BUDÉ, Guillaume. - French humanist, born in Paris on 26 January 1468, died there on 23 August 1540. Initially directed towards legal studies in Paris and Orléans, with little success, his contacts with the Greek Hermonymos and with Lascaris opened up a broader sphere of cultural interests for him, and he devoted himself with love to classical antiquity, especially Greek. He held various positions at court (secretary to Louis XII, ambassador to Rome for the coronation of Pope Julius II and to Pope Leo X, travelling companion of Francis I, etc.) and was in contact with the most illustrious scholars of the time (besides Lascaris, T. More, Erasmus of Rotterdam, P. Bembo, N. Bérauld, G. Sadoleto, Rabelais, etc.). In 1530 he obtained from Francis I the foundation of the *Collegium trilingue* (Hebrew, Greek and Latin), which later became the Collège de France; he also founded the Library of Fontainebleau, which was later transferred to Paris and formed the first nucleus of the National Library. Today, the Association G. B. bears his name, under whose auspices, among other things, one of the richest and most valuable collections of Greek and Latin texts is published, known, from the name of the publishing house, as the *collana Les Belles Lettres*.
Between 1502 and 1505 he published his Latin translation of several treatises by Plutarch, an author particularly favoured by the humanists. His *Adnotationes in XXIV libros Pandectarum*, published in Paris in 1508 in a large folio volume, date from 1508. By introducing historical and philological considerations for the first time into the study of Roman law, they opened up new avenues for this type of research and in a certain way anticipated Cujas. Six years later, B. inaugurated the study of metrology with his fundamental *Libri V de Asse et partibus eius* (folio, Paris 1514; reprinted in greatly improved form in Venice in 1522; Italian translation by Gualandi, Florence 1562; a summary, prepared by B. himself at the request of Francis I, was published in Paris in 1522 under the title *Summaire ou Epitome du livre de Asse*). After a philosophical-moral treatise, in which the author reveals a religious spirit based on feeling rather than on theological speculation (*De contemptu rerum fortuitarum libri tres*, Paris 1521-26), B. still appears as one of the best humanists and Hellenists with his *De studio litterarum recte et commode instituendo* (ibid. 1527), with his *Commentarii linguae graecae* (folio, ibid. 1529; 2nd improved edition posthumous, ibid. 1548), a very rich collection of lexicography, which all subsequent authors of Greek lexica drew upon extensively; with his *De philologia* (ibid. 1530), an interesting treatise in the form of a dialogue (one chapter was translated into French by L. Le Roy, at the request of Charles IX, in 1572, and published in Paris in 1861 under the title *Traité de la sciurrie*). The passion of the philologist and the ardour of the Christian inspired the pages of his *De transitu Hellenismi ad Christianismum libri tres* (Paris 1534), where B. expounds the principle that pagan culture does not exclude or stifle faith, but rather elevates man to II. There also survives a collection of *Epistolae* (ibid. 1520-31), which, however, comprises only a small part (160 letters) of his copious correspondence, and a posthumous work, *De l'institution du prince* (folio, ibid. 1547), which is a reworking of his *Recueil d'apophtegmes*, offered to Francis I, a manuscript in the library of the Arsenal in Paris (ms. 5103). His *Opera omnia* was published in 4 large folio volumes in Basle in 1557.
The conciliatory attitude he showed towards the Reformation, the fact that in his will he refused any funeral honours, and the conversion of his widow, Roberta Le Lièvre, to Lutheranism nine years after his death, have led some to think that B. adhered to Protestantism in the last years of his life (E. Haag devotes an entry to him in the dictionary of French Protestants, *La France protestante*, III, Paris 1852, pp. 74 ff.). But apart from his reprobation of the corrupt morals of the clergy, there are no other elements to support this hypothesis, which is moreover refuted in the biography written by a descendant of his (E. de Budé, *Vie de G. B., fondateur du Collège de France*, Paris 1884).
Alessandro Pratesi
BUDÉJOVICE (Budweis), DIOCESE OF. - A city in Czechoslovakia, the most important in southern Bohemia, founded in the second half of the 12th century at the behest of King Přemysl Ottokar II of Bohemia. During the religious struggles arising from the preaching and activity of Jan Hus, Budweis remained entirely Catholic, and within its walls many Catholic priests and religious found safe refuge after persecution. When King George of Poděbrady took up arms in defence of the movement that sought to detach Bohemia from the Church of Rome, Budweis allied itself with the Bohemian nobility against the Utraquist king. On 27 November 1785 it was erected as a diocese, suffragan to the archbishopric of Prague.
Within its jurisdiction, out of a population of 830,000, there are 730,000 faithful, divided into 430 parishes, served by 430 diocesan priests and 38 regular clergy (1948). Among its monuments worthy of mention are the Catholic cathedral, with its characteristic tower of black stone; the church of St Mark, built in the 13th century, the Cistercian abbey of Vyšší Brod (Hohenfurth) founded in 1259, and the Dominican convent.
