PAPA

Machine translation of the 1948–1954 Italian original. The original text is authoritative.

Process verbale of the election of Hildebrand to the Supreme Pontificate (22 Apr. 1073). Incipit of the register of Gregory VII – Archivio Segreto Vaticano, Reg. Vat. 2, f. 1'.

Article illustration — (105. Enc. Catt.)

(535-36) il posto a quella di p. As for proposition 113 of the Dictatus papae of Gregory VII (1075): «quod hoc unicum est nomen in mundo» (v. VI), it introduces no innovation into the meaning of the word p., but codifies a custom already of many centuries’ standing. The term papatus does not appear to be older than Leo of Ostia (12th cent.).

II. ELECTION OF THE POPES – In the early centuries of Christian life, the election of the Bishop of Rome did not differ from that of other episcopal sees. While some norms for ecclesiastical elections may be derived from chap. 44 of the First Epistle to the Corinthians of St Clement of Rome, it is necessary to turn to the correspondence of St Cyprian for direct information on the election of a p.; in letters 45-55, especially in no. 55 (ed. G. Hartel, CSEL, III, 2, Vienna 1871, pp. 599-650), he treats of the election of St Cornelius, which took place under particularly stormy circumstances owing to the opposition stirred up by Novatian, in March 251: at the election of Cornelius, who had passed through all the ranks of the hierarchy, the clergy and people took part, and the bishops present conferred the episcopate upon him. Already at that time the newly elected Bishop of Rome communicated his elevation to the See of Rome to the Bishop of Carthage.

From the 4th century, in conformity with the practice established after the Council of Nicaea for the choice of bishops, the election of the p. became a matter primarily for the clergy, to which the people and the aristocracy gave their assent. The candidate had to have passed through all the ranks of the hierarchy and was generally the archdeacon, the most prominent figure in the Roman ecclesiastical administration. Normally the election took place three days after the death of his predecessor (a rule with many exceptions, especially in the Middle Ages; the longest vacancy was that preceding the election of Gregory X, 1271), and consecration took place on the following Sunday. However, from Justinian I to Constantine IV Pogonatus (685: cf. Lib. Pont., I, p. 363), the person elected had to request from the Emperor (cf. formula 58 of the Liber diurnus, ed. Th. Sickel, Vienna 1889, p. 47) the iussio or praeceptio for ordination and pay a suitable fee to the imperial chancery (cf. Lib. Pont., I, p. 354), and also obtain the approval of the Exarch of Ravenna (cf. formula 60: ibid., loc. cit., p. 49).

(106. Enc. Catt.)

PAPA – One of the best-preserved fragments from the series of portraits of the popes in St Paul’s Outside the Walls from the time of Leo I. Portrait of Pope Urban.

XVIII, p. 225). To curb the serious abuses that occurred at every election, Nicholas II (1059) reserved the negotiations for the election to the cardinal-bishops, who were then immediately to associate the other “clerici cardinales”; the rest of the clergy and the people were then summoned to assent to the completed election. The candidate had to belong to the clergy of the Church of Rome, and only in case of necessity could recourse be had to a person outside II. Nicholas II also envisaged the case in which the election, for reasons of necessity, had to be held outside Rome (cf. the edition of the decree, in its genuine text and in the interpolation by Guibert or his followers, ed. J. B. Lo Grasso, Ecclesia et Status. Fontes selecti, Rome 1939, pp. 100-107).

The decree by which NICHOLAS II reserved the election of the Roman Pontiff to the College of Cardinals opened a new period in the history of this institution, which gradually evolved until it reached the precise and strict organization now fixed in the Code of Canon Law and recently supplemented by the constitution *Vacantis Apostolicae Sedis* of Pius XII of 8 December 1945. The principal stages of this new period are:

1) The decree of the Third Lateran Council (March 1179; Mansi, XXII, 217–18) contained in the constitution *Licet de vitanda* of Alexander III (6 X 1.6; G. J. Ebers [cit. in bibl.], p. 66), which required a two-thirds majority of votes for the validity of the election, thereby precluding the way to possible schisms;

2) Canon 2 of the Second Council of Lyons (1274; Mansi, XXIV, pp. 81–85), reproduced in the constitution *Ubi periculum* of Gregory X (July 1274; G. J. Ebers, p. 67), which established the norms for the conclave, later modified and supplemented several times;

