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743 articles · English index · Indice italiano-
1 and 2 (3 and 4) Book of Kings (RE, I E II (III E IV) LIBRO DEI)
Two books of the Old Testament, which summarize the history of the Hebrew people from the last years of David (d. 970 B.C.) to the Babylonian exile (587 B.C.)… -
Queenship of Mary Most Holy (REGALITÀ DI MARIA S.MA)
This is the title that indicates the social functions of the Virgin with regard to the Mystical Body and her relations with the entire universe. The Fathers… -
Ra' (RĀ')
RA: v. EGYPT, III. Religion of ancient E. RAB: ABBA AREKA. -
Rabanus (Hrabanus, Rhabanus, Magnentius), Mauro (RABANO (HRABANUS, RHABANUS, MAGNENTIUS), MAURO)
Benedictine, b. at Mainz ca. 784, d. there on 4 February 856. Trained in sacred and secular letters by Haimo in the school of Fulda and then by Alcuin in that… -
Rabat, Apostolic Vicariate of (RABAT, VICARIATO APOSTOLICO DI)
It was erected on 2 July 1923 by division of the Apostolic Vicariate of Morocco (v. MAROCCO, III. Evangelization) and comprises the entire French zone. It is… -
Rabaul, Apostolic Vicariate of (RABAUL, VICARIATO APOSTOLICO DI)
In the northeast of New Guinea. It originated on 10 May 1889 from the apostolic vicariate of Melanesia, divided into the apostolic vicariate of New Guinea (v.… -
Rabba (Rabbath) of Ammon (RABBA (RABBATH) DI AMMON)
Ancient city (Deut. 3:11) east of the Jordan, today 'Ammān, capital of Jordan and formerly of the Ammonites (v.). After the siege of the lower city by Joab, in… -
Rabbi (RABBINO)
Title belonging to the doctors of Jewish law: rabh "master"; rabbî "my master". Rabbân was the title given to a very eminent master; the title of rabbî itself… -
Rabbūlâ (RABBÛLÂ)
Syrian bishop of Edessa, b. at Berea near Antioch in the second half of the 4th century, elected bishop ca. 415 and d. on 7 Aug. 435 (according to Peeters… -
Rabelais, François
Writer, b. probably at La Devinière (Touraine) ca. 1494, d. in Apr. 1555 (?). In 1521 he is a Franciscan friar at Fontenay-le-Comte, then passes among the… -
Rabsaces (RABSACE)
A name designating a high Assyrian official and officer of the kīṣir šurrāti, that is, of the king's guard, who not infrequently had to do with foreign… -
Raca
Transcription into Greek (ḥuxā), then into Latin, of an Aramaic word (rēqā). Etymologically (cf. Hebrew rīq; Akkadian rēqu or rāqu) it means "empty." In the… -
Rachel (RACHELE)
Wife of the patriarch Jacob (v.). At the suggestion of his mother Rebecca (Gen. 27:46), Jacob goes to Mesopotamia to choose a woman from his own kin. Having… -
Racine, Jean
Poet, b. at La Ferté-Milon, in Valois, on 21 Dec. 1639, d. in Paris on 21 Apr. 1699. A scion of the petty bourgeoisie, orphaned from infancy, he was cared for… -
Racism (RAZZISMO)
A term that came into use in Italy (and in France: racisme) starting in 1935-'38, to designate a doctrine and a political practice concerning race… -
Rački, Franjo
Croatian canon and historian, b. at Fužine on 25 Nov. 1828, d. at Zagreb on 13 Feb. 1894. Ordained priest on 15 Aug. 1852, he took his doctorate in theology at… -
Raclot, Mathilde
Religious of the Ladies of St. Maur and missionary, b. at Surauville (Vosges) in 1814, d. at Tokyo in 1911. Having entered at the age of 18 the Institute of… -
Racovia, Catechism of (RACOVIA, CATECHISMO DI)
Fundamental text of the Socinians (v. SOCINI), published in Polish at Racovia (Rakau in Poland) in 1605, reprinted in German in 1608 and in Latin in 1609 with… -
Rada, Martino de
Augustinian missionary, b. at Pamplona on 20 July 1533, d. on the island of Borneo in July 1578. In 1557 he sailed for Mexico, whence, in 1564, he went on to… -
Radar
This name is generally used to designate a considerable series of criteria, methods and devices designed to detect, even at night and in fog, by means of… -
Radberto of Corbie (RADBERTO DI CORBIE)
RADBERTO di CORBIE: v. PASCASIO, RADBERTO. -
Radbod, Saint (RADBODO, SANTO)
Bishop of Utrecht, d. at Deventer on 29 Nov. 917. As a youth he attended the palace school under his uncle Gunter, archbishop of Cologne, later moving to that… -
Radegund, Saint (RADEGONDA, SANTA)
She is commemorated in the Roman Martyrology and in some codices of the Hieronymian Martyrology on 13 August. Daughter of Bertachar, king of Thuringia, while… -
Rader, Matthäus
Jesuit, philologist and historian, b. at Innichen (Tyrol) in 1561, d. at Munich on 22 Dec. 1634. Having entered the Society of Jesus in 1581, he taught… -
