FANONE. — In its present form it is an ornament proper to the Pope alone, which he assumes when celebrating solemnly after the canonical hour of Terce. It consists of a double mozzetta of finest silk and gold, woven in perpendicular stripes, one white, the other gold, joined together by a smaller third stripe of amaranth color; a gold galloon borders its upper and lower edges.
guelfs — ghibellines (among whom Dante recalls the da Cassero — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 1) In 1335 the Pope appointed the Malatesta as vicars of Fano, who were its lords until 1465, when the people of Fano, besieged by papal troops, rebelled against Sigismondo Malatesta and raised the banner of ecclesiastical liberty, which implied the right to have in future only ecclesiastics as annual governors, thus preventing the creation of a hereditary lordship. Fano shared in the events of the other Papal States and on 12 Sept. 1860, after the entry of Piedmontese troops, was incorporated into the Kingdom of Italy. In the last war it suffered greatly, especially when on 18 Aug. 1944, on the eve of their departure, the Germans blew up from their foundations all the towers and bell towers of the city, which characterized its skyline: among them the beautiful civic tower of Vanvitelli and the Sansovinian bell tower of S. Paterniano.
Christianity must have been fairly widespread in Fano by the time of the Constantinian peace, during which lived St. Paternian, patron saint of the city, whom Lanzoni considers not improbably to have lived in the first half of the 4th century. The tomb of the Saint was along the Via Flaminia just outside the walls in the seat of a famous Benedictine abbey. When this was ruined by wars, on 10 July 1551 the body of the patron was transferred to the urban Basilica specially erected in classical style, where it still rests.
Among the early bishops are remembered Vitalis, who in 496 took part in the Roman Synod; St. Eusebius, who subscribed to the Synod of 504 in the time of Pope Gelasius I and is buried in the high altar of the Cathedral; Leo, who was alive in 589 and is mentioned by St. Gregory the Great; St. Fortunatus, to whom St. Gregory the Great sent Letter 13 of Book V, approving the sale of sacred vessels made by him to redeem slaves. He too, with St. Eusebius and St. Orso, co-patrons of the city, is buried in the Cathedral. Among the bishops worthy of mention are then Cosimo Gheri of Pistoia (b. 24 years in 1537); Pietro Bertano of Modena, Dominican, whom Paul III sent as nuncio to Charles V and created cardinal (d. 1558); Ippolito Capilupi, of Mantua, who took part in the Council of Trent in 1563 (d. 1580); Angelo Ranuzzi, of Bologna, who was nuncio to Louis XIV and later cardinal (d. 1689); Gabriele Severoli, of Faenza, who was nuncio in Vienna (d. 1808). At Fano was born Pope Clement VIII Aldobrandini on 24 Feb. 1536.
Notable from the historical-artistic point of view especially the Cathedral, with the adjoining episcopal palace, dedicated to the Assumption and consecrated in 1111, attributed to Rainerio, in early Romanesque style with ancient fragments and paintings by Domenichino, Van Dyck, etc.; S. Maria Nuova dei
The outer mozzetta also has an embroidered gold cross with rays. These two mozzettas are sewn together at the part surrounding the neck, fastening with a button the openings corresponding to the shoulders; this is no longer done, since Pius X for convenience had them separated. In pontifical Masses, when the Pope has taken the succinctory and the pectoral cross, the deacon cardinal assisting him places the first mozzetta of the fanon upon him, then the stole, the dalmatics, the chasuble, and over it the second mozzetta; lastly the pallium.
It is very difficult to trace the origins of this ornament. Perhaps at first it was confused with the maniple, or with the *ambitum* (ambolaglio), or with the *oraria*, a kind of handkerchief or cloth used to wipe the sweat from the head and therefore worn around the neck, and it took on its present form around the 13th century. Previously it served to cover the head like a hood.
The mitre was placed over II. It was used not only in liturgical functions, but also on profane occasions, such as at solemn banquets, in the distribution of the presbyterium. In an ancient missal, of unknown date, of the church of S. Damiano in Assisi, it is said that the Pope places the fanon on his head without the mitre for the washing of the feet on Holy Thursday; and that on Good Friday he does not use the fanon.
Peter Amelius, sacristan of Urban V in 1352, in his Roman Ceremonial says that the Pope ate in public with the red mantle and with the fanon or *orale* on his head under the mitre. It is known that Boniface VIII wore the fanon under the mitre, and was buried with it; the same is said of Clement IV, who died in 1268. Innocent III (in *De mysteriis Missae*, I, I, ch. 13) explicitly speaks of this ornament, which he calls *orale*: thus we are at the beginning of the 13th century. Some authors would see the fanon in the figure sculpted on the bronze door in the chapel of St. John the Evangelist at the Lateran representing Celestine III.
Various authors wish to see the origin of the Pope’s fanon in the custom of Greek bishops of covering their heads with a veil when they have assumed the principal vestments; but this is uncertain. Others, and with them Innocent III himself, would derive the fanon from the *ephod* of the Jewish high priest, also woven of gold and colored stripes, though of different form.
In ancient times this word designated a veil hanging from a staff like a banner, called a gonfalon, standard, or ensign; or, according to ecclesiastical etymology, the veil hanging from the arm of sacred ministers called a maniple, sudarium, or *orale*.