The cities of refuge are appointed for casual manslaughter.
Six cities of refuge for such as commit casual manslaughter are named, 6 in which remayning til the death of the high priest, they may then returne to their proper dwelling place, and be safe.
1And the Lord spoke to Josue, saying: Speak to the children of Israel and say to them:E il Signore parlò a Giosuè, e disse: Parla a' figliuoli d'Israele, e di' loro:AND our Lord spake to Iosue, saying: Speake to the children of Israel, and say to them:Et locutus est Dominus ad Josue, dicens: Loquere filiis Israël, et dic eis: 2Appoint cities of refuge, of which I spoke to you by the hand of Moses:Separate le città pe' fuggiaschi, delle quali io vi parlai per mezzo di Mosè:Separate the cities of the fugitiues, of the which I spake to you by the hand of Moyses;Separate urbes fugitivorum, de quibus locutus sum ad vos per manum Moysi: 3That whosoever shall kill a person unawares may flee to them, and may escape the wrath of the kinsman, who is the avenger of blood.Nelle quali chiunque avrà ucciso un uomo senza volerlo possa ricoverarsi: e possa sottrarsi all'ira del prossimo parente, che vuol far vendetta dell'ucciso.that he may flee to them whosoeuer shal strike a soule vnwitting: and may escape the wrath of the nigh kinseman, which is the reuenger of bloud:ut confugiat ad eas quicumque animam percusserit nescius, et possit evadere iram proximi, qui ultor est sanguinis: 4And when he shall flee to one of these cities: he shall stand before the gate of the city, and shall speak to the ancients of that city, such things as prove him innocent: and so shall they receive him, and give him a place to dwell in.Quando quegli si sarà ricoverato in una di queste città, si presenterà alla porta della città, ed esporrà a' seniori di quella città le prove di sua innocenza: e dopo questo lo ricetteranno, e gli daran luogo da abitare.when he shal be fled to one of these cities: he shal stand before the gate of the citie, and shal speake to the ancientes of that citie those thinges, that may proue him selfe innocent: and so they shal receiue him, and geue him place to inhabite.cum ad unam harum confugerit civitatum, stabit ante portam civitatis, et loquetur senioribus urbis illius ea quæ se comprobent innocentem: sicque suscipient eum, et dabunt ei locum ad habitandum. 5And when the avenger of blood shall pursue him, they shall not deliver him into his hands, because he slew his neighbour unawares, and is not proved to have been his enemy two or three days before,E se il vendicatore dell'ucciso gli terrà dietro, nol daranno nelle mani di lui: perchè egli ha ucciso il suo prossimo per ignoranza, e non è provato ch'ei fosse due giorni, o tre giorni prima suo nemico.And when the reuenger of the bloud shal pursew him, they shal not deliuer him into his handes: because he stroke his neighbour by ignorance, neitheir is he proued to be his enemie two or three dayes before.Cumque ultor sanguinis eum fuerit persecutus, non tradent in manus ejus: quia ignorans percussit proximum ejus, nec ante biduum triduumve ejus probatur inimicus. 6And he shall dwell in that city, till he stand before judgment to give an account of his fact, and till the death of the high priest, who shall be at that time: then shall the manslayer return, and go into his own city and house from whence he fled.E abiterà in quella città, fino a tanto ch'ei comparisca in giudizio per render ragione di quel che ha fatto, e muoia il sommo sacerdote di quel tempo. Allora l'omicida tornerà, e rientrerà nella città, e nella sua casa, donde era fuggito.And he shal dwel in that citie, til he stand before iudgement rendring a cause of his fact, and the high priest die, which shal be at that time: then shal the manslaer returne, and enter into the citie and his house out of the which he had fled.Et habitabit in civitate illa, donec stet ante judicium, causam reddens facti sui, et moriatur sacerdos magnus, qui fuerit in illo tempore: tunc revertetur homicida, et ingredietur civitatem et domum suam de qua fugerat.
