Presbyterium (Sacrarium, Sanctuary)

PRESBYTERIUM (Sacrarium, Sanctuary). - The space intended for the bishop and the priests during sacred functions.

It was located opposite the entrance, slightly raised by one or more steps, thus corresponding to the part called the "praetorium" of the ancient pagan basilica, and as a rule it ended with a semicircular, rectangular or polygonal apse. At the back of the apse was placed the bishop's cathedra, and to the right and left simple stone benches for the priests (the deacons never sat, but assisted standing). The altar rose before the cathedra under the arch called the "triumphal" arch of the basilica. From the Middle Ages, when the high altar was moved close to the wall, thus taking the place of the cathedra, the place immediately before the altar, that is, the space where the sacred services were carried out, was called the presbytery. On the left, called in cornu Evangelii, in cathedrals the bishop's cathedra or throne is placed; opposite, on the epistle side, are the benches or seats for the sacred ministers in choir dress. Toward the people, a low dividing parapet, called a pergola, lettorio, iconostasis (today balustrade), served to separate the presbyterium from the nave, reserved for the faithful, in order to ensure for the altar a sufficient zone of respect, within which no layperson was to enter, especially during the celebration of sacred functions; women were forbidden access to the sanctuary.