3) The constitution *Si summus rerum* of Julius II of 14 January 1505, published in Bologna in October 1510 and again sanctioned by the Fifth Lateran Council in its fifth session of 16 February 1513 (Bullarium Romanum, ed. Taurinensis, V, pp. 536–37; Pastor, III, p. 701), to prevent the simoniacal scandals that had occurred in the election of Alexander VI;

4) The constitution *Aeterni Patris Filius* of Gregory XV of 15 November 1621 (ibid., XII, pp. 619–26), containing new norms for the election of the Roman Pontiff with the aim of remedying the serious abuses of previous elections and curbing the interference, now become intolerable, of governments, particularly Spain, which had exercised the right of exclusion since the time of Charles V. The hoped-for result was not achieved; indeed, whereas up to that point ambassadors had succeeded in their aims through intrigue, from then on they would do so by officially exercising the right of exclusion (cf. Pastor, XIII, pp. 85–93), which only Pius X had the courage to forbid with the constitution *Commissum nobis* of 20 January 1904, published in March 1909 (Pii X P. M. Acta, III, Rome 1908 [1909], pp. 289–292 ff.);

5) The constitution *Sede vacante* of Pius X (25 December 1904), supplemented by the motu proprio of Pius XI, *Cum proxime* (19 March 1922), and by the cited constitution of Pius XII (v. CONCLAVE).

To form an idea of how the election took place within the conclave from the fourteenth century onward, one may consult the *Ordo Romanus XIV*, probably composed by Gaetano Stefaneschi, d. 1341 (ed. J. Mabillon, *Museum Italicum*, II, Paris 1689, p. 246 ff.); the *Ordo Romanus XV*, composed by Pietro Amelio, d. 1389 (ed. cit., II, p. 532); the description given in 1488 by the papal master of ceremonies Agostino Patrizi Piccolomini (cf. C. Marcello, *Ritum ecclesiasticorum sive sacrum caeremoniarum SS. Romanae Eccl.* libri III, Venice 1516, cc. I–VII); the constitution of Gregory XV, *Decet Romanum Pontificem*, of 12 March 1621 (ed. G. J. Ebers, pp. 104–111), and the constitution of Clement XII, *Apostolatus officium*, of 5 October 1732 (Bullarium Romanum, ed. Taurinensis, XXIII, p. 443 ff.; G. J. Ebers, pp. 111–16). For the *ordinatio*, the enthronement, the *possessio*, and the coronation, see the texts collected by Ebers, pp. 169–214; cf. E. Eichmann, *Weihe und Krönung des Papstes im Mittelalter*, Munich 1951.

III. NAMES OF THE POPES — After the Prince of the Apostles, who had his name changed by Christ from Simon to Peter (John 1:42), the first of his successors to change his name was John II, who had previously been called Mercury. Other examples of this practice occur in the tenth century: Octavian of the Conti di Tuscolo became John XII (955); the antipope Francis, Boniface VII (974); Peter Canepanova, bishop of Pavia, John XIV (983); Bruno of the dukes of Carinthia, Gregory V (996). From Sylvester II (999) onward, both popes and antipopes changed their baptismal names at the time of election, with the exception of Adrian VI (Adrian Florenz) and Marcellus II (Marcellus Cervini). At first this was done at the wish of the electors (cf., e.g., Leo of Ostia, *Chronicon Casinense*, II, 86 [election of Victor, 1055, and of the antipope Benedict X, 1058]; MGH, *Scriptores*, VII, pp. 686, 695; *Liber Pontificalis*, II, p. 357; the *Ordo Romanus XII* of Cencio Savelli [ca. 1192] still attributes the duty of imposing the new name to the “prior deaconorum”: ed. P. Fabre–L. Duchesne, *Le Liber censuum*, I, Paris 1889–1910, p. 311), then by the personal choice of the pope, following a request by the “prior deaconorum,” as already attested by the *Ordo Romanus XIII* (1275; ed. J. Mabillon, *Museum Italicum*, II, Paris 1689, p. 221; G. J. Ebers, p. 186).

