**GRANVELLE, Antoine Perrenot de.** - Cardinal, b. at Ornans (Franche-Comté) on 20 Aug. 1517, d. at Madrid on 21 Sept. 1586. He was the son of Nicholas, minister of Charles V. He studied at Padua and Louvain. In 1538 he was given the bishopric of Arras. He represented Charles V at the opening of the Council of Trent. From 1549 he was minister to Philip II, whom he was sent to the Netherlands as counsellor to Margaret of Parma. His policy aimed at establishing absolute government and destroying the Protestant heresy brought him into strong conflict with the native nobility and especially with William of Orange.
In 1560, when Paul IV reorganized the Church in the Netherlands and erected new bishoprics there, G. was made archbishop of Mechelen, and the following year was created cardinal. But regarded as the author of this Catholic revival, he became even more odious to the people and nobility, who, after the revolt of the *Gueux*, succeeded in alienating him from the Regent and from Philip II. He was therefore obliged to leave the country and retire to Besançon. In 1565 he was sent to Rome, and from there in 1571 as viceroy to Naples, where he resolutely upheld the rights of the king of Spain, even against Gregory XIII. In 1575 he returned to Rome and remained there until 1579. He was then recalled to Madrid and entrusted with the presidency of the Supreme Council of Italy. During the Portuguese war he governed Spain. Having resigned the archbishopric of Mechelen, he obtained that of Besançon (1584), though he never took possession of II. G., besides being a skilful politician, was a munificent patron of men of letters and artists and a keen collector of paintings.
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