Mariano Baffi
BUDGE, Sir ERNEST ALFRED WALLIS. - English Orientalist, b. at Bodmin (Cornwall) on 27 July 1857; d. 23 Nov. 1934. From 1893 to 1924 he was keeper of the Department of Egyptian and Assyrian Antiquities in the British Museum. He directed important excavations at Aswan, Gebel Barkal, Nineveh and in Mesopotamia.
He published many works on Egyptology, including *History of Egypt* (8 vols., London 1902); *Book of the Dead* (3 vols., ibid. 1898; ibid. 1903); *The Gods of the Egyptians* (2 vols., ibid. 1904); *Egyptian Heaven and Hell, Osiris and the Hell* (ibid. 1905); *Osiris and the Egyptian Resurrection* (2 vols., ibid. 1911); *The Mummy* (Edinburgh 1925); *From Fetish to God in Ancient Egypt* (Oxford 1934).
Important are his editions of texts (Coptic, Syriac, Ethiopic) of the Christian East: Salomon of Boera, The book of the Bee (Oxford 1886); Thomas of Marga, The book of governors, the Historia monastica (2 vols., London 1893); Philoxenus of Mabbligh, Discourses (2 vols., ibid. 1894); Theodosius of Ales., Severus of Antioch and Eustatius of Trahe. S. Michael the Archangel (ibid. 1894); Barhebraeus, The laughable Stories (ibid. 1897); Contendings of the Apostles (2 vols., ibid. 1899–1911); The earliest known Coptic Psalter (ibid. 1898); The History of the Blessed Virgin Mary and the History of the Likeness of Christ (2 vols., ibid. 1899); The Miracles of the Blessed Virgin Mary etc. (ibid. 1900); The Book of Paradise, being the histories and sayings of the monks and ascetics in the Egyptian Desert (2 vols., ibid. 1904); Coptic Biblical Texts in the dialect of Upper Egypt (ibid. 1912); The Coptic Apocrypha (ibid. 1913); Coptic Martyridom (ibid. 1914); Coptic Miscellaneous Texts (ibid. 1915); Coptic Homilies (ibid. 1916); Mashafa Senkesar, The Book of the Saints of the Ethiopian Church (4 vols., ibid. 1928); A History of Ethiopia, Nubia and Abyssinia (2 vols., ibid. 1928); Monks of Kublai Khan, Emperor of China (ibid. 1928); The Alexander Book in Ethiopia (ibid. 1933); George of Ladda (ibid. 1930); Chronography of Gregory Abul’ Parag (2 vols., ibid. 1932); Barhebraeus, Chronicle of Dynasties (2 vols.
BUDKEWICZ, KONSTANTIN. – Priest, b. in 1867 in Livonia, d. 30 March 1923 in St Petersburg. He studied at the metropolitan seminary of Mohilev and at the Ecclesiastical Academy of St Petersburg. He later taught at Vitebsk and served as parish priest, dean and vicar general at the church of St Catherine in St Petersburg. Accused by the Bolsheviks, Cieplak (v.) and fourteen other priests, of failing to register and surrender the church’s treasure, he was condemned to death and shot on Good Friday 1923.
SIMON BUDNAEUS (BUDNY). - Polish heretic, born in the first half of the 16th century in the duchy of Mazovia (according to Krasinski in the grand duchy of Lithuania), died after 1584. Initially, he adhered to Calvinist doctrines and enjoyed a chaplaincy at the court of Prince Nicholas Radziwill at Kleck. Having professed the most extreme anti-Trinitarian doctrine, namely that Jesus Christ was born like all other men, that He was not God nor assumed into Divinity, as the Socinians taught, and that therefore no worship was due to Him, he was condemned at the Calvinist synod of Łukowice (1582) and later, in 1584, publicly excommunicated. Some believed he had become a Jew, but this does not seem certain, since it is reported of him that he sought readmission among the Reformed. Bock, however, believes that he did this because he found no other way to regain the prebend that had been taken from him by the excommunication. B. translated the Bible into Polish (Zasław, 1572), wrote in Lithuanian a pamphlet on the justification of the sinner (Nieśwież, 1562) and a brief dissertation on the subject that Christ is not God (1574).
BUEA, APOSTOLIC VICARIATE OF. - Formerly a prefecture (since 1923) and since 1939 an apostolic vicariate, this mission comprises all and only of British-mandated Cameroon. The fathers of the Society of St. Joseph of Mill Hill work there. In 1936, the first English clauses opened a cloister in the mission.
At present there are 55 fathers and 16 sisters (Franciscan tertiaries of Bressanone) and missionary sisters of St. Joseph. The mission covers an area of 81,600 sq. km. with a population of 415,000, the vast majority of whom are pagans. The latest report of 1947 records 44,392 Catholics and 7,076 catechumens (Protestants number 30-35,000). In the 103 elementary schools, 7,097 boys and 1,103 girls are educated; in the only middle school there are 130 pupils. There are 18 primary stations and 295 secondary ones. There are two hospitals with 50 beds, two orphanages with 44 children, and various dispensaries.
