Selections from the Letters of St. Ambrose 21
21.0 Letter XXI: To Valentinian II., Declining Challenge of Auxentius PL 16, 922
St. Ambrose excuses himself for not having gone to the consistory when summoned, on the ground that in matters of faith no one but bishops could rightly judge, and that he was not contumacious because he would not suffer wrong to be done to his own order. And he adds that Auxentius would perhaps choose as judges either Jews or unbelievers, that is, persons hostile to Christ. He says further that he is willing to discuss the matters in dispute at a synod, and that he would have told the Emperor by word of mouth what he is now writing, but that his fellow bishops and the people would not suffer him to do so.
Ambrose, Bishop, to the most gracious Emperor and blessed Augustus, Valentinian.
21.1 Letter XXI: To Valentinian II., Declining Challenge of Auxentius PL 16, 1003
1. Dalmatius, the tribune and notary, summoned me by the orders of your Clemency, as he asserted, demanding that I should also choose judges, as Auxentius had done. He did not mention the names of those who had been asked for, but he added that there was to be a discussion in the consistory, and that the judgment of your piety would give the decision.
Dalmatius me tribunus et notarius mandato, ut allegavit, clementiae convenit tuae, postulans ut et ipse judices legerem, sicut elegisset Auxentius. Nec tamen expressit eorum nomina, qui fuerant postulati: sed id addidit, quod in consistorio esset futura certatio, arbitro pietatis judicio tuae.
21.2 PL 16, 1003
2. To this I make, as I think, a suitable answer. No one ought to consider me contumacious when I affirm what your father of august memory not only replied by word of mouth, but also sanctioned by his laws, that, in a matter of faith, or any ecclesiastical ordinance, he should judge who was not unsuited by office, nor disqualified by equity, for these are the words of the rescript. That is, it was his desire that priests should judge concerning priests. Moreover, if a bishop were accused of other matters also, and a question of character was to be enquired into, it was also his will that this should be reserved for the judgment of bishops.
Cui rei respondeo, ut arbitror, competenter. Nec quisquam contumacem judicare me debet, cum hoc asseram, quod augustae memoriae pater tuus non solum sermone respondit, sed etiam legibus suis sanxit: In causa fidei vel ecelesiastici alicujus ordinis eum judicare debere, qui nec munere impar sit, nec jure dissimilis; haec enim verba rescripti sunt, hoc est, sacerdotes de sacerdotibus voluit judicare. Quinetiam si alias quoque argueretur episcopus, et morum esset examinanda causa, etiam haec voluit ad episcopale judicium pertinere.
21.3 PL 16, 1003
3. Who, then, has answered your Clemency contumaciously? He who desires that you should be like your father, or he that wishes you to be unlike him? Unless, perhaps, the judgment of so great an Emperor seems to any persons of small account, whose faith has been proved by the constancy of his profession, and his wisdom declared by the continual improvement of the State.
Quis igitur contumaciter respondit clementiae tuae? Ille qui te patris similem esse desiderat, an qui vult esse dissimilem? Nisi forte vilis quibusdam tanti imperatoris aestimatur sententia, cujus et fides confessionis constantia comprobata est, et sapientia melioratae reipublicae profectibus praedicatur.
21.4 PL 16, 1003
4. When have you heard, most gracious Emperor, that laymen gave judgment concerning a bishop in a matter of faith? Are we so prostrate through the flattery of some as to be unmindful of the rights of the priesthood, and do I think that I can entrust to others what God has given me? If a bishop is to be taught by a layman, what will follow? Let the layman argue, and the bishop listen, let the bishop learn of the layman. But undoubtedly, whether we go through the series of the holy Scriptures, or the times of old, who is there who can deny that, in a matter of faith,—in a matter I say of faith,—bishops are wont to judge of Christian emperors, not emperors of bishops.
Quando audisti, clementissime Imperator, in causa fidei laicos de episcopo judicasse? Ita ergo quadam adulatione curvamur, ut sacerdotalis juris simus immemores, et quod Deus donavit mihi, hoc ipse aliis putem esse credendum? Si docendus est episcopus a laico, quid sequetur? Laicus ergo disputet, et episcopus audiat: episcopus discat a laico. At certe 861 si vel Scripturarum seriem divinarum, vel vetera tempora retractemus, quis est qui abnuat in causa fidei, in causa, inquam, fidei episcopos solere de imperatoribus Christianis, non imperatores de episcopis judicare?
