PARIS, ARCHDIOCESE OF. – City and archdiocese, capital of France in the department of the Seine, which coincides with the ecclesiastical territory of the archdiocese.
The archdiocese comprises 227 parishes, divided into four archdeaconries (Notre-Dame, Ste-Geneviève, St-Denis, Sceaux). The number of priests registered in the Order in 1952 is 2,109. Between the minor and major seminaries there are 700 seminarians. The last official census of 1946 indicates a population of 4,775,711 for the department of the Seine. The diocesan statistics commission estimates the number of Catholics in the archdiocese at 3,312,000.
Over the past 20 years, 70% of newborns in the diocese have received the Sacrament of Baptism. However, this proportion is likely lower than the reality, since many Parisian children are baptized in the countryside, where they spend their early years. The proportion of Baptisms in relation to births is currently increasing. The Catholic schools in the diocese have 30,000 pupils. Religious practice varies greatly depending on the area of the city. In Paris itself, the proportion of practicing Catholics is higher than in the more proletarianized areas; yet it remains insufficient, as the main obstacle to religious life is the population density, which makes pastoral work very difficult.
To remedy this serious inconvenience, parishes have been divided into neighborhoods. Catholic Action is actively working in Paris. The main groups are the National Federation of Catholic Action (for men), the Women’s League of Catholic Action (for women), PARETO, VILFREDO - Portrait.
PARETO, VILFREDO - Portrait.
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**Figure 1:**
- **A:** Pareto, *Sociologia generale*, Florence 1993, tav. centro il front.
- **B:** Pareto, VILFREDO - Portrait.
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**Figure 138:**
- **A:** Pareto, *Sociologia generale*, Florence 1993, tav. centro il front.
legend has taken possession of his personality. Before St Gregory of Tours, the *Passio* of pseudo-Fortunatus, of legendary character, known by its incipit *Gloriosae* (BHL 2171), which makes him sent to Gaul “a successoribus Apostolorum,” and the *Vita Genovefae*, 17 (BHL 3335), written around 520, where, in the interpolated recension A, this successor is identified with Pope St Clement. These two documents, whose biographical value for the Saint is minimal, attest to the existence of the cult of St Denis in Paris by the end of the 5th century (the church built on his tomb by the Parisians at the invitation of St Geneviève dates to around 475) and at the beginning of the 6th century, a cult which, moreover, was known around 520 in Bordeaux, where Bishop Amelius built a basilica in his honor (cf. Venantius Fortunatus, *Carmina*, I, 11: ed. F. Leo-B. Krusch in *MGH, Autores antiquissimi*, IV, I, p. 13).
From the beginning of the 9th century, the first bishop of Paris was identified with Denis the Areopagite (v.), and the well-known scene of cephalophory was added to his martyrdom (v. *Martirio e Martire*, vol. VIII, cols. 241-42). The documents on which these two new legends are based, later considered undisputed historical facts until the 17th century, are the anonymous *Passio*, known by its incipit *Post beatam et gloriosam* (BHL 2178), written around 825 and translated into Greek before 833 (BHG 554), and the *Passio ss. Dionysii, qui a loco Ariopagita et Sociorum* (BHL 2175) by Hilduin, Abbot of St-Denis (814-40), one of whose sources is precisely the aforementioned anonymous *Passio*.
After Denis, the Church of Paris experienced a period of obscurity. However, in 360 a Council was held on the banks of the Seine, presided over by St Hilary in person. Clovis and St Clotilde, who converted France to Catholicism, were buried in Paris. During the Merovingian era, great bishops such as St Germanus of Paris and St Landeric, and great figures such as St Audoenus and St Eligius, maintained the religious prestige of Paris. The Carolingian era marked a certain decline of the Cathedral, and only the intellectual influence of the Abbey of St-Denis deserves mention, as well as, at the time of the Norman invasions, the heroic attitude of Bishop Gozlin (834-86), *defensor civitatis*.
