogdan Janski, Pietro Semenenko, and Girolamo Kajsiewicz, who at that time were engaged in…
RetabloVol. X, p. 481 RETABLO. – The interpretation given here of the term, which belongs to the Spanish language, is confined to the meaning it assumes in the fields of…
Retord, Pierre-AndréVol. X, p. 482 RETORD, PIERRE-ANDRÉ. - B. on 19 May 1803 at Renaison (Loire) and d. on 23 Oct. 1858. Ordained priest on 31 May 1828, after three years of ministry at Lyons he…
Retributive Penalties(PENE VENDICATIVE)Vol. IX, p. 675 VINDICTIVE PENALTIES. — These are the canonical penalties (v. PENA) that directly aim at punishing the guilty party and restoring the violated order. They are…
Retroactivity of the Law(RETROATTIVITÀ DELLA LEGGE)Vol. X, p. 482 RETROACTIVITY OF THE LAW. — The CIC adopted the principle of the non-retroactivity of the law, establishing that leges respiciunt futura, non praeterita, nisi…
Retté, AdolpheVol. X, p. 484 RETTÉ, ADOLPHE. - French poet, born in Paris in 1863, died at Beaune on 8 Dec. 1930. He belonged to the first Symbolist group, together with Jean Moréas and…
Retz, Cardinal de(RETZ, CARDINALE DI)Vol. X, p. 485 RETZ, CARDINAL. — Jean-François Paul de Gondi, born at Montmirail on 20 September 1613, died at Paris on 24 August 1679; the Duchy of R. (or Rais) had been…
Reuben(RUBEN)Vol. X, p. 845 RUBEN. — Firstborn of Giacobbe and Lia, his first wife (Gen. 29:32). At his birth, his mother exclaimed: « God has seen my affliction », and the name R. is…
Reubeni, David(DAVID REUBENI)Vol. IV, p. 736 DAVID REUBENI. - That is, “D., descendant of Ruben.” A strange figure of an Eastern Jew, whose place of origin and many details of his eventful life are…
Reuchlin, Johannes, called Capnion(REUCHLIN, JOHANNES, DETTO CAPNION)Vol. X, p. 486 REUCHLIN, JOHANNES, called CAPNION. — German humanist, b. at Pforzheim on 22 February 1455, d. at Bad Leibenzell on 30 June 1522. He initiated the study of…
Reumont, Alfred vonVol. X, p. 486 REUMONT, ALFRED von. — Prussian historian and diplomat, b. 15 Aug. 1808 in Aquisgrana, d. there on 27 Apr. 1887. A Catholic, he studied at the Universities of…
Reunion (Saint-Denis), Diocese of(RÉUNION (SAINT-DENIS), DIOCESI DI)Vol. X, p. 486 RÉUNION (SAINT-DENIS), DIOCESE of - The diocese of R. lished his Tavole cronologiche e sincroni della storia fiorentina (Florence 1841; supplementary volume,…
Reus, Johann BaptistVol. X, p. 487 REUS, JOHANN BAPTIST. – Mystic, born on 10 July 1868 at Pottenstein, in the diocese of Bamberg, into a peasant family; died at São Leopoldo on 21 July 1947. He…
Reusch, Franz HeinrichVol. X, p. 487 REUSCH, FRANZ HEINRICH. – Catholic exegete who passed over to the sect of the “Old Catholics,” born at Brilon in Westphalia on 4 December 1825, died at Bonn on…
Reuss, Francesco SaverioVol. X, p. 487 REUSS, FRANCESCO SAVERIO. – Redemptorist, poet, b. at Bergheim (Strasbourg) on 9 November 1842, d. at Rome on 13 February 1924. His Latin poems were awarded…
Reuter, JohannVol. X, p. 487 REUTER, JOHANN. - Jesuit, moral theologian, b. at Lussemburgo on 13 Oct. 1680, d. at Treviri on 21 Jan. 1761. He taught successively literature, philosophy,…
Revelation(RIVELAZIONE)Vol. X, p. 595 RIVELAZIONE. — The term R., from the Latin recelare, literally “to uncover,” means the manifestation of an occult reality or truth. In this sense it was also…