21.5 PL 16, 1004
5. You will, by the favour of God, attain to a riper age, and then you will judge what kind of bishop he is who subjects the rights of the priesthood to laymen. Your father, by the favour of God a man of riper age, used to say: It is not my business to judge between bishops. Your Clemency now says: I ought to judge. And he, though baptized in Christ, thought himself unequal to the burden of such a judgment, does your Clemency, who have yet to earn for yourself the sacrament of baptism, arrogate to yourself a judgment concerning the faith, though ignorant of the sacrament of that faith?
Eris, Deo favente, etiam senectutis maturitate provectior, et tunc de hoc censebis qualis ille episcopus sit, qui laicis jus sacerdotale substernit. Pater tuus, Deo favente, vir maturioris aevi, dicebat: Non est meum judicare inter episcopos; tua nunc dicit clementia: Ego debeo judicare. Et ille baptizatus in Christo inhabilem se ponderi tanti putabat esse judicii: clementia tua, cui adhuc emerenda baptismatis sacramenta servantur, arrogat de fide judicium; cum fidei ipsius sacramenta non noverit?
21.6 PL 16, 1004
6. I can leave it to be imagined what sort of judges he will have chosen, since he is afraid to publish their names. Let them simply come to the Church, if there are any to come; let them listen with the people, not for every one to sit as judge, but that each may examine his own disposition, and choose whom to follow. The matter is concerning the bishop of that Church: if the people hear him and think that he has the best of the argument, let them follow him, I shall not be jealous.
Quales autem elegerit judices, possumus existimationi relinquere, quando eorum nomina timet prodere. Veniant plane, si qui sunt, ad Ecclesiam: audiant cum populo, non ut quisquam judex resideat, sed ut unusquisque de suo affectu habeat examen, eligat quem sequatur. Agitur de istius Ecclesiae sacerdote: si audierit illum populus, et putaverit melius disputare, sequatur fidem ejus: non invidebo.
21.7 PL 16, 1004
7. I omit to mention that the people have themselves already given their judgment. I am silent as to the fact that they demanded of your father him whom they now have. I am silent as to the promise of your father that if he who was chosen would undertake the bishopric there should be tranquillity. I acted on the faith of these promises.
Omitto quia jam ipse populus judicavit: taceo quia eum, quem habet, de patre tuae clementiae postulavit: taceo quia pater pietatis tuae quietem futuram spopondit, si electus susciperet sacerdotium. Hanc fidem secutus sum promissorum.
21.8 PL 16, 1004
8. But if he boasts himself of the approval of some foreigners, let him be bishop there from whence they are who think that he ought to receive the name of bishop. For I neither recognize him as a bishop, nor know I whence he comes.
Quod si de aliquorum peregrinorum assentatione se jactat, ibi sit episcopus, unde sunt ii, qui eum episcopatus putant nomine esse donandum. Nam ego nec episcopum novi, nec unde sit scio.
21.9 PL 16, 1004
9. And how, O Emperor, are we to settle a matter on which you have already declared your judgment, and have even promulgated laws, so that it is not open to any one to judge otherwise? But when you laid down this law for others, you laid it down for yourself as well. For the Emperor is the first to keep the laws which he passes. Do you, then, wish me to try how those who are chosen as judges will either come, contrary to your decision, or at least excuse themselves, saying that they cannot act against so severe and so stringent a law of the Emperor?
Ubi illud constituimus, Imperator, quod jam ipse tuum judicium declarasti; immo etiam dedisti leges, nec cui esset liberum aliud judicare? Quod cum praescripsisti aliis, praescripsisti et tibi: Leges enim imperator fert, quas primus ipse custodiat. Visne igitur experiar, ut incipiant ii, qui judices eliguntur, aut adversus tuam venire sententiam, aut certe excusare quod imperatoris tam severo, et tam districto imperio non potuerint obviare?
21.10 PL 16, 1005
10. But this would be the act of one contumacious, not of one who knew his position. See, O Emperor, you are already yourself partially rescinding your law, would that it were not partially but altogether! for I would not that your law should be set above the law of God. The law of God has taught us what to follow; human laws cannot teach us this. They usually extort a change from the fearful, but they cannot inspire faith.