At the beginning of the second millennium, the University of Paris (v. below, n. IV) was founded, where some of the greatest doctors of the Middle Ages held chairs. Suffice it to mention St Albert the Great, St Thomas Aquinas, St Bonaventure, Alexander of Hales, and Duns Scotus. Among their pupils, the Parisian schools counted several popes, including Innocent III. Among the bishops of Paris were eminent theologians such as Peter Lombard (1157-60), Maurice of Sully, the builder of Notre-Dame (1160-96), William of Auvergne (1228-49), and Stephen Tempier (1268-79). Odo of Sully (1196-1208) was a respected canonist, author of the first synodal statutes, which were imitated in several dioceses.
In the 14th-15th centuries, despite their erroneous ideas about the relationship between popes and councils, Cardinal Peter d’Ailly and Chancellor G. Gerson still represented the University of Paris. In the 16th century, decline set in. Yet Paris counted among its pupils St Francis de Sales and St Ignatius, and among its professors St Francis Xavier. The spiritual level of the people was lowered by the Wars of Religion. Illustrious bishops such as Cardinals Stephen de Poncher, John du Bellay, and Peter de Gondi were more notable for their literary, political, and diplomatic qualities than for their pastoral zeal. However, the 17th century saw a true religious renewal. Works for youth flourished; the University was partially re-Christianized; great Catholic writers restored the intellectual prestige of the Church. Cardinal Verdier (1929-40) founded about a hundred new centers of worship.
The Second World War, the German occupation, and the Liberation had their repercussions on Parisian religious life. Yet the achievements of the preceding period were preserved. In September 1951, the vote of the National Assembly, which made the situation of private education less precarious, demonstrated the Catholic vitality of Paris and of France.
(from V. JALABERT, LOUIS, *Les pontificaux manuscrits...*, Paris 1557, tav. 127; Paris, Archdiocese of – Façade of Notre-Dame. Miniature from a Roman Pontifical (early 16th century) – Paris, Bibliothèque nationale, ms. lat. 1226, t. II, f. 1r.)
II. ABBEYS, SANCTUARIES AND RELIGIOUS MONUMENTS
The diocese of Paris has had many male and female abbeys, some of which have been of notable importance in the history of the Church. The oldest of all is the abbey of St-Denis, two leagues from Paris. Its basilica, erected under the care of St Genevieve (5th century), was rebuilt by Dagobert (7th century). The Benedictines entered in 636 and remained there until the Revolution (1789). In the 9th century St-Denis was the centre of the Carolingian renaissance, with Hilduin, Abbo and Incarno; in the 12th century it reached its apogee of prosperity under Abbot Suger, regent of the kingdom; he had the present basilica built, completed by St Louis. Most of the kings of France were buried there.
The abbey of St-Germain-des-Prés, founded in 558 by Childebert and dedicated to the Spanish martyr St Vincent, later took the name of the Parisian bishop who had consecrated it and was buried there for a long time. The abbey was destroyed several times and took its final form in the 11th century; it is one of the oldest monuments in Paris, and its monastery produced some of the most learned Benedictines of the 17th century, MABILLON, JEAN (v.), Montfaucon (v.) and their confrères.
Among the monasteries of the Canons Regular are remembered the abbey of St Victor of the 12th century, erected by Bishop Galon (Hugh and Richard of St Victor, William of Champeaux, the Victorines), and the abbey of St Genevieve. Over the centuries the Carmelites of the Place Maubert, the Dominicans of St-Jacques, established by St Dominic himself, the Capuchins of St-Honoré (Benedict of Canfield) and the Jesuits of the Faubourg St-Antoine distinguished themselves.
At present Paris counts religious belonging to most of the various Orders or Congregations. The most important monasteries are those of the Benedictines of St Mary at the Source, of the Franciscans and of the Dominicans. The most famous female monasteries of Paris were those of St-Martial, founded by St Eligius on the island of the city, the Franciscans of Longchamp of the blessed Isabella, and of Port-Royal (a flourishing abbey in the 17th century but fallen into Jansenism), the Val-de-Grâce, Montmartre, the Carmel.
