ENRICO DI MEISSEN

ENRICO of Meissen. – Nicknamed *Frau-enlob* for the preference he gave, in a poetic competition with the poet Regenbogen, to the term *Frau* in antithesis to the term *Weib*, to designate woman.

A wandering minstrel of Carinthia, born c. 1256, died at Mainz in 1318, where he founded a school of song, he was one of the first and most important mastersingers, and among the most famous authors of *Sprüche* (death-songs) in Germany. In his *lais*, songs, and *Sprüche*, correctness of form and depth of thought are evident, though spontaneity of inspiration, of feeling, and (owing to too many quotations) clarity are lacking. Among his love poems, a large place is given to songs of praise of the Virgin and of woman in general; typical of his artificial and learnedly bombastic style are the long *Leich* dedicated to the Mother of the Lord (with references to the Song of Songs, which he applies to Mary) and that on the Holy Cross and the Holy Trinity.

Bibl.: A thoroughly edited edition of the works of E. of M. is due to L. Ettmüller, Quedlinburg 1843. Studies: W. T. Kirsch, *Frauenlob Kreuzleich*, Bonn 1928. Giovanni Guerra

ENRICO of Melk. – The earliest historical poet of spectacle (second half of the 12th century).

Drawn to worldly life, he entered as a lay brother the monastery of Melk, where he composed *Von des Todes Erinnerung* (1160), a poem whose opening passage also bears the title: *Vom gemeinen Leben*. There is also, perhaps, another (incomplete) work: *Pfaffenleben*. Both reflect the rigid moral temperament of the author, who, though less intransigent than the moralist Hartmann von Aue, a fellow member of the convent, does not spare the failings or defects of either religious or laity, providing a vivid picture of the culture of the time. Through asceticism, he fostered respect and appreciation for women in Germany.

Bibl.: Works: *Erinnerung* was published in facsimile by R. A. Barack in *Zeitschrift für deutsches Altertum*, 23 (1878), c. 13; *Priesterleben*, by K. Kochendörffer, ibid., 35 (1890). Studies: O. Lorenz, *H. V. M., der Rufer der Ritterzeit*, Halle 1886; G. Ehrismann, *Geschichte der deutschen Literatur bis zum Ausgang des Mittelalters*, II, 1, Munich 1922, pp. 186 ff.; II, 1, 1871, 1927, passim; H. Steinger, s.V. in *Die deutsche Literatur des Mittelalters*, *Verfasserlexikon*, II, cols. 299–1929. Giovanni Guerra

ENRICO the Navigator, Infante of Portugal. – Born at Oporto on 24 March 1394, died at Sagres on 13 November 1460.

Grand Master of the Military Order of Christ, he was among the principal promoters of 15th-century geographical explorations, in which commercial and political motives were joined to the ethical-religious aim of Christianization. He established, among other things, a nautical school. Under his impetus, in 1435 the African coast was explored as far as Rio de Oro; in 1441 Cape Blanco was reached; in 1445 Cape Verde. He also desired the conquest of Tangier.

Bibl.: J. N. L. Baker, *Histoire des découvertes géographiques et des explorations*, French trans., Paris 1949, pp. 57 ff. and bibl. IV cited.