IV. THE PAPAL CHRONOLOGY — The first attempts to transmit the succession of the popes date from the second half of the second century and are due to two writers: Hegesippus (between 155 and 166) and Irenaeus (177–78), who came to Rome to obtain their information directly from local sources. The work of the former survives only in fragments (cf. Eusebius, *Hist. eccl.*, IV, 22, 3), while that of the latter is preserved intact (cf. ibid., V, 6, see also 24, 28; *Adversus haereses*, III, 3). Irenaeus’s list of the popes, though without chronological data, is the most authoritative document available on the subject and is the one adopted in our chronology up to Eleutherius. Scattered references to papal successions are found here and there in the Fathers and ecclesiastical writers, but it is not necessary to dwell on them here, since soon chroniclers, historians, and anonymous compilers of papal catalogues (v.) set about fixing, often by more or less empirical methods, the chronological data of the popes, either by relating them to emperors and consuls or by indicating the number of years, months, and days of each pontificate. The papal catalogues were subjected to careful critical examination by Duchesne (*Liber Pontificalis*, I, pp. I–xxv, and the entry LIBER PONTIFICIALIS, III, Fonti); the best known among them is the so-called *Liberian Catalogue*, which constitutes one of the sources of the *Liber Pontificalis*. Often the papal catalogues were inserted into canonical collections, especially those from Italy and Gaul (cf., e.g., cod. lat. 12097 of the Bibliothèque nationale de Paris, from the second half of the sixth century; the oldest example of this type), and were used to date the papal decretals collected therein.

BIBL.:
G. J. Ebers, *Das Recht der Papstwahl*, Freiburg 1873;
L. Duchesne, *Le Liber Pontificalis*, I–II, Paris 1886–1892;
Id., *Les premiers temps de l’Église, Paris 1910;
J. Brischar, *Die Papstwahlen von Bonifaz VIII bis Urban VI*, Freiburg 1883;
P. Kehr, *Italia Pontificia*, I–IX, Berlin 1906–1935;
E. Eichmann, *Die Kaiserkrönung im Abendland*, Würzburg 1942;
A. Mercati, *Per la cronologia dei papi dei secoli II–IV*, in *Studi e Testi*, 57, Vatican City 1932;
Id., *Note di agiografia avventizia*, ibid., 77, 1939;
Id., *Il sommario del processo di S. Processo*, ibid., 100, 1942;
Id., *I primordi della cronologia romana*, in *Miscellanea Giovanni Mercati*, I, Vatican City 1946, pp. 229–252.

With the exception of a few, these catalogues, which became exceedingly numerous in the early Middle Ages and modern times, have no critical value, and the same must be said of countless medieval chronicles. Among the papal chronologies that have exercised the greatest influence on historical chronology down to the present day, the following are to be noted:

1) those that may be drawn from the *Chronicon* and the *Historia ecclesiastica* of Eusebius of Caesarea (v.), which do not always agree on the number of years of each pontificate;
2) the *Liber Pontificalis* (v.) and its continuations, which, in its ancient part, contains the errors of its sources;
3) the *Chronicon pontificum et imperatorum* of Martin of Troppau, O.P. (d. 1278), whose third edition extends to Nicholas III (ed. L. Weiland, in *MGH, Scriptores*, XXII, pp. 327-475);
4) the *Liber de vita Christi ac omnium pontificum* of Platina (critical ed. G. Gaida in *RIS*, III, I, Bologna 1913-32; the princeps ed., Venice 1479; notable is the ed. by O. Panvinio, Louvain 1572; various Italian eds.);
5) O. Panvinio, *Epitome pontificum Romanorum a s. Petro usque ad Paulum III. Gestorum electionisque singulorum et Conclavium compendiaria narratio* (Rome 1557; the Venetian ed. of the same year was published without the author’s consent);
6) the *Annales* of Baronius (Rome 1588; 22nd ed. Paris 1864-82, and the countless abridged editions and various translations): Baronius’s chronology, which ends with 1198, was accepted by almost all historians until the last century;
7) A. Ciacconio (Chacón), *Vitae et gesta summorum pontificum a Christo Domino usque ad Clementem VIII* (Rome 1601; frequently reprinted, revised by Oldoini, ibid. 1672);
8) *Conatus chronologico-historicus ad universam seriem Romanorum pontificum* by Daniel Papebroch (*Propylaeum ad Acta SS. Maii*, Antwerp 1688), the first truly critical essay: the author apologizes for having to contradict Baronius;
9) the *Minores* of Tillemont (Paris 1693-1712, Venice 1732), which end at the beginning of the 6th century;
10) *Chronologia Romanorum pontificum in pariete australi basilicae S. Pauli viae Ostiensis depicta saec. V seu aetate s. Leonis PP. Magni cum additione reliquorum summorum pontificum nostra ad haec usque tempora perducta* by G. Marangoni (Rome 1751), a chronology that reproduces the errors of the source it describes;
11) the *Regesta pontificum* of Jaffé up to 1198 and of Pothast up to 1304: at the beginning of each pontificate, the editors placed an accurate chronological notice necessary for fixing the dates of the letters (the same purpose is served by the list of popes from Adrian I with the dates of their election, consecration, and coronation compiled by H. Grotefend, *Taschenbuch der Zeitrechnung des deutschen Mittelalters u. der Neueszeit*, 6th ed., Hanover 1928, pp. 117-24);
12) the more recent histories of the Church by Hergenröther-Kirsch, Duchesne (cf. the critical chronological tables up to Pius II published in *Lib. Pont.*, I, pp. cclxx-xxii; II, pp. lxxv-vi), Funk, Fliche-Martin, etc., and those of the papacy by Pastor, Seppelt, Caspar, etc.;
13) the *Hierarchia catholica* of Eubel, from 1198 onwards.

