CZOLBE, HEINRICH. - German philosopher, b. at Könisberg on 30 Dec. 1819, d. there on 19 Feb. 1873. He belongs to the school of materialist physicians led by J. Moleschott and G. Büchner. While always excluding every transcendence, C. repeatedly reworked his system, finally admitting, in order to explain the world, a plurality of principles (material atoms, organic forces, psychic elements) cooperating teleologically and harmoniously.
The successive stages of his thought are set forth in: Neue Darstellung des Sensualismus (Leipzig 1856); Entstehung des Selbstbewusstseins (ibid. 1856); Grundzüge einer extensionalen Erkenntnistheorie (posthumous, Plauen 1875).
(by courtesy of Msgr. A. P. Frutus)
CZĘSTOCHOWA, diocese of - The “Black Virgin,” painted on three linden-wood panels: studies carried out during the restoration of 1925-26 appear to attribute it to an unknown Italian artist (early 14th cent.). The icon was photographed without its silver covering.