Sed hoc contumacis, non modesti est sacerdotis. Ecce, imperator, legem tuam jam ex parte rescindis: sed utinam non ex parte, sed in universum! legem enim tuam nollem esse supra Dei legem. Dei lex nos docuit quid sequamur, humanae leges hoc docere non possunt. Extorquere solent timidis commutationem, fidem inspirare non possunt. 862
21.11 PL 16, 1005
11. Who, then, will there be, who when he reads that at one instant through so many provinces the order was given, that whoever acts against the Emperor shall be beheaded, that whoever does not give up the temple of God shall at once be put to death; who, say, is there who will be able either alone or with a few others to say to the Emperor: I do not approve of your law? Priests are not allowed to say this, are then laymen allowed? And shall he judge concerning the faith who either hopes for favour or is afraid of giving offence?
Quis erit igitur ille, qui cum legat per tot provincias uno momento esse mandatum, ut quicumque obviaverit imperatori, feriatur gladio: quicumque Dei templum non tradiderit, protinus occidatur? quis, inquam, est qui possit vel unus, vel inter paucos dicere imperatori: Lex tua mihi non probatur? Non permittitur hoc dicere sacerdotibus, permittitur laicis? Et judicabit de fide, qui aut gratiam sperat, aut metuit offensam?
21.12 PL 16, 1005
12. Lastly, shall I myself choose laymen for judges, who, if they upheld the truth of their faith, would be either proscribed or put to death, as that law passed concerning the faith decrees? Shall I then expose these men either to denial of the truth or to punishment?
Deinde ipse committam, ut eligam judices laicos, qui cum tenuerint fide veritatem, aut proscribantur, aut necentur, quod lex de fide lata decernit? Ego igitur aut praevaricationi offeram homines, aut poenae?
21.13 PL 16, 1005
13. Ambrose is not of sufficient importance to degrade the priesthood on his own account. The life of one is not of so much value as the dignity of all priests, by whose advice I gave those directions, when they intimated that there might perchance be some heathen or Jew chosen by Auxentius, to whom I should give a triumph over Christ, if I entrusted to him a judgment concerning Christ. What else pleases them but to hear of some insult to Christ? What else can please them unless (which God forbid) the Godhead of Christ should be denied? Plainly they agree well with the Arian who says that Christ is a creature, which also heathen and Jews most readily acknowledge.
Non tanti est Ambrosius, ut propter se dejiciat sacerdotium. Non tanti est unius vita, quanti est dignitas omnium sacerdotum, quorum de consilio ista dictavi, intimantibus ne forte etiam gentilis esset aliquis, aut Judaeus, qui ab Auxentio esset electus, quibus traderemus de Christo triumphum, si de Christo judicium committeremus. Quid illos aliud, nisi Christi injuriam audire delectat? Quid illis aliud potest placere, nisi (quod absit) ut Christi divinitas denegetur? Cum iis plane bene convenit [Ariano], qui creaturam Christum dicit, quod etiam gentiles ac Judaei promptissime confitentur.
21.14 PL 16, 1005
14. This was decreed at the Synod of Ariminum, and rightly do I detest that council, following the rule of the Nicene Council, from which neither death nor the sword can detach me, which faith the father of your Clemency also, Theodosius, the most blessed Emperor, both approved and follows. The Gauls hold this faith, and Spain, and keep it with the pious confession of the Divine Spirit.
Hoc scriptum est in Ariminensi synodo; meritoque concilium illud exhorreo, sequens tractatum concilii Nicaeni, a quo me nec mors, nec gladius poterit separare. Quam fidem etiam parens clementiae tuae Theodosius beatissimus imperator et sequitur, et probavit. Hanc fidem Galliae tenent, hanc Hispaniae, et cum pia divini Spiritus confessione custodiunt.
21.15 PL 16, 1006
15. If anything has to be discussed I have learnt to discuss it in church as those before me did. If a conference is to be held concerning the faith, there ought to be a gathering of Bishops, as was done under Constantine, the Prince of august memory, who did not promulgate any laws beforehand, but left the decision to the Bishops. This was done also under Constantius, Emperor of august memory, the heir of his father’s dignity. But what began well ended otherwise, for the Bishops had at first subscribed an unadulterated confession of faith, but since some were desirous of deciding concerning the faith inside the palace, they managed that those decisions of the Bishops should be altered by fraud. But they immediately recalled this perverted decision, and certainly the larger number at Ariminum approved the faith of the Nicene Council and condemned the Arian propositions.