Revenue(RENDITA)Vol. X, p. 458 RENDITA.—In common usage, it is equivalent to reddito (v.), with the additional pronounced character of gratuitousness, certainty, or constancy in amount,…
Review of Christian Archaeology(RIVISTA DI ARCHEOLOGIA CRISTIANA)Vol. X, p. 602 RIVISTA DI ARCHEOLOGIA CRISTIANA. - When the Nuovo bulletino di archeologia cristiana ceased publication in 1922, the Pontifical Commission for Sacred…
Review of Church History in Italy(RIVISTA DI STORIA DELLA CHIESA IN ITALIA)Vol. X, p. 603 RIVISTA DI STORIA DELLA CHIESA IN ITALIA. — It was founded in January 1947; it has been published regularly in four-monthly issues, with the aim of…
Review of History and Bibliography of the Scolopi(RASSEGNA DI STORIA E BIBLIOGRAFIA SCOLOPICA)Vol. X, p. 321 RASSEGNA DI STORIA E BIBLIOGRAFIA SCOLOPICA. — Journal published under the direction of Fr. Leodegario Picanyol, general archivist of the Order of the Piarist…
Review of Italian Ecclesiastical Law(RIVISTA DI DIRITTO ECCLESIASTICO ITALIANO)Vol. X, p. 603 RIVISTA DI DIRITTO ECCLESIASTICO ITALIANO. – Founded in 1890 by the lawyer Serafino Giustiniani at the beginning of a new historical phase in relations between…
Review of Morals and Law(RASSEGNA DI MORALE E DIRITTO)Vol. X, p. 321 RASSEGNA DI MORALE E DIRITTO — Quarterly periodical, established in Rome in 1935 under the direction of Msgr. Silvio Romani, with the cooperation of the…
Review of Neoscholastic Philosophy(RIVISTA DI FILOSOFIA NEOSCOLASTICA)Vol. X, p. 603 RIVISTA DI FILOSOFIA NEOSCOLASTICA. - It appeared in January 1909, under the editorship of p. Agostino Gemelli and Giulio Canella (who withdrew from the…
Review of Readings(RIVISTA DI LETTURE)Vol. X, p. 603 RIVISTA DI LETTURE. - A monthly periodical founded in Milan in 1904 under the title Bollettino delle biblioteche cattoliche through the efforts of Fr. G.…
Review of ReligionVol. X, p. 487 REVIEW OF RELIGION. - A four-monthly periodical published by Columbia University, in New York City, beginning in 1936–37. Through the collaboration of many…
Review of the Italian Clergy(RIVISTA DEL CLERO ITALIANO)Vol. X, p. 602 RIVISTA DEL CLERO ITALIANO. — Monthly periodical founded in Milan in 1920 under the direction of Fr. A. Gemelli and Msgr. F. Olgiati and L. Vigna. Addressed…
Review of the Young(RIVISTA DEI GIOVANI)Vol. X, p. 602 RIVISTA DEI GIOVANI. — Monthly periodical founded in 1920 and directed by the Salesian Antonio Cojazzi, published by SEI (Soc. Ed. Internazionale) in Turin. It…
Revista Eclesiástica Brasileira(REVISTA ECLESIASTICA BRASILEIRA)Vol. X, p. 488 REVISTA ECLESIASTICA BRASILEIRA. — Among the theological journals of Latin America that have emerged in recent times—such as Christus (Mexico), Ciencia y Fe…
Reviviscence of Merits(REVIVISCENZA DEI MERITI)Vol. X, p. 488 REVIVISCENZA DEI MERITI. – Merit is the right to eternal reward (beatific vision), acquired through good works performed in a state of Grace (v. MERITO…
Reviviscence of the Sacraments(REVIVISCENZA DEI SACRAMENTI)Vol. X, p. 488 REVIVISCENCE OF THE SACRAMENTS. — In modern theology, a Sacrament which, although validly received, has not produced Grace because of a moral indisposition…
