Expositions on the Book of Psalms 138

St Augustine of Hippo (AD 354–430) · Enarrationes in Psalmos · PL 36, 67–1027

138.1 Psalm CXXXVIII PL 36, 1784

1. The title of this Psalm is brief and simple, and need not detain us; since we know whose resemblance David wore, and since in him we recognise ourselves also, for we too are members of that Body. The whole title is, “To David himself.” Let us see then, what is to David himself. The title of the Psalm is wont to tell us what is treated of within it: but in this, since the title informs us not of this, but tells us only to Whom it is chanted, the first verse tells us what is treated of in the whole Psalm, “I will confess to Thee.” This confession then let us hear. But first I remind you, that the term confession in Scripture, when we speak of confession to God, is used in two senses, of sin, and of praise. But confession of sin all know, confession of praise few attend to. So well known is confession of sin, that, wherever in Scripture we hear the words, “I will confess to Thee, O Lord,” or, “we will confess to Thee,” forthwith, through habitually understanding in this way, our hands hurry to beating our breast: so entirely are men wont not to understand confession to be of aught, save of sin. But was then our Lord Jesus Christ Himself too a sinner, who saith in the Gospel, “I confess to Thee, Father, Lord of heaven and earth”? He goeth on to say what He confesseth, that we might understand His confession to be of praise, not of sin, “I confess to Thee, Father, Lord of heaven and earth, because Thou hast hid these things from the wise and prudent, and hast revealed them unto babes.” He praised the Father, he praised God, because He despiseth not the humble, but the proud. And such confession are we now going to hear, of praise of God, of thanksgiving. “With my whole heart.” My whole heart I lay upon the altar of Thy praise, an whole burnt-offering of praise I offer to Thee.…“I will confess to Thee, O Lord, with my whole heart: for Thou hast heard the words of my mouth” (ver. 1). What mouth, save my heart? For there have we the voice which God heareth, which ear of man knoweth not at all. We have then a mouth within, there do we ask, thence do we ask, and if we have prepared a lodging or an house for God, there do we speak, there are we heard. “For He is not far from every one of us, for in Him we live, and move, and have our being.” Nought maketh thee far off from God, save sin only. Cast down the middle wall of sin, and thou art with Him whom thou askest.

Psalmum nobis brevem paraveramus, quem mandaveramus cantari a Lectore; sed ad horam, quantum videtur, perturbatus, alterum pro altero legit. Maluimus nos in errore Lectoris sequi voluntatem Dei, quam nostram in nostro proposito. Si ergo vos in ejus prolixitate aliquandiu tenuerimus, nobis non imputetis; sed credatis Deum nos non infructuose laborare voluisse. Neque enim frustra in primo peccato nostro poenam accepimus, ut in sudore vultus nostri panem manducemus . Tantum si panis est, attendite. Panis autem est, si Christus est: «Ego sum,» inquit, «panis vivus qui de coelo descendi» . Quem manifestatum habemus in Evangelio, ipsum quaeramus et in Prophetis. Hunc ibi non vident super quorum cor adhuc velamen positum est , unde audivit Charitas vestra hesterno die. Nobis autem quia sacrificium vespertinum crucis Domini conscidit velum , ut pateant jam templi secreta; quamdiu nobis Christus praedicatur, etsi cum labore et sudore, manducandus est panis.

138.2 PL 36, 1784

2. “And before the Angels will I sing unto Thee.” Not before men will I sing, but before the Angels. My song is my joy; but my joy in things below is before men, my joy in things above before the Angels. For the wicked knoweth not the joy of the just: “There is no joy, saith my God, to the wicked.” The wicked rejoiceth in his tavern, the martyr in his chain. In what did that holy Crispina rejoice, whose festival is kept to-day? She rejoiced when she was being seized, when she was being carried before the judge, when she was being put into prison, when she was being brought forth bound, when she was being lifted up on the scaffold, when she was being heard, when she was being condemned: in all these things she rejoiced; and the wretches thought her wretched, when she was rejoicing before the Angels.