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**Paris, archdiocese of — The Virgin and Two Angels. Detail of the rose window on the façade of the cathedral of Notre-Dame. 13th-century sculpture — Paris.**
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The 17th century marks in Paris a renewal of Catholicism. Bérulle founds the Oratory of France and the first Parisian Carmel, assisted by the blessed Mary of the Incarnation; Gian Giacomo Olier establishes St Sulpice; St Vincent de Paul, assisted by St Louise de Marillac, founds the Lazarists and the Daughters of Charity. Gregory XV, on 30 October 1622, raises Paris to the status of metropolitan see. Towards the end of the Bossuet (v.) often resounded from the pulpits of the diocese, but Jansenism and Gallicanism and above all unbelief caused great harm. In the 18th century Paris had the great archbishop Christophe de Beaumont, who courageously fought against Gallicanism, defended the Jesuits, condemned Voltaire and refuted Rousseau. But in that century the truest glories of Paris were the numerous martyrs who fell victim to the Revolution (1792–93), several of whom were beatified by Pius XI. After the signing of the Concordat between the Holy See and France and the visit of Pius VII to Paris, Catholic life resumed on new foundations. Yet the revolutionary unbelief had left deep traces in the populace. The number of parishes and churches reopened was very insufficient.
The statesmen (generally Voltairians) applied the Concordat in a manner little favourable to Catholicism. Nevertheless the 19th century was a period of renewal: St Catherine Labouré in 1830 made known to the world her Marian visions; Lacordaire from the pulpit of Notre-Dame reawakened in the cultured Parisian classes the great truths of the faith; all the religious Orders suppressed by the Revolution reappeared; a fine effort was made in free education, primary and secondary and then also higher. New large churches arose (the Madeleine, St-Augustin, the Trinité, etc.), and in the suburbs chapels were opened. The 19th century ended, however, without having fulfilled all its promises. The finest work of the end of the century is the basilica of the Sacred Heart at Montmartre, whose erection was decreed by the National Assembly in 1871.
In the 20th century Paris and all France have known the religious persecution unleashed by combism. Cardinal Richard, a courageous defender of the Church’s rights, was expelled manu militari from his episcopal see. But between the two wars (1918–39) in Paris
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**Paris, archdiocese of — The Virgin and Two Angels. Detail of the rose window on the façade of the cathedral of Notre-Dame. 13th-century sculpture — Paris.**
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there arose the church of Notre-Dame des Champs. All these monasteries have now disappeared, but Paris today counts 400 religious houses. Besides the churches already mentioned, Paris contains important sanctuaries. First among these is the cathedral of Notre-Dame. The laying of the first stone was performed by Pope Alexander III in 1163; the building was erected by Bishop Maurice de Sully in the Cité, on the site of the ancient église de Paris, destroyed and rebuilt many times.
The Parisians show great devotion to many other sanctuaries, such as the chapel of the martyrdom of St Denis at the foot of the climb to Montmartre, where the Society of Jesus was founded; the church of St-Étienne du Mont, where St Genevieve, patroness of Paris, is buried; the chapel of the Miraculous Medal, site of the apparition of 1830; the church of Notre-Dame des Victoires, seat of the archconfraternity of the Immaculate Heart of Mary; the chapel of the Carmine, where are venerated the relics of the French martyrs beatified by Pius XI.
Among the most distinguished monuments of Paris not yet mentioned it is necessary to recall, in the Romanesque period, the ancient church of St-Martin des Champs; in the Gothic period the churches of St-Séverin, St-Merry, St-Gervais, St-Laurent and above all the Sainte-Chapelle of the Palais de Justice, erected by St Louis to serve as a reliquary for the Crown of Thorns brought from Constantinople in 1239. At present, however, the relic is kept in the Treasury of Notre-Dame of Paris. The Sainte-Chapelle is adorned with very large multicoloured stained-glass windows of the 13th century, forming a wonderfully harmonious ensemble. In the Renaissance many notable buildings were erected, such as St-Eustache and St-Étienne du Mont. The classical period also boasts important monuments such as the chapels of Val-de-Grâce (by Mansart), the church of St-Sulpice (by Servandoni), the ancient church of St-Geneviève or Panthéon (by Soufflot), the Madeleine (by Constant d’Ivry).