Radet, Étienne (RADET, ETIENNE)
French general, b. 19 Dec. 1762 at Stenay (Lorraine), d. 28 Sept. 1825 at Varennes. After the outbreak of the French Revolution he entered the gendarmerie. Of… -
Radewijns, Florentius
RADEWIJNS, FLORENTIUS: V. FLORENTIUS RADEWIJNS. -
Radiations (RADIAZIONI)
Under the generic name of r. one may designate both the flow of particles or corpuscles and that of electromagnetic waves: that is, there is a corpuscular r.… -
Radicalism (RADICALISMO)
Usually the term serves to indicate the attitude of those ideological and political movements which, reconnecting to the agnostic, individualistic and… -
Radić, Ante
Croatian politician, b. at Trebarjevo Desno on 11 June 1868, d. at Zagreb on 10 Feb. 1919. After his studies in Zagreb and Vienna he became a gymnasium… -
Radicati, Alberto
Count of Passerano and Cocconato, b. in Turin in 1698, d. at The Hague on 24 Oct. 1734. For several years he was a counsellor to Victor Amadeus II on all… -
Radiciotti, Giuseppe
Musicologist, b. in Jesi on 25 Jan. 1859, d. in Tivoli on 4 Apr. 1931. He studied at the University of Rome, where he later taught in secondary schools; in… -
Radić, Stjepan
Croatian politician, brother of Ante, b. at Trebarjevo Desno on 11 June 1871, d. at Zagreb on 8 Aug. 1928. While still a student he was arrested several times… -
Radiesthesia (RADIESTESIA)
Designation of a particular group of phenomena of direct clairvoyance (v.) in which knowledge of the event or entity sought occurs through the relationship… -
Radini Tedeschi, Carlo
Catholic organizer, b. at Piacenza in 1829, d. there on 23 March 1908. Of a noble family, he preserved and transmitted to his numerous offspring the finest… -
Radini Tedeschi, Giacomo
Bishop, b. at Piacenza on 12 July 1857 to Carlo and Luisa Fantini, d. at Bergamo on 22 Aug. 1914. Having earned his degrees in Rome, in theology and in canon… -
Radioactivity (RADIOATTIVITÀ)
Atoms, according to the suggestive model proposed by Rutherford, are made up of a nucleus and satellite electrons (e.). And the nuclei are in turn formed of… -
Radiocommunications (RADIOCOMUNICAZIONI)
I. EARLY DEVELOPMENTS. - The scientific basis of this means of various transmissions lies, as is well known, in Maxwell's prediction of the possibility of… -
Radziwiłł (RADZIWILL)
An ancient noble family, of Lithuanian origin, linked in the 16th century by ties of kinship with the Jagiellonians. Its progenitor was Ostyk, but it was his… -
Raetia (*Rhaetia et Vindelicia*) (REZIA (*RHAETIA ET VINDELICIA*))
A Roman province from 15 B.C. until the middle of the 6th century. The boundaries of R. changed several times in history; approximately it consisted of the… -
Raffaella Maria of the Sacred Heart, Blessed (RAFFAELLA MARIA DEL SACRO CUORE, BEATA)
In the world Raffaella Porras y Ayllon, foundress of the Handmaids of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, b. at Pedro-Abad on 1 March 1850, d. at Rome on 6 Jan. 1925.… -
Raffaellino del Colle
RAFFAELLINO del COLLE: v. DEL COLLE, RAFFAELLINO. -
Raffaellino del Garbo
Florentine painter, b. around 1470, lived until about 1525. He was already distinguished into as many artists of varying training (all active in Florence in… -
Rages
In the book of Tobit (4:21; 5:14; 9:3) there is mention of R., a city of the Medes, where Gabael (v.) resided. The Greek text has 'Páγαι or 'Páγαι ('Páγαι in… -
Raggio, Giambattista Francesco
Abbot and scholar, b. at Chiavari on 15 July 1795, d. at Genoa on 6 Feb. 1860. A professor of Latin and Greek letters in the Piarist schools of Cárcare… -
Raguel (RAGUEL)
Name of several figures of the Old Testament. 1. Priest of Midian and father of Zipporah, wife of Moses (Ex. 2:18), called elsewhere preferably Jethro (v.). 2.… -
Ragueneau, Paul
Missionary, b. in Paris on 18 March 1608, d. there on 3 Sept. 1680. On 21 Aug. 1626 he entered the Jesuit novitiate. On 28 June 1636 he reached Québec and in… -
Ragusa, Diocese of (RAGUSA, DIOCESI DI)
Erected on 6 May 1950, by dismembering seven municipalities from the archdiocese of Syracuse and one from the diocese of Noto. It is united "aeque… -
Ragusa (Dubrovnik), Diocese of (RAGUSA (DUBROVNIK), DIOCESI DI)
City and diocese in Dalmatia that extends entirely over the territory of the defunct Republic of Ragusa (including the islands). Until 1828 Ragusa was one of… -
Raguzzini, Filippo
Architect, b. at Benevento ca. 1680, d. at Rome in February 1771. He is a figure of an artist who in recent times has taken on notable importance and whose… -
