MONOD. — Family of French Protestant theologians. ADOLPHE, born in Copenhagen on 21 January 1802, died in Paris on 6 April 1856, founded the French Calvinist church of Naples (1827), and was pastor in Lyons, though he was nevertheless dismissed from his functions in 1832, whereupon he founded the « Eglise évangélique libre ». He was
subsequently professor in the Protestant Theological Faculty of Montauban (1836) and pastor in Paris (1847). Among his writings, the following should be noted: Sermons (4 vols., Paris 1856); Souvenirs et lettres (2 vols., there 1885). The brother of the preceding was FRÉDÉRIC, born in Monnaz in the canton of Vaud on 17 May 1794, died in Paris on 30 December 1863. Pastor in Paris, he separated from official Calvinism in order to found, in collaboration with Count Gasparin, the « Chiesa libera » (1849); for several years he was also editor and director of the
Archives du christianisme. He also left several works, including Les sentiers des siècles passés (Paris 1848) and Pain quotidien pour les chrétiens (there 1861).
Another brother was GUILLAUME, born in Copenhagen in 1800, died in Paris in 1896. Dismissed from his office as pastor in Lausanne for having joined the Free Church, he was successively pastor in Algiers (1849), Rouen (1853), and Paris, where he succeeded his brother Adolphe (1856–74).
Among other works, he wrote Vues nouvelles sur le christianisme (Paris 1874). JEAN-PAUL-FRÉDÉRIC, son of Frédéric, born in Paris in 1822 and died in 1907, was pastor in Marseilles (1848) and in Nîmes (1856), then professor of dogmatics at Montauban (1864–94). LÉOPOLD, brother of the preceding, born in Paris in 1844 and died in Strasbourg in 1922, was pastor of the Free Church of Lyons (1867–1909). His Esquisses de morale évangélique (2nd ed., Lyons 1910) are noteworthy. THÉODORE, brother of the preceding, born in Paris in 1836 and died in 1921, succeeded his father as pastor of the Free Church of Paris. WILFRED, son of Théodore, born in Paris on 24 November 1867 and died there on 2 May 1943; successively pastor in Condé-sur-Noireau, Rouen, and Paris, he ultimately taught theology there in that Protestant Faculty (1909). He was the most authoritative representative of the M. family, and was also considered one of the leading figures of contemporary French Protestantism. Several writings remain by him, including: La fin d'un christianisme (Paris 1903); Du protestantisme (there 1928); La nuée des témoins (2 vols., there 1929); Après la journée (there 1938), an autobiographical work.