Cardinal Verdier (1929–40) had numerous churches built in modern style, many of which are still unfinished. One of the most notable is the church of St-Esprit, the work of the architect Tournon. Also notable are those of St-Pierre de Chaillot, Ste-Agnès d’Alfort, St-Rédempteur de Vanves, by dom Remy Belleau.
### III. THE COUNCILS OF PARIS
Under this heading are included national and provincial councils, synods, assemblies, episcopal conferences, etc., held in Paris or its vicinity, convened by ecclesiastical authorities (sometimes by the pope or the papal legate) and, especially in the earliest periods, also by civil authorities (the kings and emperors of France). There were mixed councils, both in terms of the issues addressed and the participants, since laypeople took part alongside the clergy. Due to the uncertainty of sources and the lack of a definitive study, it has not yet been possible to provide a precise list of the years and number of the Councils of Paris, which are of the utmost importance because of the issues they addressed and also because of the city’s political, religious, and scholarly (university) standing—not only for France but for all of Europe. The influence of their conclusions, decrees, and canons was often felt throughout the Christian West.
Some of the principal councils are noted here. In the synod held in the year 360 (or 361), the Church in France condemned the formula of faith accepted at Rimini, upholding instead the positions of the General Council of Nicaea (c. 325), and ten canons were issued concerning marriage, the election of bishops, etc. The Council of 825 was adjourned due to controversy.
Cardinal Verdier (1929–40) had numerous modern-style churches built, many of which remain unfinished. One of the most notable is the church of St-Esprit, designed by the architect Tournon. Also worthy of mention are those of St-Pierre de Chaillot, Ste-Agnès d’Alfort, and St-Rédempteur de Vanves, the work of Dom Remy Belleau.
Cardinal Verdier (1929–40) commissioned the construction of numerous churches in the modern style, many of which remain unfinished. One of the most notable is the church of St-Esprit, the work of the architect Tournon. Also worthy of mention are those of St-Pierre de Chaillot, Ste-Agnès d'Alfort, and St-Rédempteur de Vanves, designed by dom Remy Belleau.
Cardinal Verdier (1929–40) had numerous modern-style churches built, many of which remain unfinished. One of the most notable is the church of St-Esprit, the work of the architect Tournon. Also worthy of mention are those of St-Pierre de Chaillot, Ste-Agnès d'Alfort, and St-Rédempteur de Vanves, designed by dom Remy Belleau.
Cardinal Verdier (1929–40) had numerous modern-style churches built, many of which remain unfinished. One of the most notable is the church of St-Esprit, the work of the architect Tournon. Also worthy of mention are those of St-Pierre de Chaillot, Ste-Agnès d'Alfort, and St-Rédempteur de Vanves, designed by dom Remy Belleau.
The University of Paris developed from that of Notre-Dame (also called the Insular School because it was on the “island”), illustrated by the “magister Sententiarum,” Peter Lombard; its documents date back to the year 1200, and soon after it appears as the Universitas magistrorum et scholarium. Quickly, alongside the Faculty of Arts (or Philosophy), there developed the Faculties of Theology, Canon Law, Civil Law, and Medicine, each presided over by “deans.” The general head was the “chancellor” of Notre-Dame, from whose jurisdiction the University would later seek to become independent. The number of scholars was large, predominantly ecclesiastics, who divided themselves, according to their origins, into four “nations”: Gallicans, Normans, Picards, and Angli or Alemanni. Each national association had as its head a “procurator”; the “procurators” elected the “rector,” their general representative and head of the Faculty of Arts, who later also assumed the powers of the “chancellor.” As lodgings for the poorer students, and also for masters, colleges were erected, also called studia dotata, which later became teaching institutions; among these, the one founded in 1257 by Robert de Sorbon, chaplain to King St Louis, became famous (hence the name “Sorbonne”). Various religious Orders also founded houses for their students; thus arose the Studia generalia of the Dominicans and Franciscans. At first, professors were only from the secular clergy; with the rise of the mendicant Orders, religious likewise progressively gained chairs, giving rise to a reaction that degenerated into a “struggle,” led by William of St-Amour, whose opponents were Albert the Great, Bonaventure, and Thomas Aquinas. In 1256, Pope Alexander IV ruled in favor of the religious. The numerous privileges granted by Popes and Kings helped to make the University an independent corporation, a kind of third power, after the Papacy and the Empire, especially during the Great Western Schism (whereby the Studium was considered, for France, as a counterpart to the German Imperium and the Italian Sacerdotium).