Rahab (RAHAB)
A harlot of Jericho, who received and hid two spies sent by Joshua (v.), encamped beyond the Jordan. Impressed by what was told of the Hebrews who had come out… -
Rahmānī, Ignatius Ephrem II (RAHMĀNĪ, IGNAZIO EFREM II)
Catholic Patriarch of Antioch of the Syrians, orientalist, b. 12 Oct. 1848 at Mosul, d. 7 May 1929 at Cairo. After his studies at the Seminary of the Dominican… -
Raibolini, Francesco
RAIBOLINI, FRANCESCO: v. FRANCIA, RAIBOLINI FRANCESCO called il. -
Raibolini, Francesco, called Il Francia (FRANCIA, RAIBOLINI FRANCESCO, DETTO IL)
Painter, b. in Bologna around 1460, d. there on 5 January 1517. He is the best known and most prolific of the Bolognese painters in the so-called Bentivoglio… -
Raiffeisen, Friedrich Wilhelm (RAIFFAISEN, FRIEDRICH WILHELM)
Originator and organizer of agricultural credit cooperatives, b. at Hamm on the Sieg on 30 March 1818, d. at Neuwied on 11 March 1888. He was the first to… -
Raigarh–Ambikapur, Diocese of (RAIGARH-AMBIKAPUR, DIOCESI DI)
Erected on 13 Dec. 1951, it is located in north-eastern India with the civil districts of R. and Surguja, dismembered from the diocese of Ranchi (v.), and the… -
Raimondi, Giovanni Timoleone
First apostolic vicar of Hong Kong, b. in Milan in 1827, d. in Hong Kong in 1894. Brother of ANTONIO, naturalist and explorer of Peru, after having taken part… -
Raimondi, Pietro
Musician, b. in Rome on 20 Dec. 1786, d. on 30 Oct. 1853. He studied in Naples at the Conservatorio della Pietà de' Turchini and was a teacher there from 1825… -
Rainald of Dassel (RINALDO DI DASSEL)
Archbishop of Cologne and imperial chancellor, b. ca. 1120, d. near Rome on 14 Aug. 1167. He received the appointment as chancellor in 1156 and as archbishop… -
Rainallucci (Rainalducci), Pietro, Antipope (RAINALLUCCI (RAINALDUCCI), PIETRO, ANTIPAPA)
Friar Minor, reckless supporter of Louis IV of Bavaria (v.) and antipope under the name Nicholas V, b. of a humble family at Corvaro (Rieti) in the second half… -
Rainbow (ARCOBALENO)
1. THE RAINBOW IN THE BIBLE. - The phenomenon - called simply "bow" in the Hebrew text - is mentioned for the first time after the flood (Gen. 9:12-17). It is… -
Rajaburi [Ratchaburi], Apostolic Vicariate of (RAJABURI, VICARIATO APOSTOLICO DI)
It is situated on the Gulf of Siam and consists of five civil provinces, of which, originally, three were detached from the apostolic vicariate of Bangkok and… -
Rákóczi
A Hungarian noble family, probably of Bohemian origin, whose members were repeatedly princes of Transylvania. Its most eminent representatives were: SIGISMUND… -
Raleigh, Diocese of (RALEIGH, DIOCESI DI)
City and diocese in the State of North Carolina (United States of America). The diocese of R. comprises the entire State of North Carolina, that is, an area of… -
Rallis, Georgio Alessandro
Jurist and politician, b. in Constantinople in 1804. He completed his higher studies in Vienna and Paris, where he was also a teacher of rhetoric. Having… -
Ram (ARIETE)
Although the figure of the ram appears as a decorative ornament on secular monuments, it constitutes a symbol of which Christianity made use from the earliest… -
Ramaḍān
RAMAḌĀN: v. ISLĀM. -
Rama (RAMA)
Name of several biblical localities situated on hills. 1. R. in the tribe of Benjamin (Josh. 18:25) on the Jerusalem-Bethel road (Judg. 4:5), north of Gibeah… -
Ramakrishna Paramahamsa (RĀMAKRṢṆA PARAMAHAMSA)
His real name was Gadādhar Chatterji, born into a poor Brahmin family at Hoogly in Bengal on 20 February 1834 (according to others, 18 February 1836) and died… -
Ramayana (RĀMĀYAṆA)
Vālmīki, the author of the R., was the first Indian poet who composed an artistic poem (kāvyā) on themes from popular epic, in the 3rd or 4th century B.C. Over… -
Ramazzini, Bernardino
Born at Carpi (Modena) on 3 November 1633, died at Padua on 5 November 1714. He studied under the guidance of the Jesuits, then went to Parma to complete his… -
Ramazzotti, Angelo
Born in Milan on 3 Aug. 1800, died in Venice on 24 Sept. 1861. Founder of the Institute for Foreign Missions of Milan and Patriarch of Venice. Having graduated… -
Ramberto dei Primadizzi
Dominican theologian, b. in Bologna, d. at Castello (Venice) on 8 November 1308. A religious in his native city, he studied at Bologna and Paris; he was a… -
Rambona, Abbey of (RAMBONA, ABBAZIA DI)
RAMBONA, ABBAZIA di: v. DITTICO; MACERATA. -
Rameses (RAMESSES)
RAMESSES (RAMSES): v. PHITHOM. -
Ramière, Henry
