MAIER, HEINRICH. - Philosopher, b. at Heidenheim (Württemberg) on 5 Feb. 1867, d. at Berlin on 28 Nov. 1933. Having graduated in philosophy at Tübingen (1892), he taught philosophy at the Universities of Zurich (1900), Tübingen (1902), Göttingen (1911), Heidelberg (1918) and from 1922 at Berlin.
SIGWART (v.), he insisted on the importance of psychology for logic, without falling into psychologism (v.); and in *Psychologie des emotionalen Denkens* (1908) he illuminated various aspects of this sphere of affective and volitional thought. In his principal three-volume work, *Philosophie der Wirklichkeit* (Tübingen 1926-35), he presents a philosophy of the forms of reality which culminates in metaphysics and aims at «a synthesis of today’s idealism with yesterday’s naturalism, of the a priori-rationalistic mode of thought of the present generation with the positivism and criticism of the preceding one». The path that the doctrine of knowledge must follow is from truth to reality; the conclusion it must reach is that truth and reality are completely distinct. We cannot arrive at knowledge of reality except through our processes of consciousness, yet reality is not resolved into the phenomena or acts of individual consciousness, nor even of consciousness in general; reality is in itself and by itself.
Moreover, he published, with notes, Sigwart’s *Logik* (2 vols. 1924), to which he had previously devoted an essay: *Logik und Erkenntnistheorie*, 1918. Among his other works are: *Die Syllogistik des Aristoteles*, 3 vols., 1896-1900; *An der Grenze der Philosophie* (Melanchthon, Lavater, Strauss), 1909; *Sokrates*, 1913 (II. trans. by G. Sanna, 2 vols., Florence 1943); *Das geschichtliche Erkennen*, 1914; *Stillicher Sozialismus oder Individualismus?*, 1932.