Fr. Ehrle, librarian of the Vatican, published in the *Gerarchia cattolica* of 1904 and 1905 a papal chronology according to the *Liber Pontificalis* and its sources, edited by Duchesne, to provide ecclesiastics with a reliable and easily consulted guide. Ehrle’s work was not well received by many and was not reprinted because of intemperate polemics stirred up by persons of scant historical culture, who preferred that the series of popes of St Paul, with all its errors, should continue to be followed. The series of popes according to the medallions of St Paul had indeed been reproduced since 1806 in the *Notizie* of the Cracas, since 1862 in the *Annuario pontificio*, since 1871 in the *Gerarchia cattolica*, and again from 1913 to 1946 in the *Annuario pontificio*. In 1947 the editorial board of the *Annuario pontificio* replaced the old and anachronistic chronology of St Paul with a truly critical one, prepared by the Prefect of the Vatican Secret Archives, Msgr. A. Mercati, who duly updated the series of popes from Ehrle.

The papal chronology of Duchesne-Ehrle-Mercati, being thus far the best, has been reproduced here with some adjustments, especially in the part concerning antipopes (v.). It should be noted that the dates assigned to Linus and Pius I are only approximate; those from Anicetus to Callistus are more reliable but not precise to the exact year. Authentic antipopes have their names printed in italics; dates preceded by an asterisk indicate that the beginning of the pontificate was not legitimate; names in italics preceded by an asterisk indicate doubtful antipopes; names in roman type indicate improperly so-called antipopes or popes who are not such, such as Stephen II. When two dates are given at the beginning of a pontificate, the first refers to the *electio*, the second to the *ordinatio* or *consecratio* (if applicable) and *coronatio*; when three dates are given, the third refers to the *coronatio* when it is distinct from the *consecratio*.

The year of the pontificate was reckoned from the *coronatio*. Before that date, the status of elected pope was indicated in papal documents both in the *datatio* and in the *intitulatio* (e.g., “Benedictus presbiter et in Dei nomine electus Sanctae Sedis apostolicae” [Benedict II]: cf. C. Silva Tarouca, *Nuovi studi sulle antiche lettere dei p.*, I, Rome 1932, p. 55). The formula *electus* is also prescribed by the papal master of ceremonies Patrizi Piccolomini (cf. C. Marcello, op. cit., c. VIII: “Innocentius electus servus servorum Dei” [Innocent VIII]).

**PAPAL CHRONOLOGY**

ST. PETER, of Bethsaida in Galilee, Prince of the Apostles, d. martyr in Rome between 64 and 67.

ST. LINUS, of Tuscany, 67-76 [67-79].

ST. ANACLETUS or Cletus, Roman, 76-88 [79-91].

ST. CLEMENT, Roman, 88-97 [92-101].

ST. EVARISTUS, Greek, 97-105 [101-105].

ST. ALEXANDER I, Roman, 105-115 [109-119].

ST. SIXTUS I, Roman, 115-125.

ST. TELESPHORUS, Greek, 125-136.

ST. HYGINUS, Greek, 136-140 [138-142].

ST. PIUS I, of Aquileia, 140-155.