Jesuit, theologian, b. at Castres (diocese of Albi) on 10 July 1821, d. at Toulouse on 3 Jan. 1884. Professor of philosophy and theology at the scholasticate… -
Ramleh
City in Palestine, southeast of Jaffa. According to Arab writers, the founding of the city is attributed to the Umayyad caliph Sulayman (716), who intended to… -
Ramoth-Gilead (RAMOTH IN GALAAD)
A Levitical and city of refuge in the tribe of Gad (Deut. 4:13; Josh. 20:8; 21:38; 1 Chron. 6:66), capital of the Solomonic district north and south of the… -
Rampegolo, Antonio (RAMPEGOLO, ANTONIO)
Augustinian theologian and preacher, born in Genoa around 1360, died after 1423. Ordained a priest in 1384, from 1388 onward he taught theology in the convents… -
Ram, Pierre
Belgian prelate and historian, b. at Louvain on 2 Sept. 1804, d. there on 14 Nov. 1865. Ordained a priest at Malines in 1827, he took an active part in the… -
Rampolla del Tindaro, Mariano
Cardinal, b. 17 Aug. 1843 at Polizzi (Cefalù, Sicily), d. 16 Dec. 1913 at Rome. Having entered the Vatican Seminary in 1856, he passed in Nov. 1861 to the… -
Ramses ("Râ' Has Generated Him") II (RAMSES (« RÂ' LO HA GENERATO ») II)
Pharaoh of the XIX dynasty, son of Seti I (Sethos) and Queen Tewe, he reigned for 67 years from 1299 to 1233 B.C. (cf. Flavius Josephus, C. Apion., I, 15, 26… -
Ramus (de la Ramée), Pierre (RAMO (RAMUS, DE LA RAMÉE), PIERRE)
French humanist, b. in 1515 at Cuth (Soissons) and died on the 3rd day of the St. Bartholomew's massacre (26 Aug. 1572). Nourished on classical studies, he… -
Rancagua, Diocese of (RANCAGUA, DIOCESI DI)
City and diocese in the civil provinces of O'Higgins and Colchagua, Chile (South America). The diocese covers a territory of 15,590 square miles and has a… -
Rancé, Armand de
RANCÉ, ARMAND de: v. BOUTHILLER DE RANCÉ, ARMAND-JEAN de. -
Ranchi, Diocese of (RANCHI, DIOCESI DI)
More often called the mission of Chota Nagpur from the name of one of its principal regions, it was detached from the archdiocese of Calcutta (India), of which… -
Randi, Lorenzo Ilarione
Cardinal, b. at Bagnacavallo (Faenza) on 18 July 1818, d. at Rome on 20 Dec. 1887. Having entered the prelature in order to devote himself to a career in state… -
Raniero Giordani da Pisa
Dominican theologian, b. at Rivalto, d. at Pisa in 1348. He studied in Paris, taught at Pisa and in other convents of his Order. An assiduous scholar and a… -
Ranke, Leopold von
Historian, b. at Wiehe (Thuringia) on 21 Dec. 1785, into a family of Protestant pastors, d. at Berlin on 23 May 1886. Having entered the University of Leipzig… -
Ranulph of Homblieres (RANOLFO D'HOMBLIÈRES)
Theologian and bishop, b. in Normandy at the beginning of the 13th century, d. in Paris on 12 Nov. 1288. Parish priest of St-Gervais, in 1272 he became a canon… -
Ranuzzi, Angelo Maria
Cardinal, b. in Bologna on 19 May 1626, d. in Fano on 27 Sept. 1689. Very young he undertook the ecclesiastical career, he earned a doctorate in canon and… -
Ranzano, Pietro
Humanist and Dominican bishop, b. in Palermo ca. 1420-28, d. in Lucera (?) in 1492. He entered the Palermo convent of St. Dominic (ca. 1444). He was twice… -
Ranzoli, Cesare
Philosopher, b. in Mantua on 13 April 1876, d. in Genoa on 8 February 1926. He was professor of philosophy at the University of Messina from 1918 and at that… -
Rape (STUPRO)
In canon law, by rape is meant the carnal oppression of a virgin woman; whereas moralists extend rape to the oppression of any woman, regardless of her state… -
Raphael, Saint (RAFFAELE, SANTO)
I. SACRED SCRIPTURE. - Angel who presents himself with this symbolic name (Heb. Réphá'el "God has healed" or "heals") and defines himself (phot. Felice).… -
Raphael Sanzio (originally Santi, family from Colbordolo) (RAFFAELLO SANZIO)
Painter and architect, b. at Urbino on 6 April 1483 (probable date), to Giovanni Santi, a modest painter and versifier (d. 1494), and to Magia Ciarla. He died… -
Raphaim
A more generic descriptive term for the race that in the Stone Age populated Transjordan and some parts of Palestine (v. GIGANTI). The Moabites called them… -
Raphaim, Valley of (RAPHAIM, VALLE DI)
Fertile (Is. 17:5) plain southwest of Jerusalem, called today Baqā (in Hebrew 'ēmeq rêphâ'im). According to Josh. 15:8 ff. it rose northward toward Nephtoah (=… -
Raphidim
An encampment of the Israelites on their itinerary from the Red Sea to Sinai, situated between the steppe of Sin and Sinai (Ex. 17:1), after the stages of… -
Raphoe, Diocese of (RAPHOE, DIOCESI DI)