7And they appointed Cedes in Galilee of mount Nephtali, and Sichem in mount Ephraim, and Cariath-Arbe, the same is Hebron in the mountain of Juda.Furono adunque stabilite Cedes nella Galilea sulla montagna di Nephtali, e Sichem sul monte Ephraim, e Cariath-Arbe, o sia Hebron sulle montagne di Giuda.And they appointed Cedes in Galilee of the mount of Nepthali, and Sichem in the mount of Ephraim, and Cariatharbee, the same is Hebron in the mount of IudaDecreveruntque Cedes in Galilæa montis Nephthali, et Sichem in monte Ephraim, et Cariatharbe, ipsa est Hebron in monte Juda. 8And beyond the Jordan to the east of Jericho, they appointed Bosor, which is upon the plain of the wilderness of the tribe of Ruben, and Ramoth in Galaad of the tribe of Gad, and Gaulon in Basan of the tribe of Manasses.E di là dal Giordano all'oriente di Gerico stabiliron Bosor, la quale è situata nella pianura del deserto, della tribù di Ruben, e Ramoth in Galaad della tribù di Gad, e Gaulon in Basan della tribù di Manasse.And beyond Iordan against the East quarter of Iericho, they appointed Bosor, which is situated in the champaine wildernes of the tribe of Ruben, and Ramoth in Galaad of the tribe of Gad, and Gaulon in Basan of the tribe of Manasses.Et trans Jordanem contra orientalem plagam Jericho, statuerunt Bosor, quæ sita est in campestri solitudine de tribu Ruben, et Ramoth in Galaad de tribu Gad, et Gaulon in Basan de tribu Manasse. 9These cities were appointed for all the children of Israel, and for the strangers, that dwelt among them, that whosoever had killed a person unawares might flee to them, and not die by the hand of the kinsman, coveting to revenge the blood that was shed, until he should stand before the people to lay open his cause.Queste città furono stabilite per tutti i figliuoli d'Israele, e pei forestieri abitanti con essi: affinchè in esse si ricoverasse chiunque avesse ucciso un uomo senza volerlo, e non morisse per la mano del parente bramoso di far vendetta del sangue sparso, fino a tanto che quegli comparisse dinanzi al popolo a trattar la sua causa.These cities were appointed to al the children of Israel, and to the strangesrs, that dwelt among them: that he might flee to them which vnwittingly had striken a soule, and might not die in the hand of the kinseman, coueting to reuenge the bloud shed, vntil he might stand before the people to declare his cause.Hæ civitates constitutæ sunt cunctis filiis Israël, et advenis qui habitabant inter eos, ut fugeret ad eas qui animam nescius percussisset, et non moreretur in manu proximi, effusum sanguinem vindicare cupientis, donec staret ante populum expositurus causam suam.
20:1
Year of the World 2562, Year before Christ 1442.
20:3
Haydock
Of blood, and authorized to kill the manslayer, (Menochius) if he find him out of one of these cities. See Numbers 35:6., and Deuteronomy 19:4. Revenge was never lawful: but to prosecute offenders in the courts of justice, (Calmet) or agreeably to the law of God, can never deserve blame. (Haydock)
Haydock
If some of the saints of the old law seem to have taken delight in revenge, their expressions must be explained in a favourable sense. David, who is accused of this crime, (Calmet) repels the charge with horror, Psalm 7:5. The evils which he denounces to his adversaries, were predictions of what they had reason to expect, Psalm 57:11., and Jeremias 11:20. (Haydock)
Calmet
If some of the Jews looked upon vengeance as lawful, it cannot be a matter of surprise, when we reflect that even some, who have been taught the mild law of the gospel, think themselves bound, in some cases, to revenge an affront. (Calmet)
Haydock
So far have the maxims of the world supplanted Christianity in their breasts! How severely does Jacob rebuke his children for what they had done to the Sichemites, though they falsely thought that the affront offered to their sister, would justify them! (Genesis xxxiv.) (Haydock)
20:4
Menochius
Gate, where justice was administered. (Menochius)
Here the ancients heard what the manslayer had to say in his own defence; and if they thought his account plausible, they gave him a retreat till he might be safely brought to answer the charges of the avenger, who might endeavour to prove that the murder was wilful.
