BENEVENTANA, SCRITTURA – B. of the III period (12th cent.). Apocryphal letter of Cronazzo and Elioardo to St. Jerome – Naples, Biblioteca Nazionale, cod. VIII C4.
codici cassinesi, Montecassino [1893]; A. M. Amelli, Miniature sacre e profane dell'anno 1023 illustrate nell'enciclopedia medievale di Rabano Mauro, IV, 1896; M. Inguanez, Miniature e altre riproduzioni del Regesto di S. Angelo in Formis, IV, 1925; M. Inguanez e M. Avory, Miniature cassinesi del sec. XI illustrate la vita di S. Benedetto (cod. Vat. lat. 1202), IV, 1934.
Sui rotoli pasquali: A. M. Latil, Le Miniature nei rotoli dell'Exultet, Montecassino 1899; E. Bertaux, op. cit., pp. 213-240; M. Avery, The Exultet Rolls of South Italy, in Illuminated manuscripts of the middle ages. A series issued by the Department of Art and Archaeology of Princeton University, part 2, Princeton 1936; cf. E. Moneti, Considerazioni e ricerche sui rotoli liturgici miniati dell'Italia meridionale, in Scritti di Paleografia e Diplomatica in onore di V. FEDERICI, GIACOMO, Firenze 1945, pp. 241-54.
BENEVENTO, ARCHDIOCESE OF. – One of the largest archdioceses in southern Italy, with its see in a city rich in history that was once the capital first of a duchy, then of a principality, and later placed under the direct authority of the Holy See. Its suffragan dioceses are S. Agata dei Goti, Alife, Ariano, Ascoli Satriano and Cerignola, Avellino, Boiano, Bovino, Larino, Lucera, S. Severo, Telese, Cerreto and Termoli, in Campania, Apulia and Molise. The archdiocese of Benevento, situated mostly in the province of the same name (area 2,500 sq. km.) and partly in that of Avellino, borders on the dioceses of Avellino, Ariano and Cerreto and on the territory of the archdiocese of Conza. It has 160 parishes with 268 diocesan priests and 105 regular clergy, approximately 335,000 inhabitants (1948). Patron saint: St. Bartholomew the Apostle.
SUMMARY:
I. History
II. Events from the late 18th century to 1860
III. Art
IV. Abbey of S. Sofia. – V. Beneventan conciliar region.I. HISTORY
On the slope of a hill called della Guardia (alt. 135 m), at the confluence of the Calore and Sabato rivers, arose Malventum, the Samnite city that long waged war with Rome. Before becoming a Roman colony, it witnessed the victory of Curius Dentatus over Pyrrhus; the *bonus eventus* was commemorated in the very name of the city, which from then on was called B.The first historically attested bishop is St. Januarius (v.), a victim of Diocletian’s persecution. The second, Theophilus, was present at the Roman Council of 313. A second Januarius is legate of the Pope at the Council of Sardica in 341. In 404 another bishop of B. carried a letter from Pope Innocent I to Constantinople in favor of St. John Chrysostom, addressed to Emperor Arcadius. In the second half of the 5th century the bishop was St. Tammaro; Epiphanius in the years 494–99 (cf. Jaffé-Wattenbach, 657, 736–37). In 545 the city was taken by Totila, who razed its walls. The Byzantine general Narses restored it from its ruins, reducing it to a small village.
codici cossinesi, Montecassino [1893]; A. M. Amelli, Miniature
In 1077, after a long siege in which the Pope led an army into the city and expelled Prince Landulf III, he left a governor in his name. The capture of B. was a prelude to the new policy of direct papal intervention in the South; but when Leo IX clashed with the rising Norman power, he was defeated and taken prisoner at the battle of Civitate by Robert Guiscard, allied with the Lombard princes. The Pope’s imprisonment in Benevento brought about a reversal of relations: the Church recognized the Normans’ rule over the conquered lands as its own vassals, making them its closest defenders. In 1077, however, in place of the last Lombard prince, Landulf VI, the Church consolidated its dominion over B. Indeed, in the time of Gregory VII the city and its territory were governed by rectors, and in 1059 Nicholas II had held a notable council in B.; from that year on, papal visits and councils were frequent. Gregory VII came there in 1073, and again in 1080, when he received Robert Guiscard in penance and confirmed his investiture of the South; Victor III and Urban II at the end of the 11th century; Paschal II at the beginning of the 12th.
