MATHIEU, ADRIEN-JACQUES-MARIE-CÉSAIRE. - Cardinal, b. in Paris on 20 Jan. 1796, d. in Besançon on 9 July 1875. Bishop of Langres in 1833, he was elected archbishop of Besançon the following year; he was then created cardinal by Pius IX on 30 Sept. 1850. In 1852 he became senator by right under the Second Empire.
During the July Monarchy he had been among the most influential advisers to the nunciature in Paris, and particularly to Mons. Garibaldi, and played a decisive part in the appointment of French bishops, especially from 1835 to 1843. Of Gallican tendencies, he opposed exemptions from episcopal authority and direct subjection to the Holy See, and for this reason opposed the restoration of exempt religious Congregations. In 1850 he founded the great College of St. Francis Xavier at Besançon. In 1865 he was brought before the Council of State for having proceeded, contrary to government provisions, with the reading of the Syllabus and the encyclical Quanta cura. In 1863 he published a pamphlet defending temporal power (Le pouvoir temporel des Papes justifié par l'histoire).