City and diocese in the north-west of Ireland. It comprises most of County Donegal, in the ecclesiastical province of Armagh and in the civil province of… -
Rapid City, Diocese of (RAPID CITY, DIOCESI DI)
City and diocese in the State of South Dakota (U. S. A.). Suffragan of St. Paul. It covers a territory of 43,000 square miles with a total population (1950… -
Rapina
RAPINA: V. FURTO. -
Rapin, René (RAPIN, RÉNÉ)
Jesuit, humanist and theologian, b. at Tours on 3 Nov. 1621, d. at Paris on 27 Oct. 1687. Having entered the Order in 1639, he taught belles-lettres for 9… -
Rapisardi, Mario
Poet, b. in Catania on 25 Feb. 1844, d. there on 4 Jan. 1912. He taught Italian literature at the university of his native city. A solitary and sullen… -
Rapolla, Diocese of (RAPOLLA, DIOCESI DI)
RAPOLLA, Diocese of: V. NIELFI E RAPOLLA, DIOCESI di. -
Rashi (acronym for Rabbi Shelomoh Yishāqi) (RAŠI (SIGLA PER RABBI ŠELOMOH JISHĀQI))
Famous Jewish exegete, b. at Troyes in 1040 into a family distinguished for piety and learning, d. there in 1105. He studied at Worms in Germany; at the age of… -
Rasin (RASIN)
Last king of Damascus (ca. 740-732 B.C.). He was a usurper. In 738 he appears as a tributary of the Assyrian king Tiglath-Pileser III (745-727). While the… -
Raskol
A religious movement that broke away from the Russian Church in the second half of the 17th century. However, the followers of the r. ("schism") always… -
Räss, Andreas
Bishop of Strasbourg, b. at Sigolsheim (Upper Alsace) on 6 April 1794, d. at Strasbourg on 17 November 1887. Ordained a priest in 1816, he was for several… -
Ras Shamrah (RÄS ŠAMRAH)
RÄS ŠAMRAH: v. UGARIT. -
Rassler, Christoph
Jesuit moralist, b. at Constance on 12 Aug. 1654, d. at Rome on 16 July 1723. After many years of teaching philosophy, dogmatics and above all moral theology… -
Rastrelli, Bartolomeo Francesco
Architect, son of the famous sculptor Carlo R., born in Paris ca. 1700, died in St. Petersburg (Leningrad) in 1771. He followed his father to Russia at the age… -
Ratchis (RACHIS)
King of the Lombards, formerly duke of Friuli, a supporter of an understanding with the Papacy, he ascended the throne in 744, following a movement that… -
Ratdolt, Erhard
German printer and bookseller, b. in Augsburg in 1447, d. in his native city in 1527 or 1528. As a young man, in 1462 he went to Venice, where he remained… -
Raterio of Verona (RATERIO DI VERONA)
Bishop and theologian, b. near Liège around 890, d. at Namur on 25 April 974. I. LIFE. - He grew up in the school of Hilduin, abbot of Lobbes, with whom he… -
Ratiocination (RAZIOCINIO)
RAZIOCINIO : v. RAGIONAMENTO. -
Rational Credibility of the Catholic Faith (CREDIBILITÀ RAZIONALE DELLA FEDE CATTOLICA)
I. NOTION. - Credible means etymologically everything that can be the object of belief or faith. Except that these two words are understood in different senses… -
Rationale (RAZIONALE)
That which belongs to reason (v.) or is in conformity with it. In this sense, demonstration (v.), deduction (v.) are called r., as is the very activity of… -
Rationalism (RAZIONALISMO)
A philosophical term, relatively recent (it entered usage with English Deism [v.] in the 17th century) and rich in meanings. Three fundamental ones can be… -
Rational (Liturgy) (RAZIONALE (LITURGIA))
I. A liturgical ornament, used in the Middle Ages, called superhumerale, Logion, which was worn by bishops over the chasuble at Mass, like a pallium but… -
Rational (Sacred Scripture) (RAZIONALE (SACRA SCRITTURA))
Name given by the Vulgate (rationale) to the most sacred part of the ornament of the Jewish high priest, which he wore on his breast (hence also called the… -
Ratio Studiorum
It is the educational and pedagogical code of the Society of Jesus, composed in the 16th century and in part still in force, to govern the teaching activity of… -
Ratisbona (Brothers) (RATISBONNE (FRATELLI))
I. - THÉODORE-MARIE, b. at Strasbourg on 28 Jan. 1802, d. at Paris on 10 Jan. 1884. Son of a Jewish banker, a jurist, baptized in 1827, a priest in 1831, he… -
Ratpert of Saint Gall (RATPERTO DI SAN GALLO)
German writer, a native of Zurich, who lived in the second half of the 9th century, d. around 895. He composed in Latin the chronicle of his monastery from its… -
Ratramnus of Corbie (RATRAMNO DI CORBIE)
Benedictine theologian, the Body and Blood of Christ, indeed he sometimes states expressly that the substance of the bread and that of the wine become the… -
Rattazzi, Urbano