From the 13th to the 14th century, the University of Paris was the greatest center of theological science in the West, and Scholasticism reached its highest splendor there. Then began its decline, influenced by various factors (wars, scientific progress, competition from other schools, growing dependence on the French crown). It opposed Jansenism but favored Gallicanism. Around 1700, as it inclined toward the Jansenists, the Pope reduced its privileges, and it gradually lost its scientific primacy. With the French Revolution it was suspended (1793). Under Napoleon, a new period in its life began within the framework of the “Imperial University”; in 1806 it resumed its juridical personality under the name “Université de Paris.”
2. The Catholic University
The spiritual legacy of the glorious past has been taken up by the «Institut catholique» (cf. the letter of Pius XI, Si per hos, of 28 Oct. 1925, for the 50th anniversary of the University, in AAS, 17 [1925], p. 573 sq.). Established in 1875, by virtue of the law of 12 July 1875, as a «free higher education institution», it had as its seat the historic «couvent des Carmes». Its first rector and true founder was Mons. M. d'Hulst ([v.] 1875-96), followed by Mons. P.-L. Péchenard (1896-1907), and then Mons. A. Baudrillart ([v.] 1907-42), created a cardinal by Pius XI. It comprises the Faculties of theology, canon law, philosophy, civil law, letters, and sciences. The Faculty of theology, established by Leo XIII with the bull In magna of 10 Dec. 1889 (Leonis XIII P. M. Acta, IX, pp. 267-70), has attached to it the «École des langues orientales» and the «Institut d'études sociales et internationales». Since 1913 the «Institut catholique» has possessed a «Scuola superiore di scienze economiche e commerciali» (cf. the letter of Pius X, Nolumnus, 8 Oct. 1913, in AAS, 5 [1913], p. 489 sq.); it also oversees the «Institut agricole» of Beauvais.The university district comprises 29 dioceses (six ecclesiastical provinces: Paris, Rouen, Reims, Besançon, Sens, Bourges), whose bishops are the «patrons» of the «Institut», of which they form the Superior Council. The Grand Chancellor is the «archbishop of Paris». The statutes, conforming to the apostolic constitution Deus scientiarum Dominus, were approved by decree of 6 July 1936 from the Sacred Congregation of Seminaries and Universities of Studies. It has a university seminary («des Carmes»), for some priests, entrusted to the Sulpicians.
