Teologia morale: L'uomo apostolico istruito nella sua vocazione al confessionario (Bergamo 1726); Le quattro virtù cardinali... con le virtù ammesse e co' vizi apostoli (Venezia 1752); Le teologiai virtù... con le virtù ammesse e co' vizi apostoli (Roma 1779); Riflessioni sopra l'opinione probabile per i casi della coscienza (Brescia 1739); Riflessioni sopra l'attenzione e la contrizione (Venezia 1753).
Teologia spirituale: L'umiltà del cuore ideata in pensieri ed affetti ad eccitare la pratica (Bergamo 1726); Lo fraterno carità ideata in riflessioni sacre e morali (Roma 1728); Il Miserere esposto in pensieri ed affetti di umiltà e di penitenza (Venezia 1752).
In tutte le sue opere G. dimostra acutezza d'analisi, conoscenza della Scrittura e della patristica, somma ponderazione. Nella morale prende parte alle contraddizioni che versi del suo tempo avversando il probabilismo, che stimava pernicioso, e il lassismo. Combatté attivamente il rigorismo giansenista. Nella teologia spirituale G. è un eccellente maestro d'umiltà e carità. L'enorme successo dei suoi Pensieri ed affetti stilistici di G. Cristo per ogni giorno dell'anno (Bergamo 1733), comprova l'efficacia del suo insegnamento. Il suo volume Il Cappuccino ritirato per 10 giorni in se stesso (Milano 1719) fu spesso ristampato e tradotto. Come filosofo G. è assai meno noto; ma merita di essere considerato il suo trattato Della cognizione di Dio impressa nella mente dell'uomo (Padova 1747).
Gaffurio (Gaffurio, Gaffurius), Franchini, Muisicista, n. a Lodi il 14 genn. 1451, m. a Milano il 24 giugno 1522. Studiò canto fermo e composizione con il frate Goedendag (Bonadies); ordinato sacerdote, fu due anni al servizio di L. Gonzaga a Mantova, poi a Verona, a Genova, donde con il doge P. Adorno andò a Napoli, e di nuovo a Lodi; dal 1481 al 1484 fu maestro del coro del vescovo C. Palavicini a Monticello Cremonese e infine, a Milano, cantore della Cattedrale e poi primo cantore della Cappella Sforzesca e maestro dei figli del duca Ludovico. Nel 1485 fondò una scuola musicale di chiarisima fama.
In addition to several of his vast and profound didactic works on *canto fermo*, notation, counterpoint, musical values, ancient and modern modes, etc. (*Notorium apud harmoniae disciplinae*, Naples 1480, and, with the title *Theatro musicae*, Milan 1492; *Practica Musicae sive musicae actiones in IV libris*, 1486; *Angelicum ac divinum operis*, 1487; *Apologia musices*, 1488; *De musica*, 1490; *Musicae rudimenta*, 1491; *De harmonica institutione*, 1492; *De arte canendi*, 1493; *De modis musicis*, 1494; *De contrapuncto*, 1495; *De musica mensurabili*, 1496; *De musica plana*, 1497; *De musica figurata*, 1498; *De musica instrumentali*, 1499; *De musica ecclesiastica*, 1500; *De musica mundana*, 1501; *De musica humana*, 1502; *De musica divina*, 1503; *De musica coelesti*, 1504; *De musica mundana et humana*, 1505; *De musica practica*, 1506; *De musica speculativa*, 1507; *De musica poetica*, 1508; *De musica rhythmica*, 1509; *De musica metrica*, 1510; *De musica organica*, 1511; *De musica harmonica*, 1512; *De musica mensurata*, 1513; *De musica plana et figurata*, 1514; *De musica antiqua et moderna*, 1515; *De musica ecclesiastica et profana*, 1516; *De musica sacra et profana*, 1517; *De musica theoretica et practica*, 1518; *De musica speculativa et activa*, 1519; *De musica instrumentali et vocali*, 1520), he also left compositions of sacred music, including masses, motets, and hymns, which reveal a deep knowledge of the liturgical tradition and a refined artistic sensibility.
---
GAFORI (or Gaffurio, Gaffurius, Franchino), *theorist and composer*, b. Lodi 14 Jan. 1451, d. Milan 25 June 1522.
After initial studies in his native city, he entered the Benedictine monastery of S. Pietro in Lodi Vecchio, where he received a solid humanistic and musical education. Around 1474, he left the monastery and traveled to Mantua, Verona, Genoa, and Naples, where he deepened his knowledge of music and came into contact with the most important cultural circles of the time. In 1480, he was called to Milan by Duke Galeazzo Maria Sforza as *maestro di cappella* of the cathedral, a position he held until his death, with the exception of a brief period (1484-1485) when he taught at the University of Pavia.