Piedmontese statesman, b. in Alessandria on 20 June 1808, d. 5 June 1873 at Frosinone. He first practiced law with success; elected deputy on 17 Apr. 1848, he… -
Rauschen, Gerhard
German church historian, b. at Heinsberg on 13 Oct. 1854, d. at Bonn on 12 Apr. 1917. He studied theology and philology at Bonn and there became professor of… -
Rauscher, Joseph Othmar
Cardinal, b. 6 Oct. 1797 in Vienna, d. there 24 Nov. 1875. After taking his degree in jurisprudence he was ordained a priest in 1823 and in 1825 became… -
Raus, Jean-Baptiste
Moralist and canonist, b. at Aspelt (Luxembourg) on 17 Jan. 1881, d. at Rome on 11 Aug. 1943. Having entered the Redemptorists, he professed there in 1901 and… -
Rauzan, Jean-Baptiste
Founder of the Congregation of the Priests of Mercy, b. at Bordeaux on 5 Dec. 1757, d. at Paris on 5 Sept. 1847. He first taught theology and sacred eloquence… -
Ravaisson, Félix
French philosopher, b. at Namur (Belgium) on 23 Oct. 1813, d. at Paris on 18 May 1900. An independent spirit, he did not align himself among the followers of… -
Ravanello, Oreste
Master composer and organist, b. in Venice on 25 Aug. 1871, d. in Padua on 2 July 1938. Having obtained his diploma in organ at the age of 16, he continued his… -
Ravello
Ancient diocese and small town in the province of Salerno. Some hold that R. was founded in the Gothic age, others that it was founded by Amalfi, of whose… -
Ravenna, Archdiocese of (RAVENNA, ARCIDIOCESI DI)
In Romagna. As a metropolitan see it still has the dioceses of Bertinoro, Cervia, Cesena, Comacchio, Forlì, Rimini, and Sarsina subject to it, and it is part… -
Ravignan, Gustave-Xavier de La Croix de (RAVIGNAN, GUSTAVE-XAVIER DELACROIX DE)
Jesuit, orator, b. at Bayonne on 1 Dec. 1795, d. at Paris on 26 Feb. 1858. Having abandoned the magistracy, he entered the Society of Jesus in 1822, and… -
Rawalpindi, Diocese of (RAWALPINDI, DIOCESI DI)
It derives from the apostolic prefecture of Kafiristan and Kashmir, erected on July 6, 1887 with territory detached from the diocese of Lahore and entrusted to… -
Raw Materials (MATERIE PRIME)
They are also improperly called greggie [crude stocks], as those obtained directly, by so-called first-hand labor, from nature: land, sea and atmosphere. In… -
Raymond Giordano (RAIMONDO GIORDANO)
French, canon regular of the Order of St. Augustine, to which he enrolled after a wild youth, "licentiatus in decretis", provost of Uzès (Gard) in 1377 and… -
Raymond Martini (RAIMONDO MARTINI)
Dominican theologian and missionary, b. at Subirats (Catalonia) around 1220, d. at Barcelona after July 1286. A religious from 1236, he was sent, with a group… -
Raymond Nonnatus, Saint (RAIMONDO NONNATO, SANTO)
The biographical information and that concerning the cult of St. R. are of late origin and quite uncertain. From the unusual manner in which he saw the light… -
Raymond of Capua, Blessed (RAIMONDO DA CAPUA, BEATO)
Born at Capua ca. 1330, into a noble family descended from Pier delle Vigne, died at Nuremberg in Sept. 1399. He studied at Bologna, where he entered the Order… -
Raymond of Peñafort, Saint (RAIMONDO DE PEÑAFORT, SANTO)
Dominican, b. at Barcelona in 1175, d. there on 6 Jan. 1275. He studied and then taught rhetoric and logic at Barcelona. He then studied at Bologna (1210-16)… -
Raymond Palmerio (Palmieri, Palmario), Saint (RAIMONDO PALMERIO (PALMIERI, PALMARIO), SANTO)
Pilgrim, b. ca. 1140 at Piacenza, d. there on 28 July 1200. At the age of 12 he took up the cobbler's trade; at 14, his father having died, he made a… -
Raymond Sebond (de Sebiuda) (RAIMONDO SEBOND (DE SIBIUDA))
Spanish physician, philosopher and theologian, he taught at Toulouse, where he died on 29 April 1436. At Toulouse, in the last two years of his life, he… -
Rayneval, Alphonse, Count of (RAYNEVAL, ALPHONSE, CONTE DI)
Diplomat, b. in Paris on 1 Aug. 1813, d. there on 10 Feb. 1858. (from the Panthéon des illustrations françaises du XIXe siècle published under the direction of… -
Razon
Founder of the Aramean kingdom of Damascus, son of a certain Eliada (Heb. Rezon ben 'Eliadha; in the Greek, codices B, L and in the Old Latin: Esrom, perhaps a… -
Razón y Fe
Monthly review founded in Madrid in Sept. 1901 by the Jesuits. The purpose of the periodical, suggested by its title, has always been to orient readers on… -
Razzi, Serafino
Dominican historian, b. at Marradi di Mugello on 13 Dec. 1531, d. at Florence on 8 Aug. 1611. He entered religious life at Florence in the convent of S. Marco… -
Razzi, Silvano
