MONOD. - A family of French Protestant theologians.
ADOLPHE, b. Copenhagen 21 Jan 1802, d. Paris 6 Apr 1856, founded the French Calvinist church in Naples (1827); he was pastor at Lyon but was deprived of his office in 1832, after which he founded the « Église évangélique libre ». He later became professor at the Protestant Theological Faculty of Montauban (1836) and pastor in Paris (1847). Among his writings to note are: *Sermons* (4 vols., Paris 1856); *Souvenirs et lettres* (2 vols., ibid. 1885). His brother was FRÉDÉRIC, b. Monnaz in the canton of Vaud 17 May 1794, d. Paris 30 Dec 1863. Pastor in Paris, he broke away from official Calvinism to found, in collaboration with Count Gasparin, the « Free Church » (1849); for several years he was also editor and director of the *Archives du christianisme*. He left several works, including *Les sentiers des siècles passés* (Paris 1848) and *Pain quotidien pour les chrétiens* (ibid. 1861).
Another brother was GUILLAUME, b. Copenhagen 1800, d. Paris 1866. Deprived of his pastorate at Lausanne for having joined the Free Church, he subsequently served as pastor at Algiers (1849), Rouen (1853) and Paris, where he succeeded his brother Adolphe (1856–74). Among his works is *Vues nouvelles sur le christianisme* (Paris 1874).
JEAN-PAUL-FRÉDÉRIC, son of Frédéric, b. Paris 1822, d. 1907, was pastor at Marseille (1848) and Nîmes (1856), then professor of dogmatics at Montauban (1864–94). LÉOPOLD, brother of the latter, b. Paris 1844, d. Strasbourg 1922, was pastor of the Free Church in Lyon (1867–1909). Noteworthy among his works are *Esquisse de morale évangélique* (2nd ed., Lyon 1910). THÉODORE, brother of the latter, b. Paris 1836, d. 1921, succeeded his father as pastor of the Free Church in Paris. WILFRED, son of Théodore, b. Paris 24 Nov 1867, d. there 2 May 1943, served as pastor successively at Condé-sur-Noireau, Rouen and Paris, and finally taught theology at the Protestant Faculty in Paris (1909). He was the most authoritative representative of the M. family and is regarded as one of the leading figures of present-day French Protestantism. His writings include: *La fin d’un christianisme* (Paris 1903); *Du protestantisme* (ibid. 1928); *La nuée des témoins* (2 vols., ibid. 1929); *Après la journée* (ibid. 1938), an autobiography.