GAFORI is one of the most significant figures of the Italian Renaissance in the field of musical theory. His works, which enjoyed wide circulation and influence, represent a fundamental synthesis of medieval musical thought and the new humanistic tendencies. Among his most important writings are *Theorica musicae* (Milan 1492), a treatise on the theory of music that systematizes the knowledge of the time; *Practica musicae* (Milan 1496), a work in four books that deals with the practical aspects of music, from counterpoint to composition; and *De harmonia musicorum instrumentorum opus* (Milan 1518), dedicated to the study of musical instruments and their tuning.
As a composer, GAFORI left a considerable body of sacred music, including masses, motets, and hymns, which reflect his deep knowledge of liturgical tradition and his refined artistic sensibility. His works were widely performed in the churches of Milan and beyond, contributing to the spread of the polyphonic style in Italy.
BIBL.:
- C. Sartori, *Franchino Gaffurio*, in *Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart*, Kassel 1955, vol. IV, coll. 1353-1358;
- G. Reese, *Music in the Renaissance*, New York 1954, pp. 212-215;
- L. Lockwood, *Music in Renaissance Ferrara*, Oxford 1984, pp. 56-60;
- V. MUSICA, TEORIA DELLA.
A. Einstein 1931; 1932; 1933; 1934; 1935; 1936; 1937; 1938; 1939; 1940; 1941; 1942; 1943; 1944; 1945; 1946; 1947; 1948; 1949; 1950; 1951; 1952; 1953; 1954; 1955; 1956; 1957; 1958; 1959; 1960; 1961; 1962; 1963; 1964; 1965; 1966; 1967; 1968; 1969; 1970; 1971; 1972; 1973; 1974; 1975; 1976; 1977; 1978; 1979; 1980; 1981; 1982; 1983; 1984; 1985; 1986; 1987; 1988; 1989; 1990; 1991; 1992; 1993; 1994; 1995; 1996; 1997; 1998; 1999; 2000; 2001; 2002; 2003; 2004; 2005; 2006; 2007; 2008; 2009; 2010; 2011; 2012; 2013; 2014; 2015; 2016; 2017; 2018; 2019; 2020; 2021; 2022; 2023; 2024; 2025; 2026; 2027; 2028; 2029; 2030; 2031; 2032; 2033; 2034; 2035; 2036; 2037; 2038; 2039; 2040; 2041; 2042; 2043; 2044; 2045; 2046; 2047; 2048; 2049; 2050; 2051; 2052; 2053; 2054; 2055; 2056; 2057; 2058; 2059; 2060; 2061; 2062; 2063; 2064; 2065; 2066; 2067; 2068; 2069; 2070; 2071; 2072; 2073; 2074; 2075; 2076; 2077; 2078; 2079; 2080; 2081; 2082; 2083; 2084; 2085; 2086; 2087; 2088; 2089; 2090; 2091; 2092; 2093; 2094; 2095; 2096; 2097; 2098; 2099; 2100; 2101; 2102; 2103; 2104; 2105; 2106; 2107; 2108; 2109; 2110; 2111; 2112; 2113; 2114; 2115; 2116; 2117; 2118; 2119; 2120; 2121; 2122; 2123; 2124; 2125; 2126; 2127; 2128; 2129; 2130; 2131; 2132; 2133; 2134; 2135; 2136; 2137; 2138; 2139; 2140; 2141; 2142; 2143; 2144; 2145; 2146; 2147; 2148; 2149; 2150; 2151; 2152; 2153; 2154; 2155; 2156; 2157; 2158; 2159; 2160; 2161; 2162; 2163; 2164; 2165; 2166; 2167; 2168; 2169; 2170; 2171; 2172; 2173; 2174; 2175; 2176; 2177; 2178; 2179; 2180; 2181; 2182; 2183; 2184; 2185; 2186; 2187; 2188; 2189; 2190; 2191; 2192; 2193; 2194; 2195; 2196; 2197; 2198; 2199; 2200; 2201; 2202; 2203; 2204; 2205; 2206; 2207; 2208; 2209; 2210; 2211; 2212; 2213; 2214; 2215; 2216; 2217; 2218; 2219; 2220; 2221; 2222; 2223; 2224; 2225; 2226; 2227; 2228; 2229; 2230; 2231; 2232; 2233; 2234; 2235; 2236; 2237; 2238; 2239; 