MONOD. - Family of French Protestant theologians. ADOLPHE, b. in Copenhagen on 21 Jan. 1802, d. in Paris on 6 Apr. 1856, founded the French Calvinist church of Naples (1827), was pastor in Lyon, being nevertheless dismissed from his functions in 1832, for which reason he founded the "Eglise évangélique libre." He was subsequently professor in the Protestant theological Faculty of Montauban (1836) and pastor in Paris (1847). Worth noting among his writings: Sermons (4 vols., Paris 1856); Souvenirs et lettres (2 vols., ibid. 1885). Brother of the preceding was FRÉDÉRIC, b. in Monnaz in the canton of Vaud on 17 May 1794, d. in Paris on 30 Dec. 1863. Pastor in Paris, he broke away from official Calvinism to found, in collaboration with Count Gasparin, the "Free Church" (1849); he was moreover for several years editor and director of the Archives du christianisme. He also left several works, among them Les sentiers des siècles passés (Paris 1848) and Pain quotidien pour les chrétiens (ibid. 1861).
Another brother was GUILLAUME, b. in Copenhagen in 1800, d. in Paris in 1896. Dismissed from the office of pastor in Lausanne for having joined the Free Church, he was subsequently pastor in Algiers (1849), in Rouen (1853) and in Paris, where he succeeded his brother Adolphe (1856-74).
He wrote among other things Vues nouvelles sur le christianisme (Paris 1874). JEAN-PAUL-FRÉDÉRIC, son of Frédéric, b. in Paris in 1822 and d. in 1907, was pastor in Marseille (1848) and in Nîmes (1856), then professor of dogmatics in Montauban (1864-94). LÉOPOLD, brother of the preceding, b. in Paris in 1844 and d. in Strasbourg in 1922, was pastor of the Free Church of Lyon (1867-1909). Notable are his Esquisses de morale évangélique (2nd ed., Lyon 1910). THÉODORE, brother of the preceding, b. in Paris in 1836 and d. in 1921, succeeded his father as pastor of the Free Church of Paris. WILFRED, son of Théodore, b. in Paris on 24 Nov. 1867 and d. there on 2 May 1943; pastor successively in Condé-sur-Noireau, in Rouen and in Paris, he taught theology there finally in that Protestant Faculty (1909). He was the most authoritative representative of the M. family, being moreover considered one of the major exponents of present-day French Protestantism. Various writings of his remain, among which worth noting: La fin d'un christianisme (Paris 1903); Du protestantisme (ibid. 1928); La nuée des témoins (2 vols., ibid. 1929); Après la journée (ibid. 1938), autobiographical.
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Niccolò Del Re