ST. ANICETUS, Syrian, 155-166.

ST. SOTER, of Campania, 166-175.

ST. ELEUTHERIUS, of Nicopolis in Epirus, 175-189.

ST. VICTOR I, African, 189-199.

ST. ZEPHYRINUS, Roman, 199-217.

ST. CALLISTUS I, Roman, 217-222.

ST. HIPPOLYTUS, Roman, 217-235.

ST. URBAN I, Roman, 222-230.

ST. PONTIAN, Roman, 21 July 230-28 Sept. 235.

ST. ANTERUS, Greek, 21 Nov. 235-3 Jan. 236.

ST. FABIAN, Roman, 10 Jan. 236-20 Jan. 250.

ST. CORNELIUS, Roman, 20 March 251-3 June 253.

Novatian, Roman, 251, d. c. 258.

ST. LUCIUS I, Roman, 25 June 253-5 March 254.

ST. STEPHEN I, Roman, 12 May 254-2 Aug. 257.

ST. SIXTUS II, Greek, 30 Aug. 257-6 Aug. 258.

ST. DIONYSIUS, of unknown origin, 22 July 259-26 Dec. 268.

ST. FELIX I, Roman, 5 Jan. 269-30 Dec. 274.

ST. EUTYCHIAN, of Luni, 4 Jan. 275-8 Dec. 283.

ST. CAIUS, Dalmatian, 17 Dec. 283-22 Apr. 296.

ST. MARCELLINUS, Roman, 30 June 296-25 Oct. 304.

ST. MARCELLUS I, Roman, 27 May (or 26 June) 308-16 Jan. 309.

ST. EUSEBIUS, Greek, 18 Apr. 309 (or 310)-17 Aug. 309 (or 310).

*Heraclius, 309 or 310.

ST. MILTIades, African, 2 July 311-11 Jan. 314.

ST. SILVESTER I, Roman, 31 Jan. 314-31 Dec. 335.

ST. MARK, Roman, 18 Jan. 336-7 Oct. 336.

ST. JULIUS I, Roman, 6 Feb. 337-12 Apr. 352.

LIBERIUS, Roman, 17 May 352-24 Sept. 366.

Felix II, Roman, 355-22 Nov. 365.

ST. DAMASUS I, Roman, 19 Oct. 366-11 Dec. 384.

Ursicinus, Roman deacon, 366-367, d. after 381.

ST. SIRICIUS, Roman, 15 or 22 or 29 Dec. 384-26 Nov. 399.

ST. ANASTASIUS I, Roman, 27 Nov. 399-19 Dec. 401.

ST. INNOCENT I, of Albano, 22 Dec. 401-12 March 417.

ST. ZOSIMUS, Greek, 18 March 417-26 Dec. 418.

ST. BONIFACE I, Roman, 28, 29 Dec. 418-4 Sept. 422.

Eulalius, Roman archdeacon, 27, 29 Dec. 418-29 March 419.

ST. CELESTINE I, of Campania, 10 Sept. 422-27 July 432.

ST. SIXTUS III, Roman, 31 July 432-19 Aug. 440.

S. LEO I, the Great, of Tuscany, 29 Sept. 440–10 Nov. 461.

S. HILARUS, of Sardinia, 19 Nov. 461–29 Feb. 468.

S. SIMPLICIUS, of Tivoli, 3 Mar. 468–10 Mar. 483.

S. FELIX III (II), Roman, 13 Mar. 483–10 Mar. 492.

S. GELASIUS I, African, 10 Mar. 492–21 Nov. 496.

ANASTASIUS II, Roman, 24 Nov. 496–19 Nov. 498.

S. SYMMACHUS, of Sardinia, 22 Nov. 498–19 July 514.

Laurentius, Roman archpriest, 498, 501–507.

S. HORMISDAS, of Frosinone, 20 July 514–6 Aug. 523.

S. JOHN I, of Tuscany, martyr, 13 Aug. 523–18 May 526.

S. FELIX IV (III), of Samnium, 12 Sept. 526–22 Sept. 530.

DYSCORUS, of Alexandria, 22 Sept. 530–14 Oct. 530.

BONIFACE II, Roman, 22 Sept. 530–17 Oct. 532.

JOHN II, Roman, 2 Jan. 533–8 May 535.