Revocation(REVOCAZIONE)Vol. X, p. 491 REVOCAZIONE. — In the law of the Church, the term has a single meaning and refers exclusively to an act performed by the competent legislative or…
Revolution(RIVOLUZIONE)Vol. X, p. 604 RIVOLUZIONE. — Great uncertainty still surrounds the exact definition of the term. The revolutionary event is so complex in its causes and in the elements…
Revue ApologétiqueVol. X, p. 492 REVUE APOLOGÉTIQUE. - A monthly periodical founded in Paris in 1905 by the Sulpician Jean Guibert, director of the Seminary of the city’s Catholic Institute,…
Revue AugustinienneVol. X, p. 492 REVUE AUGUSTINIENNE. – Monthly journal of the Augustinians of the Assumption, published in Paris from 15 March 1902 to 15 December 1910, in 2 annual volumes.…
Revue BibliqueVol. X, p. 492 REVUE BIBLIQUE. — A quarterly journal, founded in Paris in 1893 through the work of the Dominican Fr. Lagrange (v.), and published under the direction of the…
Revue BénédictineVol. X, p. 492 REVUE BÉNÉDICTINE. — Periodical begun in 1884 by the abbey of Maredsous (Belgium), under the somewhat ascetic title Messager des fidèles, with the aim of…
Revue Catholique of Institutions and of Canon Law(REVUE CATHOLIQUE DES INSTITUTIONS ET DU DROIT)Vol. X, p. 492 REVUE CATHOLIQUE DES INSTITUTIONS ET DU DROIT. – A periodical initially issued monthly and later twice a month, founded by the Jesuit J. Sambin (1820–92) and…
Revue d'Histoire et de Littérature ReligieusesVol. X, p. 494 REVUE D'HISTOIRE ET DE LITTÉRATURE RELIGIEUSES. — Founded in Paris in 1896, with the assiduous collaboration of the Modernist A. Loisy, its principal objective…
Revue des Sciences Philosophiques et ThéologiquesVol. X, p. 493 REVUE DES SCIENCES PHILOSOPHIQUES ET THÉOLOGIQUES. – Periodical founded in 1907 by a group of French Dominicans, professors at the Faculty of Philosophy and…
Revue Internationale des Sociétés SecrètesVol. X, p. 494 REVUE INTERNATIONALE DES SOCIÉTÉS SECRÈTES. — Monthly journal founded in Paris in 1912, with the aim of clarifying the activity of secret societies…
Revue MabillonVol. X, p. 494 REVUE MABILLON. - A quarterly review, named after the Maurist Jean Mabillon, founded in 1905 and directed by J.-M. Besse (v.) of the abbey of S. Martino at…
Revue Neo-Scholastic(REVUE NÉO-SCOLASTIQUE)Vol. X, p. 494 REVUE NÉO-SCOLASTIQUE. – A quarterly journal, founded in Louvain in 1894 by the future Cardinal Desiré Mercier and published by the “Louvain Philosophical…
Revue of Asceticism and of Mysticism(REVUE D'ASCÉTIQUE ET DE MYSTIQUE)Vol. X, p. 492 REVUE D'ASCÉTIQUE ET DE MYSTIQUE. – Bimonthly journal, founded in Toulouse in 1920 by Fr. J. de Guibert, with the aim of studying spirituality scientifically…
Revue of Ecclesiastical History(REVUE D'HISTOIRE ECCLÉSIASTIQUE)Vol. X, p. 493 REVUE D'HISTOIRE ECCLÉSIASTIQUE. – Journal published by the Catholic University of Louvain, founded in 1900 by A. Cauchie and P. Ladeuze, with the aim of…
Revue of Historical Questions(REVUE DES QUESTIONS HISTORIQUES)Vol. X, p. 493 REVUE DES QUESTIONS HISTORIQUES. — Periodical founded in Paris in 1866 through the efforts of the marquis G. du Fresne de Beaucourt, with the aim of promoting…
