BOGDANOV. - This is the pseudonym of Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Malinovskii, a Russian revolutionary, physician, and philosopher, born in 1873. A member of the Bolshevik faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, around 1909, together with Lunacharsky and Gorky, he organized a Bolshevik propaganda school on Capri. Later, he broke away from the party. After the revolution, he founded and directed the Institute for Blood Transfusion.
B. sought, under the influence of Mach, to give Marxism an empiricist foundation, transforming empiricism into an "empirionism." This prompted Lenin to write his famous work *Materialism and Empirio-Criticism*, in which he aimed to defend dialectical materialism as the genuine Marxist philosophy against attempts to introduce other philosophical conceptions. B. sought to overcome the dualism between the physical and the psychical, which is found in Mach, by considering them as elements of a single experience. The difference would lie solely in this: that psychical phenomena represent experience individually organized, whereas physical phenomena, by contrast, represent socially organized experience.
Works: *Empirionomizm* (Empirionism), Moscow-Petrograd 1906-1908; *Tektologia* (Tectology), Berlin 1922.