Between 1130 and 1139, B. was the stronghold of Anacletus II against Innocent II; but anti-Norman hatred drove part of the citizenry into the arms of Innocent. Soon after, the archbishop, Peter II, was killed by the Beneventans in revolt, suspecting him of relations with William of Sicily, who had recently besieged Adrian IV and devastated the territory. Soon B. again gave asylum to the Popes to protect them from the violence of Barbarossa. Alexander III stayed there for three years (1167-70). In the following century, Frederick II, at war with the Holy See, destroyed much of the city, beginning its decline. Nevertheless, considered the ward of the Church, which restored its wounds, B. was preserved for the Holy See in the treaty for the cession of the kingdom to Charles of Anjou; and beneath its walls, in 1266, the decisive battle for the fate of the Mezzogiorno was fought between Charles and Manfred, son of Frederick II. In 1378, during the Western Schism, which saw two rival archbishops acting in the city, Joanna I seized B. From 1429 to 1436, Gaspar Colonna was archbishop of B., a zealous and munificent pastor who, though not implicated in the revolt of the Colonna against Eugenius IV, was summoned to Rome, imprisoned in Castel S. Angelo, and, restored to his see, died there prematurely of grief. Also Alfonso V of Aragon, in 1440, and King Ferdinand in 1482, attempted to violate the papal sovereignty over the city. In turn, Alexander VI temporarily alienated the principality in favor of his own son, Giovanni, Duke of Gandia. Again, in 1528, imperial troops occupied B. by order of Charles V, though it was restored the following year.
Toward the end of the 17th century, just when a terrible earthquake was about to devastate it, as it did in 1702, B. had as its pastor one of the most distinguished figures of the age, Cardinal Vincenzo Maria Orsini, a Dominican, who renewed the religious life of the diocese and knew how to lift the city from the damage of two earthquakes, before being elected pope under the name of Benedict XIII (v.). Even afterward, he refused to abandon the direct care of the diocese so dear to him, so that only after his death did B. have its own archbishop, Sinibaldo Doria.
Natives of B. were the popes Felix IV, Victor III, Gregory VIII; among the cardinals BORGHESIA (v.) Pacca (v.).
Numerous since ancient times are the male and female religious orders established in the Beneventan diocese. Rich in documents are the archives of B.: the chapter archive and that of S. Sofia, near which the museum
**Fig. 1.** The church of B. was also rebuilt in 1073, 1077, 1080, 1090, 1100, 1110, 1120, 1130, 1140, 1150, 1160, 1170, 1180, 1190, 1200, 1210, 1220, 1230, 1240, 1250, 1260, 1270, 1280, 1290, 1300, 1310, 1320, 1330, 1340, 1350, 1360, 1370, 1380, 1390, 1400, 1410, 1420, 1430, 1440, 1450, 1460, 1470, 1480, 1490, 1500, 1510, 1520, 1530, 1540, 1550, 1560, 1570, 1580, 1590, 1600, 1610, 1620, 1630, 1640, 1650, 1660, 1670, 1680, 1690, 1700, 1710, 1720, 1730, 1740, 1750, 1760, 1770, 1780, 1790, 1800, 1810, 1820, 1830, 1840, 1850, 1860, 1870, 1880, 1890, 1900, 1910, 1920, 1930, 1940, 1950, 1960, 1970, 1980, 1990, 2000, 2010, 2020, 2030, 2040, 2050, 2060, 2070, 2080, 2090, 2100, 