**DUMAS, Jean-Baptiste.** — Born in Alais on 14 July 1800, died in Cannes on 11 April 1884. He may be considered, together with Liebig, one of the founders of modern organic chemistry. In 1828 he published in Paris his *Traité de chimie appliquée aux arts*, which had great success; in 1832 he was elected a member of the Academy of Sciences and in the same year succeeded Gay-Lussac in the chair of chemistry at the Sorbonne.
He hosted Piria in his laboratory and maintained scientific relations with Malaguti; he was the teacher, friend, and protector of Pasteur; he took on the role of successor to Lavoisier, whose works he published. His *Leçons sur la philosophie chimique* (Paris 1837; Italian ed., Livorno 1842) also enjoyed great success. He served as Minister of Agriculture under Louis Napoleon and until 1870 took part in the administrative and political life of his country.
A Catholic, he opposed the materialistic tendencies of his time and publicly defended Christianity and the Catholic Church, especially in his official speeches to the French Academy: see, for example, those on his admission to the Academy in commemoration of Faraday (18 May 1868), of Guizot (1 June 1876), and for the admission of Taine (*Discours et éloges académiques*, 2 vols., Paris 1885).
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**Dummeruth, Antonino.** — Dominican theologian and writer, born in Louvain on 12 May 1841, died there on 17 February 1918. He became a religious on 2 February 1859, taught philosophy and later theology, and in 1880 was promoted to master in theology. For thirty years he served as regent at the Studium in Louvain (1885-1915). When war broke out and Belgium was invaded, he was deported with his confreres to Germany, from where he later returned to Louvain.
He wrote: *S. Thomas et doctrina de praemotione physica seu responsio ad R. P. Schneemann S. I.* (Paris 1886); *Defensio doctrinae sancti Thomae Aquinatis de praemotione physica seu responsio ad R. P. V. FRINS, VICTOR. I.* (ibid. 1895), in which he defends the Dominican system of the influence of the first cause upon the second cause.
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