S. AGAPITUS I, Roman, 13 May 535–22 Apr. 536.

S. SILVERIUS, of Campania, martyr, 10 (or 8) June 536–11 Nov. 537.

VIGILIUS, Roman, *29 Mar. 537–7 June 555.

PELAGIUS I, Roman, 16 Apr. 556–4 Mar. 561.

JOHN III, Roman, 17 July 561–13 July 574.

BENEDICT I, Roman, 2 June 575–30 July 579.

PELAGIUS II, Roman, 26 Nov. 579–7 Feb. 590.

S. GREGORY I, the Great, Roman, 3 Sept. 590–12 Mar. 604.

SABINIAN, of Blera (Tuscany), 13 Sept. 604–22 Feb. 606.

BONIFACE III, Roman, 19 Feb. 607–12 Nov. 607.

S. BONIFACE IV, of Marsico, 25 Aug. 608–8 May 615.

S. ADEODATUS I, Roman, 19 Dec. 615–8 Nov. 618.

BONIFACE V, of Naples, 23 Dec. 619–25 Oct. 625.

HONORIUS I, of Campania, 27 Oct. 625–12 Oct. 638.

SEVERINUS, Roman, 28 May 640–2 Aug. 640.

JOHN IV, Dalmatian, 24 Dec. 640–12 Oct. 642.

THEODORE I, Greek, 24 Nov. 642–14 May 649.

S. MARTIN I, of Todi, martyr, ... July 649–16 Sept. 655.

S. EUGENIUS I, Roman, *10 Aug. 654–2 June 657.

S. VITALIAN, of Segni, 30 July 657–27 Jan. 672.

ADEODATUS II, Roman, 11 Apr. 672–17 June 676.

DONUS, Roman, 2 Nov. 676–11 Apr. 678.

S. AGATHO, Sicilian, 27 June 678–10 Jan. 681.

S. LEO II, Sicilian, 17 Aug. 682–3 July 683.

S. BENEDICT II, Roman, 26 June 684–8 May 685.

JOHN V, Syrian, 23 July 685–2 Aug. 686.

Peter and Theodore, Roman archpriest and priest, 2 Aug.–21 Oct. 686.

CONON, of unknown origin, 21 Oct. 686–21 Sept. 687.

Theodore, who became archpriest, 21 Sept. 685–15 Dec. 687.

Paschal, Roman archdeacon, 21 Sept. 687–692.

S. SERGIUS I, Syrian, 15 Dec. 687–8 Sept. 701.

JOHN VI, Greek, 30 Oct. 701–11 Jan. 705.

JOHN VII, Greek, 10 Mar. 705–18 Oct. 707.

SISINNIUS, Syrian, 15 Jan. 708–4 Feb. 708.

CONSTANTINE, Syrian, 25 Mar. 708–9 Apr. 715.

S. GREGORY II, Roman, 19 May 715–11 Feb. 731.

S. GREGORY III, Syrian, 11 Feb.–18 Mar. 731–29 Nov. 741.

S. ZACHARIAS, Greek, 10 Dec. 741–15 Mar. 752.

Stephen II, Roman, elected and died between 16–25 Mar. 752.

STEPHEN II (III), Roman, 26 Mar. 752–26 Apr. 757.

Theophylactus, Roman archdeacon, late Apr.–May 757.

S. PAUL I, Roman, late Apr., 29 May 757–28 June 767.

Constantine, of Nepi, 28 June, 5 July 767–10 Aug. 768.

Philip, 31 July 768.

STEPHEN III (IV), Sicilian, 10, 7 Aug. 768–24 Jan. 772.

ADRIAN I, Roman, 10, 9 Feb. 772–25 Dec. 795.

S. LEO III, Roman, 26, 27 Dec. 795–12 June 816.

STEPHEN IV (V), Roman, 22 June 816–24 Jan. 817.

S. PASCHAL I, Roman, 25 Jan. 817–11 Feb. 824.

[...], Roman priest, Feb. 824 (Zinzino?).

EUGENIUS II, Roman, ... Feb.–May 824–Aug. 827.

VALENTINE, Roman, ... Aug. 827–... Sept. 827.

GREGORY IV, Roman, ... 827–... Jan. 844.

John, Roman archdeacon ... Jan. 844.

SERGIUS II, Roman, ... Jan. 844–27 Jan. 847.

