- The principal review published in France by the Fathers of the Society of Jesus. It was founded in 1856 by Frs. Ivan Gagarin, GIOVANNI Martinov, Carlo Daniel, and Giuseppe Tallhan. It originally bore the title *Etudes de théologie, de philosophie et d'histoire* and was merely a collection of writings without a fixed periodicity; it became a monthly in 1864.
The decrees against religious congregations and the expulsions dispersed the editors in 1880; however, the review resumed publication in 1887 and continued without further interruption until the German occupation of 1940. It resumed publication again in 1945, enjoying ever greater success in France and abroad.
Since 1910, however, the establishment of the new specialized review *Recherches de science religieuse* allowed the *Etudes* to reserve for itself articles of a more technical nature and to orient its contents toward a broader public, including articles on art, literature, current affairs, with special regard to social, economic, and pedagogical problems, etc. Collaboration by non-Jesuit priests has always been admitted; now the review also seeks the collaboration of lay specialists for articles on science, art, and literature. Between the two wars, the monthly bulletins by Fr. Yves de la Brère on the religious history of contemporary times and the inquiry by Fr. Pierre Lhande into the social and religious conditions of the Parisian outskirts, as well as the essays by Fr. Paul Doncoeur on liturgy, were highly appreciated.
Whenever a social or economic problem, a medical or pedagogical experiment, an artistic or literary event, or an apostolic initiative attracts attention, the review turns to a competent specialist to inform public opinion and enable a judgment to be formed on the matter. Almost all the editors also engage in direct apostolate through higher theological teaching and spiritual direction. In this way, the *Etudes* extend their beneficial influence to various intellectual milieus (clergy, seminaries, university professors, industrialists). The periodical’s address is: 15, rue Monsieur, Paris, VII.
ETUDES.
- J. Burnichon, *La Compagnie de Jésus en France. Histoire d'un siècle 1814-1914*, IV, Paris 1922, pp. 145-167.