Camaldolese humanist and hagiographer, brother of Serafino, b. at Marradi di Mugello in 1527, d. at Florence on 15 Oct. 1611. A devoted disciple of the poet… -
Rea
REA (RHEA): v. EGEA, RELIGIONE. -
Readings (LETTURE)
A monthly book-review journal, entrusted to the Jesuits by the Archbishop of Milan in 1945, and begun in 1946. Through timely notices of works of fiction… -
Realism (REALISMO)
A philosophical orientation that affirms the priority of being over knowing, in the sense that being is independent of the act by which it is known. Therefore… -
Reality (REALTÀ)
REALTÀ: V. ENTE, ESSERE. -
Rearm Moral (RIARMO MORALE)
RIARMO MORALE: v. BUCHMANISMO. -
Reason (RAGIONE)
A philosophical term which, especially in the sense of faculty (v.), has had in the history of Western thought a multiplicity of meanings that have often… -
Reason and Faith (RAGIONE E FEDE)
RAGIONE E FEDE: v. FEDE, III. F. e ragione. -
Reasoning (RAGIONAMENTO)
From ratio (v. RAGIONE), it is the act by which thought, by virtue of given propositions, facts, judgments, passes to a new affirmation. R. is therefore, in… -
Reason of State (RAGIONE DI STATO)
Ratio is the principle, the rule that governs the life of the State. R. di S. is the translation of ratio reipublicae. The celebrated phrase makes its… -
Rebecca
Daughter of Bethuel, niece of Nahor (Gen. 22:23) and wife of Isaac (Hebr. Ribhqāh). According to the prayer made to God by Eliezer (v.), she courteously… -
Recanati, Diocese of (RECANATI, DIOCESI DI)
City in the province of Macerata. The diocese extends partly in the province of Macerata and partly in that of Ancona; it has 42,707 inhabitants, all… -
Receptive Referral (RINVIO RICETTIZIO)
There is r. r. [reception] whenever a provision of law of the State or of the Church adopts as its own, that is, receives, one or more legislative norms of… -
Rechabites (RECABITI)
A nomadic clan, descended from the Kenites or Quenites (I Chron. 2:55), which in the 9th century B.C. received from Jonadab, son of Rechab, a special statute… -
Recherches de Science Religieuse
A bimonthly periodical, founded in Paris in 1910, under the direction of Fr. J. Lebreton, director of Etudes (v.). Its purpose is to cooperate, through studies… -
Recherches de Théologie Ancienne et Médiévale
A quarterly periodical, founded at Louvain in 1929 under the care of the Abbey of Mont César. The field chosen for strictly scientific studies and… -
Recidivism (Recidivity) (RECIDIVA (RECIDIVITÀ))
In the language of moralists and jurists, it indicates the condition of one who falls back into the same sin or crime. I. MORAL THEOLOGY. - A recidivist is one… -
Recife
RECIFE: v. OLINDA E RECIFE; BRASILE. -
Recluses (RECLUSI)
Reclusion is a form of eremitic life in which the religious imposes upon himself a solitary life, far from any community or enclosed in a cell, deprived as far… -
Reclusion (RECLUSIONE)
It may be considered either as preventive custody (v. CARCERE) or as a retributive punishment for a crime. I. RECLUSION AS A PENALTY IN CANON LAW. - Considered… -
Recognition (RICOGNIZIONE)
The term r. denotes two entirely different institutions in their function and purpose. The one, common to the legislation of the Church and to other… -
Recollect Franciscans (RECOLLETTI FRANCESCANI)
RECOLLETTI FRANCESCANI : v. FRATI MINORI. -
Recollectine Penitents of Oirschot (PENITENTI RECOLLETTINE DI OIRSCHOT)
The Institute is a branch detached from the Congregation of Limburg, founded on 21 Sept. 1623 by Mother Giovanna di Gesù and approved by Urban VIII on 15 July… -
Recollectine Penitents of the Immaculate Conception of Rosendael (PENITENTI RECOLLETTINE DELL'IMMACOLATA CONCEZIONE DI ROOSENDAAL)
The Institute originated from the ancient monastery of Louvain, suppressed by the French Revolution in 1796. Some nuns, who had then taken refuge in Holland… -
Recollection (RACCOGLIMENTO)
An ascetical exercise proper to the interior life, analogous to the isolation of the scholar who concentrates his attention and his thought in the meditation… -
Recollects of Saint Augustine (RECOLLETTI DI SANT'AGOSTINO)
A reform of stricter life within the Order of the Hermits of St. Augustine, which arose in the province of Toledo in 1588. Its legislator was Fr. Luis de León… -
Reconciliation of the Church (RICONCILIAZIONE DELLA CHIESA)
RICONCILIAZIONE DELLA CHIESA : v. CHIESA, B., II, IV. -
Reconvention (RICONVENZIONE)
It is the action that the defendant brings against the plaintiff, thereby becoming plaintiff in the reconvention itself. According to this general concept, the… -