Revue of Oriental Christianity(REVUE DE L'ORIENT CHRÉTIEN)Vol. X, p. 492 REVUE DE L'ORIENT CHRÉTIEN. – A scholarly journal covering questions concerning the Christian East, which began in Paris in 1896 as a quarterly “Supplement” to…
Revue of Philosophy(REVUE DE PHILOSOPHIE)Vol. X, p. 492 REVUE DE PHILOSOPHIE. – Periodical founded in Paris by the Marist Father E. Peillaube, to promote philosophical studies rooted in the philosophy of St.…
Revue of Readings(REVUE DES LECTURES)Vol. X, p. 493 REVUE DES LECTURES. - A monthly periodical, begun in 1908 by the abbé Luigi Bethléem (1861-1940), as a publication accompanying his activity as a moral…
Revue of Religions(REVUE DES RELIGIONS)Vol. X, p. 493 REVUE DES RELIGIONS. – Periodical founded at Amiens and published in Paris by the priest Z. Peisson, as a Catholic contribution to the study of mythology and…
Revue of Religious Sciences(REVUE DES SCIENCES RELIGIEUSES)Vol. X, p. 493 REVUE DES SCIENCES RELIGIEUSES. – Quarterly periodical published and for the most part written by the professors of the Faculty of Theology of Strasbourg,…
Revue of Scientific Questions(REVUE DES QUESTIONS SCIENTIFIQUES)Vol. X, p. 493 REVUE DES QUESTIONS SCIENTIFIQUES. – Quarterly journal, established at Lovanio in 1877 under the auspices of the «Société scientifique de Bruxelles», founded…
Revue of the History of Missions(REVUE D'HISTOIRE DES MISSIONS)Vol. X, p. 493 REVUE D'HISTOIRE DES MISSIONS. - In 1924 the Jesuit Fr Giovanni Battista Piolet founded the association of the «Amis des Missions» and, as its organ, the R.…
Revue of the History of Religions(REVUE DE L'HISTOIRE DES RELIGIONS)Vol. X, p. 492 REVUE DE L'HISTOIRE DES RELIGIONS. — Founded in Paris by M. Vernes in 1880 and subsequently directed by J. Reville, and now by R. Dussaud together with E.…
Revue of the History of the Church in France(REVUE D'HISTOIRE DE L'ÉGLISE DE FRANCE)Vol. X, p. 493 REVUE D'HISTOIRE DE L'ÉGLISE DE FRANCE. - A quarterly journal of historical criticism on problems connected with the development of religious thought and the…
Revue of the Young(REVUE DES JEUNES)Vol. X, p. 492 REVUE DES JEUNES. – An organ of information and action for French Catholic thought, directed by the Dominicans. It was founded at Kain (Belgium) in 1909 by Fr.…
Revue ThomisteVol. X, p. 494 REVUE THOMISTE. – A doctrinal journal of Thomist theology and philosophy, founded in Paris in 1893 through the work of the Dominican Fr. Tommaso Coconnier. Its…
Rex Gloriosae Martyrum(REX GLORIOSE MARTYRUM)Vol. X, p. 494 « REX GLORIOSE MARTYRUM. — Hymn of Lauds in the Common of several martyrs outside the Easter season; by an unknown author, belonging to the ancient Irish…
Rex Sempiterne CaelitumVol. X, p. 494 « REX SEMPITERNE CAELITUM. — Hymn of Matins during the Easter season, by an unknown author of the fifth century, clearly imitating Ambrosian hymnody. The…
Reyes, Apostolic Vicariate of(REYES, VICARIATO APOSTOLICO DI)Vol. X, p. 494 REYES, APOSTOLIC VICARIATE. — It is situated in Bolivia and was erected on 1 September 1942 with territory detached from the Apostolic Vicariate of Beni. It is…
ReykjavikVol. X, p. 494 REYKJAVIK. – Capital of Iceland; its name means “bay of smoke,” on account of the hot springs whose dense vapours often obscure the atmosphere. In a…