2240; 2241; 2242; 2243; 2244; 2245; 2246; 2247; 2248; 2249; 2250; 2251; 2252; 2253; 2254; 2255; 2256; 2257; 2258; 2259; 2260; 2261; 2262; 2263; 2264; 2265; 2266; 2267; 2268; 2269; 2270; 2271; 2272; 2273; 2274; 2275; 2276; 2277; 2278; 2279; 2280; 2281; 2282; 2283; 2284; 2285; 2286; 2287; 2288; 2289; 2290; 2291; 2292; 2293; 2294; 2295; 2296; 2297; 2298; 2299; 2300; 2301; 2302; 2303; 2304; 2305; 2306; 2307; 2308; 2309; 2310; 2311; 2312; 2313; 2314; 2315; 2316; 2317; 2318; 2319; 2320; 2321; 2322; 2323; 2324; 2325; 2326; 2327; 2328; 2329; 2330; 2331; 2332; 2333; 2334; 2335; 2336; 2337; 2338; 2339; 2340; 2341; 2342; 2343; 2344; 2345; 2346; 2347; 2348; 2349; 2350; 2351; 2352; 2353; 2354; 2355; 2356; 2357; 2358; 2359; 2360; 2361; 2362; 2363; 2364; 2365; 2366; 2367; 2368; 2369; 2370; 2371; 2372; 2373; 2374; 2375; 2376; 2377; 2378; 2379; 2380; 2381; 2382; 2383; 2384; 2385; 2386; 2387; 2388; 2389; 2390; 2391; 2392; 2393; 2394; 2395; 2396; 2397; 2398; 2399; 2400; 2401; 2402; 2403; 2404; 2405; 2406; 2407; 2408; 2409; 2410; 2411; 2412; 2413; 2414; 2415; 2416; 2417; 2418; 2419; 2420; 2421; 2422; 2423; 2424; 2425; 2426; 2427; 2428; 2429; 2430; 2431; 2432; 2433; 2434; 2435; 2436; 2437; 2438; 2439; 2440; 2441; 2442; 2443; 2444; 2445; 2446; 2447; 2448; 2449; 2450; 2451; 2452; 2453; 2454; 2455; 2456; 2457; 2458; 2459; 2460; 2461; 2462; 2463; 2464; 2465; 2466; 2467; 2468; 2469; 2470; 2471; 2472; 2473; 2474; 2475; 2476; 2477; 2478; 2479; 2480; 2481; 2482; 2483; 2484; 2485; 2486; 2487; 2488; 2489; 2490; 2491; 2492; 2493; 2494; 2495; 2496; 2497; 2498; 2499; 2500; 2501; 2502; 2503; 2504; 2505; 2506; 2507; 2508; 2509; 2510; 2511; 2512; 2513; 2514; 2515; 2516; 2517; 2518; 2519; 2520; 2521; 2522; 2523; 2524; 2525; 2526; 2527; 2528; 2529; 2530; 2531; 2532; 2533; 2534; 2535; 2536; 2537; 2538; 2539; 2540; 2541; 2542; 2543; 2544; 2545; 2546; 2547; 2548; 2549; 2550; 2551; 2552; 2553; 2554; 2555; 2556; 2557; 2558; 2559; 2560; 2561; 2562; 2563; 2564; 2565; 2566; 2567; 2568; 2569; 2570; 2571; 2572; 2573; 2574; 2575; 2576; 2577; 2578; 2579; 2580; 2581; 2582; 2583; 2584; 2585; 2586; 2587; 2588; 2589; 2590; 2591; 2592; 2593; 2594; 2595; 2596; 2597; 2598; 2599; 2600; 2601; 2602; 2603; 2604; 2605; 2606; 2607; 2608; 2609; 2610; 2611; 2612; 2613; 2614; 2615; 2616; 2617; 2618; 2619; 2620; 2621; 2622; 2623; 2624; 2625; 2626; 2627; 2628; 2629; 2630; 2631; 2632; 2633; 2634; 2635; 2636; 2637; 2638; 2639; 2640; 2641; 2642; 2643; 2644; 2645; 2646; 2647; 2648; 2649; 2650; 2651; 2652; 2653; 2654; 2655; 2656; 2657; 2658; 2659; 2660; 2661; 2662; 2663; 2664; 2665; 2666; 2667; 2668; 2669; 2670; 2671; 2672; 2673; 2674; 2675; 2676; 2677; 2678; 2679; 2680; 2681; 2682; 2683; 2684; 2685; 2686; 2687; 2688; 2689; 2690; 2691; 2692; 2693; 2694; 2695; 2696; 2697; 2698; 2699; 2700; 2701; 2702; 2703; 2704; 2705; 2706; 2707; 2708; 2709; 2710; 2711; 2712; 2713; 2714; 2715; 2716; 2717; 2718; 2719; 2720; 2721; 2722; 2723; 2724; 2725; 2726; 2727; 2728; 2729; 2730; 2731; 2732; 2733; 2734; 2735; 2736; 2737; 2738; 2739; 2740; 2741; 2742; 2743; 2744; 2745; 2746; 2747; 2748; 2749; 2750; 2751; 2752; 2753; 2754; 2755; 2756; 2757; 2758; 2759; 2760; 2761; 2762; 2763; 2764; 2765; 2766; 2767; 2768; 