20:5
Calmet
Before. This is generally taken literally. But if sufficient proof could be brought that the contending parties were at variance, or reconciled some time before the accident happened, the person who had taken refuge, would be judged accordingly. It might lawfully be presumed that they were enemies, if, after being at variance, they had given no signs of reconciliation. (Calmet)
20:6
Haydock
Fact. Septuagint, "before the synagogue for judgment." (Haydock)
Calmet
Whether this took place in the same city, or where the murder was committed, (see Numbers 35:12, 25.) the reasons are given why the manslayer was released at the death of the high priest. (Calmet)
Menochius
By the death of Christ, the greatest criminals are redeemed. (Menochius)
20:7
20:9
Strangers. The limitations of the Jews in favour of their own nation are rejected. The civil and criminal law should affect all alike, except God order it otherwise.
Calmet
Stand. This was the posture of the people accused, while the judges sat. (Drusius) (Calmet)
20:4
At first entering it sufficed to allege in general his innocencie, but after he must be tried in particular.
20:2
2. SEPARATE CITIES OF FUGITIVES, — Hebrew, cities of refuge, to which namely he who involuntarily and by chance has killed someone may flee, as the Lord commanded, Numbers XXXV and following, where I have explained these things at length.
20:6
6. UNTIL HE STAND BEFORE JUDGMENT, GIVING AN ACCOUNT OF HIS DEED. — So that if he proves his innocence, namely that he killed unwittingly and by chance, he shall be returned to the city of refuge, and there remain until the High Priest dies; but if it becomes clear that he killed willingly and deliberately, he himself shall also be killed.
Machine translation from the Latin, not reviewed.
20:1
… Vaccari, La S. Bibbia, I, Rome 1942, on Num. 35:18 ff.; trans. and note on p. 431). Three cities of refuge in Cisjordan offered to involuntary homicide the possibility of escaping the unreasonable vengeance of the avenger of blood (Deut. 19:1 ff.; cf. Josh. 20:1 ff.).
… obligation to choose three other cities in the part west of the Jordan (ibid. 19:1-14), adding new practical cases for the application of the law: the cities chosen on this side of the Jordan were Kedesh in Naphtali, Shechem in Ephraim and Hebron in Judah (Josh. 20:1-9).
20:7
Hebron (Hebrew: Hebrōn «Union, league»; Septuagint: Χέβρων)
… St. Jerome (Onomasticon, 84, 10) had instead seen in the name an allusion to the four patriarchs buried in H. The name H. is already mentioned in Gen. 23:2; 35:27, and in Josh. 20:7. At present it is called el-Halil ("the friend," understood of God) because of the appellation given to Abraham already in antiquity, as in Jubilees, 19:9.
20:8
… Bēšer). - 1. - A Levitical city, counted among the cities of refuge (Deut. 4:43; Josh. 20:8; 21:30; 1 Chron. 6:78), commonly identified with Bušel-Harīrī, at the southern base of the plateau of Trachonitis, or else with Barazēn east of Ḥesbān in southern Ammonitis. …
GAULON. - A Levitical city and city of refuge in the territory of the half-tribe of Manasseh, in Bashan in Transjordan (Josh. 20:8; 21:27). Today Saḥem el-Golān. …
RAMOTH-GILEAD. - A Levitical and city of refuge in the tribe of Gad (Deut. 4:13; Josh. 20:8; 21:38; 1 Chron. 6:66), capital of the Solomonic district north and south of the Yarmuk (1 Kings 4:13), cause of bitter struggles between Israelites and Arameans, who long contested …
20:21
Sichem (Heb. Šēḥḥem «Nuca»; Gr. Sychem or Sychima)
… At the beginning of the Israelite conquest Joshua held there a solemn assembly of all 12 tribes (Josh. 8:30) and there the covenant pact was confirmed and renewed (ibid. 24:1); it was among the Levitical and refuge cities (ibid. 20:21). In the time of the Judges there was still in the city a temple to Ba'al bèrith (Judg. 8:33; 9:4), from whose treasury Abimelech took the money to hire partisans for his political …
Douay-Rheims (Challoner) · Vulgata Clementina · original Douay-Rheims (Douay 1609-10), transcription by EEBO-TCP (CC0) · La Sacra Bibbia, tradotta dalla Volgata da Antonio Martini (1769-1781) (LaParola (laparola.net), Martini OSIS text, Public domain (LaParola's electronic edition marks it 'Dominio pubblico')). Public domain.