Si tractandum est, tractare in Ecclesia didici: quod majores fecerunt mei. Si conferendum de fide, sacerdotum debet esse ista collatio, sicut factum est sub Constantino augustae memoriae principe, qui nullas leges ante praemisit, sed liberum dedit judicium sacerdotibus. Factum est etiam sub Constantio augustae memoriae imperatore, paternae dignitatis haerede: sed quod bene coepit, aliter consummatum est. Nam episcopi sinceram primo scripserant fidem: sed dum volunt quidam de fide intra palatium judicare, id egerunt, ut circumscriptionibus illa episcoporum judicia mutarentur. Qui tamen inflexam statim revocavere sententiam. Et certe major numerus Arimini, Nicaeni concilii fidem probavit, [Ariana] decreta damnavit. 863
21.16 PL 16, 1006
16. If Auxentius appeals to a synod, in order to discuss points concerning the faith (although it is not necessary that so many Bishops should be troubled for the sake of one man, who, even if he were an angel from heaven, ought not to be preferred to the peace of the Church), when I hear that a synod is gathering, I, too, will not be wanting. Repeal, then, the law if you wish for a disputation.
Si ad synodum provocat Auxentius, ut de fide disputet (licet non sit necesse propter unum tot episcopos fatigari, qui etiam si angelus de coelo esset, paci Ecclesiarum non deberet praeferri);, cum audiero synodum congregari, et ipse non deero. Tolle igitur legem, si vis esse certamen.
21.17 PL 16, 1006
17. I would have come, O Emperor, to your consistory, and have made these remarks in your presence, if either the Bishops or the people had allowed me, but they said that matters concerning the faith ought to be treated in the church, in presence of the people.
Venissem, imperator, ad consistorium clementiae tuae, ut haec coram suggererem; si me vel episcopi, vel populus permisissent, dicentes de fide in Ecclesia coram populo debere tractari.
21.18 PL 16, 1006
18. And I wish, O Emperor, that you had not given sentence that I should go into banishment whither I would. I went out daily. No one guarded me. You ought to have appointed me a place wherever you would, for I offered myself for anything. But now the clergy say to me, “There is not much difference whether you voluntarily leave the altar of Christ or betray it, for if you leave it you will betray it.”
Atque utinam, Imperator, non denuntiasses, ut quo vellem pergerem! Quotidie prodibam, nemo me asservabat. Debuisti me, quo volueras, destinare, quem ipse omnibus offerebam. Nunc mihi a sacerdotibus dicitur: Non multum interest, utrum volens relinquas, an tradas altare Christi; cum enim reliqueris, trades.
21.19 PL 16, 1006
19. And I wish it were clearly certain to me that the Church would by no means be given over to the Arians. I would then willingly offer myself to the will of your piety. But if I only am guilty of disturbance, why is there a command to invade all other churches? I would it were established that no one should trouble the churches, and then I could wish that whatever sentence seems good should be pronounced concerning me.
Atque utinam liquido mihi pateret quod Arianis Ecclesia minime traderetur! sponte me offerrem tuae pietatis arbitrio. Sed si ego solus interstrepo, cur etiam de aliis omnibus invadendis Ecclesiis est praeceptum? Utinam confirmetur, ut Ecclesiis nullus molestus sit! Opto ut de me, qualis videtur, sententia proferatur.
21.20 PL 16, 1007
20. Vouchsafe, then, O Emperor, to accept the reason for which I could not come to the consistory. I have never learned to appear in the consistory except on your behalf, and I am not able to dispute within the palace, who neither know nor wish to know the secrets of the palace.
Dignanter igitur, Imperator, accipe quod ad consistorium venire non potui. Ego in consistorio nisi pro te stare non didici: et intra palatium certare non possum, qui palatii secreta nec quaero, nec novi.
21.21 PL 16, 1007
21. I, Ambrose, Bishop, offer this memorial to the most gracious Emperor, and most blessed Augustus Valentinian.
Ego Ambrosius episcopus hunc libellum obtuli clementissimo imperatori, et beatissimo augusto Valentiniano.