3. Other institutions
a) The Observatoire national, established by Louis XIV in 1667. The building erected by C. Perrault (1667-72) is constructed so that its four façades correspond to the cardinal points; the parallel of the southern façade gives the latitude of Paris, and the meridian that divides the building in two is that of Paris, though now regulated according to Greenwich. The palace houses the Bureau international de l'heure, a library, and a museum of ancient instruments; b) the École Polytechnique, founded by the Convention on 11 March 1794 and reorganized in 1852; admission is by competitive examination; at the end of the two-year course one may enter the corps of state engineers for bridges, roads, aeronautics, military engineering, etc.; c) the École normale supérieure, created by the Convention on 30 Oct. 1794 and organized especially by the decree of 17 March 1808, which established the Imperial University to train the best teachers by the most rigorous methods. It is divided into two sections: letters and sciences; d) the École supérieure des mines, for the training of mining engineers, founded in 1783; it occupies the former Hôtel Vendôme and has attached to it a museum of mineralogy and geology and a library; e) the Institut national de France, founded on 22 Aug. 1795 with the mission «to gather discoveries, perfect the arts and sciences». The law of 25 Oct. 1795 divided the Institute into three classes: physical and mathematical sciences, moral and political sciences, literature and fine arts. After further modifications, a royal decree of 21 March 1816 reorganized it into four Academies, and another was added by royal decree of 26 Oct. 1832: the Académie française, which had originated from meetings held around 1629 at the home of the scholar V. Conrart but received its definitive form at the proposal of Cardinal Richelieu by Louis XIII in 1635. Its members were initially 28, later fixed at 40, known as «les Quarante Immortels». It was tasked with compiling a dictionary of the French language, a rhetoric, a poetics, and a grammar; the Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres (cf. Lettre de M. B. Colbert). Its current title was given by Louis XV in 1716. Today it comprises 40 titular members, 13 free academicians, 12 foreign associates, and 70 correspondents, of whom 30 are French and 40 foreign; the Académie des sciences, also founded by Colbert in 1663, is divided into 11 sections and today has 68 titular members, including 2 perpetual secretaries, 10 free academicians, 12 non-resident members, six members with the same prerogatives as the free academicians in the division created on 23 Jan. 1918 under the title: «Applications de la science à l'industrie»; 12 foreign associates and 116 correspondents; the Académie des Beaux-Arts, founded in 1795, comprises 41 titular members, eight for each of the five sections.f) The Bibliothèque nationale, heir to the royal library of Charles V (1368), enriched by the confiscations of the Revolution and the deposits of the legal deposit law of 1793, which required one, then two copies of every printed work in France. It is one of the richest in the world and is divided into four departments: printed books (ca. 5,000,000 volumes) and maps (300,000); manuscripts (125,000) and parchments; engravings (3,000,000); medals and coins (ca. 250,000) and antiquities. It has a public reading room and various study rooms; g) the Archives nationales, established by the Assembly in 1789 and placed in 1808 in the former Hôtel Soubise, built by Delamair between 1795-1799; since 1927 also in the former Hôtel Rohan. It is an imposing collection of documents ranging from a diploma of Clotaire II (625) to the present day. On the first floor is the Musée des archives, displaying the most notable documents; h) the Cité universitaire began in 1920 with a donation of 10 million francs by E. and L. Deutsch de la Meurthe, featuring seven pavilions in Norman style designed by the architect L. Bechmann to house university students from the various provinces of France. Other pavilions were added for students from Canada, Belgium, Argentina, England, Japan, the Netherlands, Indonesia, Cuba, Armenia, Denmark, and Sweden. There are also foundations from Monaco, Greece, Switzerland, the United States, the Institut National Agronomique; a Spanish College; an International House; and the church offered in 1936 by Mme. P. Lebaudy; i) the Bibliothèque de l'Arsenal, occupying part of the former Palace of the Grand Master of Artillery (1723, with 19th-century modifications). Founded in 1757 by the Marquis d'Argenson de Paulmy, it was enlarged during the Revolution with the archives of the Bastille and the collections of convents, and in 1797 became the Bibliothèque Nationale de l'Arsenal. It comprises 12,000 manuscripts, one million printed works, ca. 120,000 prints, and the richest collection of all dramatic works from the origins of French theatre, a fund of ca. 350 documents.
Each of the 55 sections, plus a perpetual secretary; the Académie des sciences morales et politiques, founded in 1795, suppressed in 1803, and restored in 1832; it comprises 40 titular members divided into 5 sections; it has 10 free members, 12 foreign associates, and 60 corresponding members. The Institut de France, with its 5 Academies, is housed in the palace founded by Cardinal Mazarin as the residence of the Collège des Quatre Nations, designed by L. Le Vau (1662–68). Each Academy meets separately once a week; on 25 October, the public assembly of the five Academies takes place.