Recrimination (RECONVENZIONE)
RECONVENZIONE : v. CAUSA. -
Recrosio, Raimondo (Filippo)
Barnabite, bishop, b. at Vercelli on 1 Oct. 1657, d. at Bolena (Nice) on 21 May 1732. He taught philosophy and then theology at the Chappuy College in Annecy… -
Rector (RETTORE)
From regere, it denotes in itself one who is the head of an institution. In common language it is often synonymous with director or superior (in superior the… -
Rector Potens Verax Deus
Hymn of the hour of sext, composed by St. Ambrose. The hour of sext corresponds to our noon. The heat of that hour reminds the author of the heats of the… -
Recueil des Historiens des Gaules
From 1636 to 1649 André and François Duchesne had published a selection of sources relating to the history of France up to the reign of Philip IV the Fair… -
Recusants
The name "r." or non-conformists goes back to the time of Elizabeth, when the Anglican Church became established. This name served at first to designate the… -
Red Cross Society (SOCIETÀ DELLA CROCE ROSSA)
The R.C. is an international body, universal in character, operating in all the states of the world, legally regulated by conventions signed by all… -
Redeemed of the Cross (REDENTO DELLA CROCE)
REDENTO della CROCE: v. DIONIGI della NATIVITÀ e REDENTO della CROCE, blesseds. -
Redemption (REDENZIONE)
It is equivalent to ransom, evoking the idea of the liberation of slaves. In Christian doctrine the R. wrought by Christ is the liberation of man from the… -
Redemptorists (REDENTORISTI)
REDENTORISTI: v. CONGREGAZIONE del S.MO REDENTORE. -
Redistribution (REDISTRIBUZIONE)
In the classic division of political economy that goes back to J. B. Say (1803), still in use today, after the production and circulation of wealth, and before… -
Redolfi, Fortunato, Servant of God (REDOLFI, FORTUNATO, SERVO DI DIO)
Barnabite, b. at Zanano (Brescia) on 8 Nov. 1777, d. at Monza on 8 Apr. 1850. He was called "the priest of the boys," for whom, especially for those of the… -
Red Sea (ROSSO, MARE)
A large stretch of sea extending from the entrance of Bāb el-Mandeb, between southwestern Asia to the east and the coasts of northeastern Africa to the west… -
Reductions (RIDUZIONI)
From the very beginning of Spanish colonization in America the system of the reductions came into force, following the instruction issued by the King of Spain… -
Refectory (REFETTORIO)
A room in convents and monasteries intended for communal meals. It is usually a large rectangular hall accessible from the cloister and generally arranged with… -
Referendaries of the Apostolic Signatura (REFERENDARI DELLA SEGNATURA APOSTOLICA)
REFERENDARI DELLA SEGNATURA APOSTOLICA: v. TRIBUNALI DELLA S. SEDE, II. Segnatura apostolica. -
Referendum
The r. is one of the institutions of direct democracy. These have in common the personal participation, rather than participation through representatives… -
Reflected Principles (PRINCIPI RIFLESSI)
They are rules of a moral and general nature, supplementary to the direct principles for forming a certain conscience. I. PRELIMINARY NOTIONS. - The passage… -
Reflection (RIFLESSIONE)
It is the act by which thought takes explicit awareness of itself, considering its own activities, its own objects and contents. Reflection therefore brings… -
Reformed Cistercians (CISTERCENSI RIFORMATI)
Reform of the Cistercian Order that began in 1599 in the abbey of Charmoy in France under Abbot Arnolfini. It was soon introduced also into the abbey of… -
Reformism (RIFORMISMO)
Reformism is neither a theory nor does it rest on a particular ideology, but rather a practical attitude concerning the method to be followed in promoting the… -
Refreshment (REFRIGERIO)
In Greek ἀνάφυξις means refreshment, relief, banquet. Among the Romans it is found as such: refrigeratio aestate (Cicero, De senectute, 14, 46), refrigeratur… -
Regalism (REGALISMO)
This term designates that particular jurisdictional system (v. SEPARATISM) whose foundation was the hegemony of the state over the Church, accompanied… -
Regalis Solio Fortis Hiberiae (REGALI SOLIO FORTIS HIBERIAE)
Hymn of Vespers and Matins for the feast of St. Hermenegild, martyr, written by Urban VIII when in 1636 he extended to the universal Church the feast of the… -
Regeneration (Science) (RIGENERAZIONE (SCIENZA))
One of the general properties of living organisms is regulation (v.), a property that allows the preservation of the unity of the organism, that is, of the…