2110, 2120, 2130, 2140, 2150, 2160, 2170, 2180, 2190, 2200, 2210, 2220, 2230, 2240, 2250, 2260, 2270, 2280, 2290, 2300, 2310, 2320, 2330, 2340, 2350, 2360, 2370, 2380, 2390, 2400, 2410, 2420, 2430, 2440, 2450, 2460, 2470, 2480, 2490, 2500, 2510, 2520, 2530, 2540, 2550, 2560, 2570, 2580, 2590, 2600, 2610, 2620, 2630, 2640, 2650, 2660, 2670, 2680, 2690, 2700, 2710, 2720, 2730, 2740, 2750, 2760, 2770, 2780, 2790, 2800, 2810, 2820, 2830, 2840, 2850, 2860, 2870, 2880, 2890, 2900, 2910, 2920, 2930, 2940, 2950, 2960, 2970, 2980, 2990, 3000, 3010, 3020, 3030, 3040, 3050, 3060, 3070, 3080, 3090, 3100, 3110, 3120, 3130, 3140, 3150, 3160, 3170, 3180, 3190, 3200, 3210, 3220, 3230, 3240, 3250, 3260, 3270, 3280, 3290, 3300, 3310, 3320, 3330, 3340, 3350, 3360, 3370, 3380, 3390, 3400, 3410, 3420, 3430, 3440, 3450, 3460, 3470, 3480, 3490, 3500, 3510, 3520, 3530, 3540, 3550, 3560, 3570, 3580, 3590, 3600, 3610, 3620, 3630, 3640, 3650, 3660, 3670, 3680, 3690, 3700, 3710, 3720, 3730, 3740, 3750, 3760, 3770, 3780, 3790, 3800, 3810, 3820, 3830, 3840, 3850, 3860, 3870, 3880, 3890, 3900, 3910, 3920, 3930, 3940, 3950, 3960, 3970, 3980, 3990, 4000in 4010, in 4020, in 4030, in 4040, in 4050, in 4060, in 4070, in 4080, in 4090, in 4100, in 4110, in 4120, in 4130, in 4140, in 4150, in 4160, in 4170, in 4180, in 4190, in 4200, in 4210, in 4220, in 4230, in 4240, in 4250, in 4260, in 4270, in 4280, in 4290, in 4300, in 4310, in 4320, in 4330, in 4340, in 4350, in 4360, in 4370, in 4380, in 4390, in 4400, in 4410, in 4420, in 4430, in 4440, in 4450, in 4460, in 4470, in 4480, in 4490, in 4500, in 4510, in 4520, in 4530, in 4540, in 4550, in 4560, in 4570, in 4580, in 4590, in 4600, in 4610, in 4620, in 4630, in 4640, in 4650, in 4660, in 4670, in 4680, in 4690, in 4700, in 4710, in 4720, in 4730, in 4740, in 4750, in 4760, in 4770, in 4780, in 4790, in 4800, in 4810, in 4820, in 4830, in 4840, in 4850, in 4860, in 4870, in 4880, in 4890, in 4900, in 4910, in 4920, in 4930, in 4940, in 4950, in 4960, in 4970, in 4980, in 4990, in 5000, in 5010, in 5020, in 5030, in 5040, in 5050, in 5060, in 5070, in 5080, in 5090, in 5100, in 5110, in 5120, in 5130, in 5140, in 5150, in 5160, in 5170, in 5180, in 5190, in 5200, in 5210, in 5220, in 5230, in 5240, in 5250, in 5260, in 5270, in 5280, in 5290, in 5300, in 5310, in 5320, in 5330, in 5340, in 5350, in 5360, in 5370, in 5380, in 5390, in 5400, in 5410, in 5420, in 5430, in 5440, in 5450, in 5460, in 5470, in 5480, in 5490, in 5500, in 5510, in 5520, in 5530, in 5540, in 5550, in 5560, in 5570, in 5580, in 5590, in 5600, in 5610, in 5620, in 5630, in 5640, in 5650, in 5660, in 5670, in 5680, in 5690, in 5700, in 5710, in 5720, in 5730, in 5740, in 5750, in 5760, in 5770, in 5780, in 5790, in 5800, in 5810, in 5820, in 5830, in 5840, in 5850, in 5860, in 5870, in 5880, in 5890, in 5900, in 5910, in 5920, in 5930, in 5940, inin 7010, in 7020, in 7030, in 7040, in 7050, in 7060, in 7070, in 7080, in 7090, in 7100, in 7110, in 7120, in 7130, in 7140, in 7150, in 7160, in 7170, in 7180, in 7190, in 7200, in 7210, in 7220, in 7230, in 7240, in 7250, in 7260, in 7270, in 7280, in 7290, in 7300, in 7310, in 7320, in 7330, in 7340, in 7350, in 7360, in 7370, in 7380, in 7390, in 