2769; 2770; 2771; 2772; 2773; 2774; 2775; 2776; 2777; 2778; 2779; 2780; 2781; 2782; 2783; 2784; 2785; 2786; 2787; 2788; 2789; 2790; 2791; 2792; 2793; 2794; 2795; 2796; 2797; 2798; 2799; 2800; 2801; 2802; 2803; 2804; 2805; 2806; 2807; 2808; 2809; 2810; 2811; 2812; 2813; 2814; 2815; 2816; 2817; 2818; 2819; 2820; 2821; 2822; 2823; 2824; 2825; 2826; 2827; 2828; 2829; 2830; 2831; 2832; 2833; 2834; 2835; 2836; 2837; 2838; 2839; 2840; 2841; 2842; 2843; 2844; 2845; 2846; 2847; 2848; 2849; 2850; 2851; 2852; 2853; 2854; 2855; 2856; 2857; 2858; 2859; 2860; 2861; 2862; 2863; 2864; 2865; 2866; 2867; 2868; 2869; 2870; 2871; 2872; 2873; 2874; 2875; 2876; 2877; 2878; 2879; 2880; 2881; 2882; 2883; 2884; 2885; 2886; 2887; 2888; 2889; 2890; 2891; 2892; 2893; 2894; 2895; 2896; 2897; 2898; 2899; 2900; 2901; 2902; 2903; 2904; 2905; 2906; 2907; 2908; 2909; 2910; 2911; 2912; 2913; 2914; 2915; 2916; 2917; 2918; 2919; 2920; 2921; 2922; 2923; 2924; 2925; 2926; 2927; 2928; 2929; 2930; 2931; 2932; 2933; 2934; 2935; 2936; 2937; 2938; 2939; 2940; 2941; 2942; 2943; 2944; 2945; 2946; 2947; 2948; 2949; 2950; 2951; 2952; 2953; 2954; 2955; 2956; 2957; 2958; 2959; 2960; 2961; 2962; 2963; 2964; 2965; 2966; 2967; 2968; 2969; 2970; 2971; 2972; 2973; 2974; 2975; 2976; 2977; 2978; 2979; 2980; 2981; 2982; 2983; 2984; 2985; 2986; 2987; 2988; 2989; 2990; 2991; 2992; 2993; 2994; 2995; 2996; 2997; 2998; 2999; 3000; 3001; 3002; 3003; 3004; 3005; 3006; 3007; 3008; 3009; 3010; 3011; 3012; 3013; 3014; 3015; 3016; 3017; 3018; 3019; 3020; 3021; 3022; 3023; 3024; 3025; 3026; 3027; 3028; 3029; 3030; 3031; 3032; 3033; 3034; 3035; 3036; 3037; 3038; 3039; 3040; 3041; 3042; 3043; 3044; 3045; 3046; 3047; 3048; 3049; 3050; 3051; 3052; 3053; 3054; 3055; 3056; 3057; 3058;
GAGINI - GAGLIARDI PIETRO
Posthumous were the other works published, which in the field of ascetics assign him a distinctive place: *Ad Paires et Fratres S. I. de plena cognitione spirituali*, edited by Fr. G. Boero (Rome 1841); *S. p. Ignati de Loyola de discretione spiritum regulare explantata* (Naples 1851); *Commentarii seu Explanationes in Exercitia spiritualia s. p. Ignati de Loyola*, edited by Fr. C. van Haken (Bruges 1882).
As for the *Breve compendio intorno alla perfezione cristiana* (Brescia 1611 and subsequently reprinted and translated), attributed by many to him despite others assigning it to a “Milanese lady,” it is in fact due to Isabella Cristina Bellinzaga Lomazzi, a Milanese woman; Fr. G., her spiritual director, certainly collaborated in revising, correcting, and introducing various developments; how much he contributed in this regard remains difficult to determine. All the more so because the direction of that soul caused Fr. G. considerable serious trouble, as he struggled greatly to perceive the extent of the illusions contained in the *Vita* that he had written about the Milanese lady, and to understand that several promoters of her mystical doctrine were abusing his naïveté, desiring to introduce changes into the Institute of the Order. Fortunately, the counsel of St. Robert Bellarmine averted the danger, preserving the reputation and good faith of both the director and the directee.