Outside the Institut de France, the following were founded: in 1820, the Académie de la Musique, with 6 sections; in 1898, the Académie internationale d'histoire des sciences; f) the Conservatoire de musique et de déclamation, founded by Sarrette. In 1795, the Convention made it a national institution. It occupies the former Jesuit College on rue Madrid and contains an instrumental museum and a musical library; g) the Conservatoire national des arts et métiers, established by the Convention on 10 October 1794, occupies part of the former priory of St-Martin-des-Champs, where practical courses and free public courses on applied sciences for industry and the arts are held; it has a rich library and series of collections; h) the Collège de France, founded in 1530 by Francis I at the urging of French humanists, particularly G. Budé (1468–1560); it was then called the Collège des lecteurs royaux, later changed in the 17th century to Collège royal de France, and after the Revolution to its current name. The free, public, and free courses are for university advancement and taught by government-appointed professors. It has 3 sections: mathematical and physical sciences, philosophical and sociological sciences; philological and archaeological sciences; its seat is on Place Marcellin-Berthelot, and above the entrance door is inscribed: «Docto omnia»; i) the Bibliothèque nationale has ancient origins; Charles V gathered a library at the Louvre, later dispersed and taken to England; Louis XI reconstituted it at the Louvre. Louis XII added a fund acquired in Naples; Francis I added Oriental, Greek, and Latin manuscripts; Henry IV added 80 manuscripts inherited from Catherine de’ Medici. Major acquisitions occurred under Louis XIV and XV. After various relocations, between 1721 and 1727 it was moved to rue Richelieu in the Hôtel de Nevers, where it remains today. With the Revolution, the Library received all the collections from suppressed abbeys and religious institutes; and from
each of the 35 sections, plus the perpetual secretary; the Académie des sciences morales et politiques, founded in 1795, suppressed in 1803, and restored in 1832.
by French genius. MUSÉE DE L'AIR: a collection of historic aircraft, scale models, aviation engines, balloons, and their documentation. MUSÉE CARNAVALET: named after the Renaissance palace, it contains the historical museum of the city of Paris. MUSÉE DES THERMES ET DE CLUNY: in the ancient Roman thermal building where, in the Middle Ages, the abbots of Cluny adapted their residence in Paris; it contains a precious collection of medieval art. MUSÉE DES GOBELINS: a collection of tapestries from the 15th to the 19th century; their exhibition is periodically renewed. Attached to it is a workshop and a repair laboratory; p) in the Ministère de l'Éducation nationale, the following commissions exist: des sciences économiques et sociales; des travaux historiques, d'histoire et philologie, de géographie, which together form a Committee; noteworthy is the Bulletin archéologique du Comité des travaux historiques, published since 1882.
The Centre national de la Recherche promotes the publication of a group of scientific periodicals, including: the Revue archéologique, founded in 1844; the Revue de l'histoire des religions, which by 1951 had reached 1,140 issues; the Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes, which in 1951 was at volume 109; the Annales du Musée Guimet; the Revue des études byzantines, with 9 volumes by 1951; the Archives de l'Orient chrétien; Gallia. Fouilles et monuments archéologiques en France métropolitaine, since 1943. Under the auspices of the Société archéologique de France, the Bulletin monumental has been published in Paris since 1836, and since 1834 the proceedings of the Congrès archéologiques de France. Since 1894, the Fondation Eugène Piot has published the Monuments et mémoires published by the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. The Journal des Savants, founded in 1665, was revived in 1816 by the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. This academy has published its Comptes rendus since 1857, preceded by Mémoires et histoires de l'Académie royale des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres and, from 1815, Mémoires de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres published by various scholars. Other scientific publications include: Archives des missions scientifiques et littéraires, from 1850 to 1891, after which they became Nouvelles Archives des missions scientifiques until 1924; the Société de l'Art français published from 1851–52 the Archives de l'art français, later changed to Bulletin de l'art français; the Société de l'histoire de Paris published from 1851 the Mémoires. Since 1859, the Gazette des beaux-arts has been printed. In 1876, the Bibliothèque des Écoles françaises d'Athènes et de Rome was founded. In 1951, the Revue des arts began publication. — V. tavv. LXVII–LXIX.