GIUBERTO OF NOGENT. — Benedictine theologian and abbot, born in 1053 near Beauvais, died at Nogent in 1124. A monk at St-Germain of Flay (hence called Flaviacense), he had frequent contact with St. Anselm, then prior of Bec, whom he considered his master. Elected abbot of Santa Maria of Nogent-Sous-Coucy (diocese of Laon) in 1104, he remained there until his death, devoted to study and preaching.
His numerous works were edited and annotated by L. D’Achery (Paris 1651) and reproduced by Migne (PL 156): *Quo ordine sermo fieri debeat* (ibid., cols. 21-32); *Moralium in Gen. II. 10* (ibid., cols. 32-34); *Tropologiae prophetas Osee et Amos ac lamentationes Ieremiae* (ibid., cols. 341-488); *De Incarnatione contra Iudaeos* (ibid., cols. 489-528); *De buccella Iudae data et de veritate dominici corporis* (ibid., cols. 529-37); *De laude Mariae* (ibid., cols. 538-78); *De virginitate* (ibid., cols. 579-607); *De pignoribus sanctorum* (ibid., cols. 608-670); *Gesta Dei per Francos sive historiae hierosolomitanae* (ibid., cols. 680-837); *De vita sua* (ibid., cols. 838-962). A true intellectual type, one of the most distinguished of his time, in his various treatises he displays versatility of mind and assured knowledge; particularly noteworthy is his Christological, Eucharistic, and Marian doctrine. For the history of the First Crusade, *Gesta Dei per Francos* is invaluable; *De vita sua* is an autobiography (the most original of the Middle Ages) rich in details about contemporaries (St. Anselm, Anselm of Laon).
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GIUBERTO OF RAVENNA, ANTIPOPE. — He was imperial chancellor for Italy and adhered to the antipope Cadalo in the election of October 1061; but he ended by recognizing Alexander II in 1064 and was appointed archbishop of Ravenna. When Gregory VII began the Investiture Controversy, G. immediately sided with Henry IV in Italy, and together with the Roman Cencio and Cardinal Hugh Candidus he was the most obstinate opponent of the great Pope, succeeding more than anyone else in rendering precarious that earthly base necessary for his reforming work. At Pavia he took the initiative in his deposition; after Canossa he urged Henry IV against the Pope. And when, on March 7, 1080, Gregory deposed and excommunicated the Emperor, on June 25 the assembly of Bressanone opposed him with G., under the name of Clement III. Protected by German arms and by an imperialist Italian movement, he was allowed at least intermittently to reside in Rome after seizing St. Peter’s and Castel Sant’Angelo. The resentment of the Romans toward the sack of the Normans, attributed to a summons by Gregory VII, and a strong party among the nobility and even in the Roman clergy facilitated his long resistance to his successors, Victor III and Urban II, and his residence in Rome, from which he was only expelled by the Pierleoni in 1098. G. lived to see the election of a fourth pope, Paschal II, before ending, in his final refuge at Civita Castellana, a life tenaciously spent in a struggle that was not for the good of the Church, in the autumn of 1100.