their support for the establishment of the Seminary; indeed, the second founded in 1515 the celebrated ecclesiastical College of S. Tommaso; a third was established by don Alonso Manrique around 1532. Between 1614 and 1633, three other colleges arose; the most important was that founded by canon don Gonzalo de Ocampo in 1615. After many vicissitudes brought about by the revolutions of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the Seminary flourished again in 1848, unifying what had been possible to save from the preceding institutions; in 1897 Leo XIII raised it to the status of a pontifical university, and it retained this character after the publication of the constitution Deus scientiarum Dominus. Following the discovery of America, S. became the economic capital of the Spanish Empire, the seat of the Casa de Contratación and the obligatory passage for all, lay or ecclesiastical, who were bound for the West Indies; it is home to the Archivo de Indias, which, with more than 3,000,000 documents, constitutes the source for the history of the colonization and evangelization of the New World.
The processions of Holy Week in S. are known everywhere, distinguished by unequalled religious fervor and a distinctive local character; they are organized by confraternities whose origins date back to the Middle Ages. Their pasos are the work of the finest artists of the Spanish Renaissance.
Giusto Fernández Alonso
ART. — The Cathedral was adapted from the great mosque built in 1171, of which the Alminar or Giralda, one of the most artistic monuments of S., and some other minor parts are still preserved; the remainder was greatly modified in the following centuries, indeed the building proper was entirely renewed according to new designs beginning in 1401; completed in 1506, it was restored between 1511 and 1519 following the collapse of the vault and of many pillars. The interior consists of a quadrilateral measuring 130 x 76 m., with five naves, the central one more than 40 m. high; around it are 54 chapels containing a total of 80 altars. The stained-glass windows were executed between the 16th and 19th centuries. At the center of the principal nave are the « Capilla mayor »
and the choir; the « Mayor » has the grandiose retablo, the work of the Flemish artist Dancart, from 1482; behind the chapel is the « Sacristía alta », with a venerated image of the Madonna. In the chapter house (16th century) is the image of the Immaculate Conception, the work of Murillo. On either side of the choir are four chapels: in that of S. Peter is the tomb of Archbishop Diego Deza and nine paintings by Zurbaran. The « Capilla Real » is in Renaissance style (1551–75); on the altar is the Virgen de los Reyes, carried by King Ferdinand on all his campaigns; in front is the bronze and silver sarcophagus containing the body of s. Ferdinand, transferred here in 1579. On the altar of the crypt below stands the ivory statuette of the Virgen de los Batallas (14th century).
Other notable churches are: the church of Salvador, above an ancient mosque, with artistic retablos, a Christ by M. Montañés, an Ecce homo attributed to Murillo, and the venerated image of the Virgen de las Aguas from the 13th century. The church of S. Martin, with Gothic vaults from the 14th–15th centuries, was restored in 1896 and 1926. The parish church of S. Gil has a 13th-century apse; the remainder is from the 14th century, but was rebuilt in the 17th century; it was burned in 1936 and restored. The interior preserves remains of a mosque, with 14th-century panels and mosaics in the apse; in a new chapel is the Virgen de la Macarena (Madonna of Hope), the most popular in the city. On the night of Holy Thursday, two pasos leave the parish of S. Gil with an escort of praetorians and return on the morning of Good Friday. The church of S. Marina has a portal with 14th-century sculptures and a bell tower with an Arab base; it was devastated in 1936 and is being restored; the interior is a converted ancient mosque, and in its wilḥrib is the chapel of the Santo Cristo. The church of S. Catalina, too, was built in the 14th century over an ancient mosque, of which the restored tower remains; the 14th-century portal was added in 1929 and comes from the church of S. Lucia. The 14th-century church of S. Isidoro, recently restored, has an interior with three naves; in the sacristy there is a chapel erected on the site where s. Isidoro died (a. 636). The convent of S. Paulo, founded in 1475, preserves a Gothic portal and, in the adjoining church, with its ogival vault, statues of s. John the Baptist and s. John the Evangelist by M. Montañés (1638), as well as Gothic tombs. The church of S. Romano, also from the 14th century, preserves sculptures by Montañés, as does the chapel adjoining the convent of S. Inés. The university church was built by the Jesuit Bartolomeo Bustamante (1565–79). The church of S. Maria la Blanca is an ancient synagogue from 1391, transformed with Visigothic capitals, like that of S. Bartolomeo. The « Palacio Arzobispal » dates from the 17th century and has a Baroque façade; it contains a collection of paintings, including that of the Virgin giving the chasuble to s. Ildefonso, painted by Velazquez. The asilo de Venerables sacerdote contains a chapel with frescoes by Valdés Leal in the dome and ancient stained-glass windows depicting scenes from the lives of saints.
The « Alcázar » or « Alcazaba », built by the Arab conqueror Mûsâ in 712, extended as far as the Torre dell'Oro and the banks of the Guadalquivir; it was at once a fortress and a royal residence; in the 11th century, the kings of the Banû Abad dynasty (1023–91) adorned the palace with columns and materials from the city and palace of Medina-Az-Zahara. Sultan Abû Ja'qûb Jûsuf (1171–76) erected the Torre dell'Oro. After Ferdinand II occupied S. in 1248, he built the vaulted gallery of the baths of Maria de Padilla; the palace was enlarged by King Peter the Cruel in 1364–66; later, in the 15th century, further work was carried out under the Catholic monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella, and again in 1526 for the marriage of Charles V. In the room called that of Charles V are the tapestries representing the conquest of Tunis, commissioned by Charles V from Pannemaker in 1551, after cartoons by Juan Vernia.
The Provincial Archaeological Museum was installed in 1945 in the former Fine Arts building of the 1929 Ibero-American Exposition; it contains Roman, early Christian, Visigothic, Hispano-Arab, Moorish, medieval, and Renaissance archaeological collections.
The Provincial Museum, on the other hand, is housed in the former convent of Mercede (17th century) and accommodates the Academy of Fine Arts, as well as the Museum of Painting and Sculpture. The ancient church has been transformed into the « Salon Murillo », where 54
paintings and several sculptures have been assembled; Murillo’s paintings belong to his final period and come from the churches of S. of the Capuchins and of the Augustinians; there are also paintings by Zurbaran, Velazquez, El Greco, Montañés, Pacheco, Roclas, etc. In the suburb called s de la Triana s, from the Roman Traiana, called Terayana by the Moors, are found: the church of S. Anna, erected by Alfonso the Wise and consecrated in 1280; later restored, it has three naves, and in the retrochoir is the image of the Virgen de la Rosa by A. Fernández, from the beginning of the 16th century. Also noteworthy is the « Cartuja », an ancient Carthusian monastery founded in 1409 and converted into a ceramics factory in 1839; in the Gothic church, specifically in the chapel of S. Anna, the remains of Christopher Columbus were deposited from 1513 to 1536; one should also mention the church of N. S. de les Cuevas, with an alabaster statue of the Madonna under that title; and the church of S. Giacinto, from 1775, with a frescoed dome. In the surroundings of S. are the ruins of the ancient city of Italia, founded by Scipio, later a Roman colony, birthplace of the emperors Trajan, Hadrian, and Theodosius and of the poet Silius Italicus; much of its material is now in the Museum of S. The Colombina Library was established by the Chapter in 1551 following the bequest, received from Ferdinand, son of Christopher Columbus, of his father’s and his own library. s. Isidoro of S. (v.), the painters Murillo, Velazquez, and the two Herrera were born in S.