7400, in 7410, in 7420, in 7430, in 7440, in 7450, in 7460, in 7470, in 7480, in 7490, in 7500, in 7510, in 7520, in 7530, in 7540, in 7550, in 7560, in 7570, in 7580, in 7590, in 7600, in 7610, in 7620, in 7630, in 7640, in 7650, in 7660, in 7670, in 7680, in 7690, in 7700, in 7710, in 7720, in 7730, in 7740, in 7750, in 7760, in 7770, in 7780, in 7790, in 7800, in 7810, in 7820, in 7830, in 7840, in 7850, in 7860, in 7870, in 7880, in 7890, in 7900, in 7910, in 7920, in 7930, in 7940, in 7950, in 7960, in 7970, in 7980, in 7990, in 8000, in 8010, in 8020, in 8030, in 8040, in 8050, in 8060, in 8070, in 8080, in 8090, in 8100, in 8110, in 8120, in 8130, in 8140, in 8150, in 8160, in 8170, in 8180, in 8190, in 8200, in 8210, in 8220, in 8230, in 8240, in 8250, in 8260, in 8270, in 8280, in 8290, in 8300, in 8310, in 8320, in 8330, in 8340, in 8350, in 8360, in 8370, in 8380, in 8390, in 8400, in 8410, in 8420, in 8430, in 8440, in 8450, in 8460, in 8470, in 8480, in 8490, in 8500, in 8510, in 8520, in 8530, in 8540, in 8550, in 8560, in 8570, in 8580, in 8590, in 8600, in 8610, in 8620, in 8630, in 8640, in 8650, in 8660, in 8670, in 8680, in 8690, in 8700, in 8710, in 8720, in 8730, in 8740, in 7850, in 8760, in 8770, in 8780, in 8790, in 8800, in 8810, in 8820, in 8830, in 8840, in 8850, in 8860, in 8870, in 8880, in 8890, in 8900, in 8910, in 8920, in 8930, in 8940, in 8950, in 8960, in 8970, in 8980, in 8990, in 9000, in 9010, in 9020, in 9030, in 9040, in 9050, in 9060, in 9070, in 9080, in 9090, in 9100, in 9110, in 9120, in 9130, in 9140, in 9150, in 9160, in 9170, in 9180, in 9190, in 9200, in 9210, in 9220, in 9230, in 9240, in 9250, in 9260, in 9270, in 9280, in 9290, in 9300, in 9310, in 9320, in 9330, in 9340, in 9350, in 9360, in 9370, in 9380, in 9390, in 9400, in 9410, in 9420, in 9430, in 9440, in 9450, in 9460, in 9470, in 9480, in 9490, in 9500, in 9510, in 9520, in 9530, in 9540, in 9550, in 9560, in 9570, in 9580, in 9590, in 9600, in 9610, in 9620, in 9630, in 9640, in 9650, in 9660, in 9670, in 9680, in 9690, in 9700, in 9710, in 9720, in 9730, in 9740, in 9750, in 9760, in 7770, in 9780, in 9790, in 9800, in 9810, in 9820, in 9830, in 9840, in 9850, in 9860, in 9870, in 9880, in 9890, in 9900, in 9910, in 9920, in 9930, in 9940, in 9950, in 9960, in 9970, in 9980, in 9990, in 10000nel 10010, nel 10020, nel 10030, nel 10040, nel 10050, nel 10060, nel 10070, nel 10080, nel 10090, nel 10100, nel 10110, nel 10120, nel 10130, nel 10140, nel 10150, nel 10160, nel 10170, nel 10180, nel 10190, nel 10200, nel 10210, nel 10220, nel 10230, nel 10240, nel 10250, nel 10260, nel 10270, nel 10280, nel 10290, nel 10300, nel 10310, nel 10320, nel 10330, nel 10340, nel 10350, nel 10360, nel 10370, nel 10380, nel 10390, nel 10400, nel 10410, nel 10420, nel 10430, nel 10440, nel 10450, nel 10460, nel 10470, nel 10480, nel 10490, nel 10500, nel 10510, nel 10520, nel 10530, nel 10540, nel 10550, nel 10560, nel 10570, nel 10580, nel 10590, nel 10600, nel 10610, nel 10620, nel 10630, nel 10640, nel 10650, nel 10660, nel 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Benevento - Annales Beneventani (1064-82) - Biblioteca Vaticana, cod. Vat. lat. 4928, fol. 6 (a. 1113-20).