BUENOS AIRES, ARCHDIOCESE OF. - Capital of Argentina, B. A. was founded in 1536 by Pedro de Mendoza and rebuilt in 1580 by Juan de Garay after its complete destruction by the Indians. Its religious development was slow, so that it was only in 1620 (and not in 1582, as some writers have believed) that it attained episcopal dignity by virtue of a bull of Pope Paul V, which dismembered its territory from the Paraguayan see of Asunción, retaining for it the title of the Most Holy Trinity, which the city itself bore. Thus B. A. was not the first bishopric of modern Argentina, since the diocese of Tucumán had already existed since 1570, whose bishop resided first at Santiago del Estero and from 1699 at Córdoba. Both sees depended on the metropolitan see of La Plata or Las Charcas, later called Sucre, in present-day Bolivia.
The first bishop of B. A. was the Carmelite Pedro Carranza, who governed the diocese until 1655; he was succeeded by eminent prelates, though not continuously, since several gaps appear in the series of bishops of that see, mainly during the French Revolution and the separatist crisis of the provinces of La Plata in the first half of the last century. In the papal diploma of erection dated 6 April 1620, it is stated: "The city of the Most Holy Trinity of the Port of Buenos Aires in the West Indies is situated in the province of the Río de la Plata and has the cathedral church under the invocation of St. Martin; however, it does not possess the dignity, canons, prebends and other benefits necessary for a cathedral, but these shall be established by the present bishop with the endowment of the Catholic king." As the city of B. A. grew in importance due to the development of its port and being from 1776 to 1810 the capital of the viceroyalty of La Plata, the diocese assumed first place in importance among all those watered by the Uruguay, Paraná and Salado rivers. After the provinces of La Plata had emancipated themselves from Spain, with which they had waged a bitter war from 1810 onwards, mainly supported by the government of B. A., it was thought to elevate that see to metropolitan status, but this had to wait until 1865, due to Spain's opposition to the recognition of the new situation of those dioceses, and then to the discordant civil and military events that prevented the internal settlement of the nation. For these reasons, the episcopal sees of the nation remained for many years without bishops. From that year (1865) until our own time, B. A. has been the only Argentine archbishopric and has had as its suffragan sees the ancient see of Córdoba del Tucumán and the new one of Salta, erected in 1866, to which were added those of San Juan del Cuyo in 1834 and Paraná in 1854, and at the end of the century, i.e. in 1897, the other three of La Plata, Santiago del Estero and the new Tucumán, dismembered from Salta. Then, as the Argentine population grew enormously due to European immigration, Pius X in 1910 gave B. A. two more suffragans, Catamarca and Corrientes. However, the metropolitan territory of B. A. remained still enormously extended, embracing besides the district of the federal capital, the Island of Martín García, and the provinces of Río Negro, Chubut, Santa Cruz and Tierra del Fuego. Finally, in 1934, with the erection of ten other dioceses and the elevation of six already existing ones to metropolitan status, the metropolitan see of B. A. lost all its ancient suffragans, receiving only three of the new ones, namely Mercedes, Azul and San Nicolás. In its still vast territory there is a splendid religious life, as shown by the great International Eucharistic Congress of 1934 and as seen in the numerous institutions of culture and charity. At present (1948) it has 115 parishes, with 340 diocesan priests and 548 regular clergy. The inhabitants number 3,050,000, of whom 3,000,000 are Catholics. - See Pl. XIII.
CHARLES BUET. - French journalist and man of letters, born at Chambéry on 11 Oct. 1846, died in Paris on 23 Nov. 1897. A fervent and combative Catholic, he always wrote and fought for his religious convictions and the defence of the Church.
He was a prolific author of novels of manners and historical novels, some of which were inspired by the religious wars, as well as short stories and historical works, many of which are lively defences and apologies of the Church (La Papesse Jeanne, La Dîme, L'amiral de Coligny et les guerres de religion au XVIe siècle, etc.). To this intense production must be added the noteworthy drama Le Prêtre (1881), of which a special edition was made for colleges and Catholic circles, political pamphlets of monarchist orientation, literary studies and many articles in defence of Catholicism, sometimes published under pseudonyms in the Echo de l'Ardèche, which he combatively directed.
BUFFALMACCO, Buonamico: see BUONAMICO DI CRISTOFANO.
BUFFALO, Diocese of. — In the State of New York, of which it is a suffragan diocese. Separated on 23 April 1847 from this diocese, from which it received about a third of its territory, Buffalo became a suffragan of New York in 1850. It was dismembered for the first time in 1868 to form the Diocese of Rochester, and again in 1896 to cede to the latter a further four counties; at present it comprises the counties of Erie, Niagara, Genesee, Orleans, Chautauqua, Wyoming, Cattaraugus, and Allegany, with an area of approximately 19,037 sq km. Catholicism was introduced among the Indians of the region in the 17th century through the work of the Jesuits and Franciscans of Canada, but colonization by white Catholics did not begin until the early 19th century, when Alsatian immigrants built the first Catholic church in Buffalo in 1831.