ÉTUDES. - It is the principal journal published in France by the Fathers of the Society of Jesus. It was founded in 1856 by Frs. Ivan Gagarin, Giovanni Martinov, Carlo Daniel and Giuseppe Tullhan. It initially bore the title Etudes de théologie, de philosophie et d'histoire and was merely a collection of writings without a fixed periodicity; it became a monthly in 1864. The decrees against religious Congregations and the expulsions scattered its editors in 1880; but the journal resumed publication in 1887 and continued without further interruptions until the German occupation of 1940. It began to be published again from 1945, meeting with ever greater success in France and abroad.
From 1910, however, the establishment of the new specialized journal Recherches de science religieuse made it possible to reserve for the latter the articles of a more technical nature, and to orient the E. toward a larger public, welcoming articles on art, literature, and current affairs, with special regard to social, economic, pedagogical problems, etc. The collaboration of non-Jesuit priests was always permitted; now that of specialized laymen is also sought for articles on science, art and literature. Much appreciated between the two wars were the "monthly bulletins" of Fr. Yves de la Brière "on the religious history of the present times," Fr. Pierre Lhande's inquiry into the social and religious conditions of the outskirts of Paris, and Fr. Paul Donceur's essays on the liturgy. Whenever a social or economic problem, a medical or pedagogical experiment, an artistic or literary event, or an apostolic initiative arises to attract attention, the journal turns to a competent specialist to inform public opinion about it and to make it possible to formulate a judgment on the question. Almost all the editors also carry on a direct apostolate in higher theological teaching and in spiritual direction. In this way the E. extend their beneficial influence to the various intellectual circles (clergy, seminaries, university professors, industrialists). The journal's address is: 15, rue Monsieur, Paris, VII.