S. LEO IV, Roman, ... Jan. 847–27 July 855.

BENEDICT III, Roman, ... July–29 Sept. 855–17 Apr. 858.

Anastasius, the Librarian, Roman priest, Aug.–... Sept. 855.

S. NICHOLAS I, the Great, Roman, 24 Apr. 858–13 Nov. 867.

ADRIAN II, Roman, 14 Dec. 867–14 Dec. 872.

JOHN VIII, Roman, 14 Dec. 872–16 Dec. 882.

MARINUS I, of Gallese, 16 Dec. 882–15 May 884.

S. ADRIAN III, Roman, 17 May 884–... Sept. 885.

STEPHEN V (VI), Roman, ... Sept. 885–14 Sept. 891.

FORMOSUS, bishop of Porto, 19 Sept. 891–4 Apr. 896.

BONIFACE VI, Roman, ... Apr. 896–... Apr. 896.

STEPHEN VI (VII), Roman, ... May 896–... Aug. 897.

ROMANUS, of Gallese, ... Aug. 897–... Nov. 897.

THEODORE II, Roman, ... Dec. 897–... Dec. 897.

JOHN IX, of Tivoli, ... Jan. 898–... Jan. 900.

BENEDICT IV, Roman, ... Jan.–Feb. 900–... July 903.

LEO V, of Ardea, ... July 903–... Jan. 904.

Christopher, Roman, ... Sept. 903–... Jan. 904.

SERGIUS III, Roman, ... Jan. 908, 909 Jan. 904–14 Apr. 911.

ANASTASIUS III, Roman, ... Apr. 911–... June 913.

LANDO, of Sabina, ... July 913–... Feb. 914.

JOHN X, of Tossignano (Imola), ... Mar. 914–...

May 928.

LEO VI, Roman, ... May 928–... Dec. 928.

STEPHEN VII (VIII), Roman, ... Dec. 928–... Feb. 931.

JOHN XI, Roman, ... Feb.–Mar. 931–... Dec. 935.

LEO VII, Roman, 3 Jan. 936–13 July 939.

STEPHEN VIII (IX), Roman, 14 July 939–... Oct. 942.

MARINUS II, Roman, 30 Oct. 942–... May 946.

AGAPITUS II, Roman, 10 May 946–... Dec. 955.

JOHN XII, Octavian, of the counts of Tusculum, 16 Dec. 955–14 May 964.

Leo VIII, Roman, 4–6 Dec. 963–1 Mar. 965.

BENEDICT V, Roman, 22 May 964–4 July 965 or 966.

JOHN XIII, Roman, 1 Oct. 965–6 Sept. 972.

BENEDICT VI, Roman, 19 Jan. 973–... June 974.

Boniface VII, Roman, Francis, ... June–... July 974; then Aug. 984–... July 985.

BENEDICT VII, Roman, ... Oct. 974–10 July 983.

JOHN XIV, of Pavia, Peter, ... Dec. 983–20 Aug. 984.

JOHN XV, Roman, ... Aug. 985–... Mar. 996.

GREGORY V, Saxon, Bruno of the dukes of Carinthia, 3 May 996–18 Feb. 999.

JOHN XVI, of Rossano; John Philagathus, ... Apr. 997–... Feb. 998.

SILVESTER II, of Auvergne, Gerbert, 2 Apr. 999–12 May 1003.

JOHN XVII, Roman, Sicco, ... June 1003–... Dec. 1003.

JOHN XVIII, Roman, Fasano, ... Jan. 1004–... July 1009.

SERGIUS IV, Roman, Peter, 31 July 1009–12 May 1012.

BENEDICT VIII, Theophylactus of the counts of Tusculum, 18 May 1012–9 Apr. 1024.

Gregory, 1012.

JOHN XIX, Roman of the counts of Tusculum, ... Apr. 1032–1032.

BENEDICT IX, Theophylactus of the counts of Tusculum, ... 1032–1 May 1045 (resignation).

Silvester III, Roman, John, 20 Jan. 1045–10 Mar. 1045.

GREGORY VI, Roman, John Gratian, *5 May 1045–20 Dec. 1046.

CLEMENT II, of Saxony, Suidger of the lords of Morsleben and Hornburg, *24, 25 Dec. 1046–9 Oct. 1047.

*Benedict IX (reappears after resignation), 8 Nov. 1047–17 July 1048.