and the provincial library. The local educational institutions have a strong tradition of studies.
IV. Abbey of St. Sophia. - Unlike the other abbey dedicated to the martyr Sophia in the locality "ad ponticellum," this one, which was the most important among the many in the ancient capital of the Lombard duchy, took its name from Divine Wisdom, just as the famous basilica of Byzantium did. Its origins are linked to the name of Prince Arechi II (758-88), who, near the church already existing around 706 and rebuilt by him, established a monastery of nuns, the first abbess of which was his sister Gorimberga. It later became dependent on Montecassino, and the nuns were succeeded by monks. The Cassinese abbot St. Bertarius (d. 883) completed and consecrated an oratory of St. Benedict, whose construction had been begun by his predecessor Bassacius. The future famous abbot Desiderius and Pope Victor III made his profession there and lived there for some time at the beginning of his monastic life.
Arechi had already endowed it with very substantial revenues, but its possessions grew even further in the following centuries. The commendatory system marked its end. With the consent of the commendatory cardinal Ascanio Colonna, it passed in 1590 to the Canons Regular of the Savior of Bologna; since 1834, the Brothers of the Christian Schools have been there. The archive is scattered in various places in Benevento. The manuscript of the famous *Chronicle* of the monastery is now in the Vatican Library.
Of the basilica that Arechi had rebuilt in imitation of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople, nothing remains except a small, incomplete portal with a lunette containing a bas-relief depicting Arechi kneeling before St. Mercurius, who presents him to the Redeemer and the Virgin. A commendatory abbot added his own coat of arms to II.
The cloister adjacent to the modest present-day church is not the original one either; it dates partly from the 12th century and has in its center an ancient capital adapted to serve as a wellhead. — See Plate LXXXI.
V. Regione conciliare Beneventana
It is one of the regions into which Italy was divided, for the purpose of holding regional councils in place of provincial councils (v. Concilio, IV), by provisions of the Sacred Consistorial Congregation of 15 Feb. and 22 March 1919 and 29 Sept. 1933 (AAS, II [1919], pp. 72-74, 176; ibid., 25 [1933], p. 466). It comprises the territories of the ecclesiastical provinces of Benevento and of Manfredonia, and also the dioceses of Foggia and of Troia, and the abbacy nullius of Montevergine.In Benevento, the regional capital, sits the regional ecclesiastical tribunal for marriage nullity cases; it judges, in addition to first-instance cases, also on appeal for cases that have been judged in first instance by the Abruzzi (Chieti) or Apulian (Bari) regional tribunals. Appeals against the sentences of the Beneventan regional tribunal are to be brought either before the Campanian regional tribunal (Naples) or before the Sacred Roman Rota (cf. Pius XI, motu proprio Qua cura, 8 Dec. 1938, in AAS, 30 [1938], pp. 410-13).

