### SCHWARZENBERG, Family
A noble family originally from Franconia, of the same stock as the Counts of Seinsheim.
In the 16th century, ADAM (1584-1641) gained renown as a minister to Electors George William and Frederick William of Brandenburg during the Thirty Years' War. The Schwarzenbergs received the title of Counts in 1599 and that of Princes of the Empire in 1670. They subsequently acquired extensive estates in Styria and Bohemia. Among the family members, particular note should be taken of KARL PHILIPP (1771-1820), who first fought against the Turks and then against the French; in 1813, as Field Marshal, he commanded the anti-Napoleonic forces at the Battle of Leipzig and entered Paris in 1814.
FELIX, Austrian statesman and diplomat, b. at Krumau (Bohemia) on 2 Oct. 1800, d. at Vienna on 5 Apr. 1852.
He left the military career in 1824 to enter diplomacy. He served as attaché in St. Petersburg, London, Paris, and Berlin, and in 1839 as minister plenipotentiary in Turin, where he vigorously safeguarded imperial interests and frequently clashed with Solaro della Margherita. Minister in Naples from 1846 to 1848, after the outbreak of the Revolution he served in command of a brigade of imperial forces in northern Italy. Following the Viennese uprisings of October 1848, he was entrusted with forming a new ministry; as trusted advisor to the new Emperor Francis Joseph, he firmly restored order in the monarchy, which had been compromised by the demands of individual nationalities. In Germany, he bolstered Habsburg prestige against Prussia’s aspirations to hegemony within the Bund; in Bohemia, he quelled any expression of discontent; in Hungary, with the aid of Tsar Nicholas I, he brought the Magyar war of independence to an end; and in Italy, after rejecting any mediation by foreign powers, he reasserted Austrian hegemony by force of arms. He also encouraged President Bonaparte to send an expeditionary force to Rome to end the Mazzinian Republic and restore the Pope. He was not averse to the idea of incorporating the entire Habsburg Empire into the German Confederation, but abandoned the effort in the face of difficulties. Schwarzenberg’s sudden death deprived the Emperor of his most incisive advisor in both domestic and foreign policy.
FRIEDRICH, Cardinal, b. at Vienna on 6 Apr. 1809, d. there on 27 Mar. 1885, brother of Prince Felix and cousin of Prince Karl Philipp. Ordained priest in 1833, he became canon of the metropolitan church of Vienna. On 1 Feb. 1836 he was appointed Archbishop of Salzburg and was created cardinal by Gregory XVI on 24 Jan. 1842. On 20 May he was transferred to the See of Prague. In 1848 he presided over the conference of German bishops at Würzburg and the following year convened all the bishops of the Habsburg Empire in Vienna, where a memorandum was drafted and submitted to the government for the reorganization of Church-State relations. In this way, the Concordat of 1855 was prepared, and Schwarzenberg devoted particular zeal to its practical implementation in Bohemia. After the war of 1866, however, the good harmony between Church and State, due in large part to the ascendancy of liberal tendencies, came to an end. As a member of the House of Lords, in 1868 he opposed the civil marriage law, and in his speech of 20 March he pointed out that this measure, by removing any religious character from marriage and the family, not only called into question the obligations arising from canon law but abolished those obligations altogether, thereby constituting a threat to the freedom of the Church.
At the Vatican Council, he belonged to the group of bishops who considered the definition of papal infallibility inopportune because of its possible political repercussions; with them, he left Rome before the solemn proclamation. He published the relevant constitution in his diocese on 12 Jan. 1871.