Loquitur autem Dominus noster Jesus Christus in Prophetis aliquando ex persona capitis nostri, qui est ipse Christus salvator, sedens ad dexteram Patris; qui etiam propter nos natus de virgine, et sub Pontio Pilato, qualia nostis, passus est; fuso innocente sanguine, quod est pretium nostrum, redemit nocentes a captivitate, in qua detinebamur a diabolo, donans nobis delicta, et ipso pretio nostro sanguine suo delens chirographum quo debitores tenebamur . Ipse est rector et sponsus et redemptor Ecclesiae, caput nostrum. Et utique si caput est, habet corpus. Corpus autem ejus sancta Ecclesia, quae etiam conjux ejus; cui dicit Apostolus, «Vos autem estis corpus Christi et membra» . Totus itaque Christus caput et corpus, tanquam integer vir: quia et femina de viro facta est, et ad virum pertinet; et dictum est de primo conjugio, «Erunt duo in carne una» . Hoc autem ad mysterium interpretatur Apostolus non frustra esse dictum de illis duobus hominibus, nisi quia in eis jam figurabatur Christus et Ecclesia. Nam hoc sic exponit Apostolus: «Erunt duo in carne,» inquit, «una: sacramentum hoc magnum» «est; ego autem dico, in Christo et Ecclesia» . Dicit etiam ipsum Adam formam futuri: «Qui est,» inquit, «forma futuri» . Si ergo Adam forma futuri; quomodo de latere dormientis Eva facta est , sic ex latere Domini dormientis, id est, in passione morientis, et in cruce percusso de lancea , manaverunt Sacramenta, quibus formaretur Ecclesia. Nam de futura eadem passione sua sic dicit in alio psalmo: «Ego dormivi, et somnum cepi; et exsurrexi, quoniam Dominus suscipiet me» . Ergo dormitio intelligitur passio. Eva de latere dormientis, Ecclesia de latere patientis. Loquitur ergo Dominus noster Jesus Christus in Prophetis aliquando ex voce sua, aliquando ex voce nostra, quia unum se facit nobiscum; sicut dictum est, «Erunt duo in carne una.» Unde dicit et ipse Dominus in Evangelio, cum de conjugio loqueretur: «Igitur jam non sunt duo, sed una caro» . Una caro, quia de nostra mortalitate carnem suscepit: non autem una divinitas; quia ille Creator, nos creatura. Quidquid igitur Dominus loquitur ex persona susceptae carnis, et ad illud caput pertinet quod jam ascendit in coelum, et ad ista membra quae adhuc in terrena peregrinatione laborant: pro quibus laborantibus membris, cum ea Saulus insequeretur, clamavit de coelo, «Saule, Saule, quid me persequeris» ? Audiamus ergo loquentem Dominum Jesum Christum in prophetia. Cantati enim sunt ipsi Psalmi longe antequam Dominus de Maria nasceretur, non antequam Dominus esset: semper enim Creator omnium; aliquando autem et natus ex creatura. Divinitatem illam credamus, et quantum possumus, intelligamus aequalem Patri. Sed illa divinitas Patri aequalis, facta est particeps nostrae mortalitatis, non de suo, sed de nostro; ut et nos efficeremur participes divinitatis ejus, non de nostro, sed de ipsius.

138.3 PL 36, 1785

3. “I will worship toward Thy holy Temple” (ver. 2). What holy Temple? That where we shall dwell, where we shall worship. For we hasten that we may adore. Our heart is pregnant and cometh to the birth, and seeketh where it may bring forth. What is the place where God is to be worshipped?…“The Temple of God is holy,” saith the Apostle, “which Temple ye are.” But assuredly, as is manifest, God dwelleth in the Angels. Therefore when our joy, being in spiritual things, not in earthly, taketh up a song to God, to sing before the Angels, that very assembly of Angels is the Temple of God, we worship toward God’s Temple. There is a Church below, there is a Church above also; the Church below, in all the faithful; the Church above, in all the Angels. But the God of Angels came down to the Church below, and Angels ministered to Him on earth, while He ministered to us; for, “I came not,” saith He, “to be ministered unto, but to minister.”…The Lord of Angels died for man. Therefore, “I will worship toward Thy holy Temple;” I mean, not the temple made with hands, but that which Thou hast made for Thyself.

[«vers. 1.] Domine, probasti me, et cognovisti me.» Dicat hoc ipse Dominus Jesus Christus, dicat et ipse, «Domine,» Patri. Non enim Dominus ejus Pater ejus, nisi quia dignatus est nasci secundum carnem. Pater est Dei, Dominus hominis. Vis nosse cui Pater est? Aequali sibi Filio. Apostolus dicit: «Qui cum in forma Dei esset, non rapinam arbitratus est esse aequalis Deo.» Huic formae Pater est Deus, aequali sibi formae, unigenito Filio nato de substantia sua. Propter nos autem, ut reficeremur, et efficeremur participes divinitatis ejus, reparati ad vitam aeternam, quia ipse, ut dixi, factus est particeps mortalitatis nostrae; quid de illo ait Apostolus ibi, ubi dixerat, «Qui cum in forma Dei esset, non rapinam arbitratus est esse aequalis Deo? Sed semetipsum,» inquit, «exinanivit, formam servi accipiens; in similitudine hominum factus, et habitu inventus ut homo» . Erat autem in forma Dei aequalis Patri; et accepit formam servi, qua minor esset Patre. Unde utrumque dicit in Evangelio, et, «Ego et Pater unum sumus» ; et, «Quoniam Pater major me est» . «Ego et Pater unum sumus,» secundum formam Dei; «Pater major me est,» secundum formam servi. Ergo quia et Pater et Dominus est, Pater formae Dei, Dominus formae servi; dicat ergo ipse, nec miremur, nec scandalizemur, quia Filius Dei unicus dicit: «Domine, probasti me, et cognovisti me. Probasti, et cognovisti:» non quia non noverat, sed quia notum aliis fecerat. «Probasti me,» inquit, «et cognovisti me.»

138.4 PL 36, 1786

4. “And I will confess to Thy Name in Thy mercy and Thy truth.”…These also which Thou hast given to me, do I according to my power give to Thee in return: mercy, in aiding others; truth, in judging. By these God aideth us, by these we win God’s favour. Rightly, therefore, “All the ways of the Lord are mercy and truth.” No other ways are there whereby He can come to us, no other whereby we can come to Him. “For Thou hast magnified Thy holy Name over everything.” What sort of thanksgiving is this, brethren? He hath magnified His holy Name over Abraham. Of Abraham was born Isaac; over that house God was magnified; then Jacob; God was magnified, who said, “I am the God of Abraham, and the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob.” Then came his twelve sons. The name of the Lord was magnified over Israel. Then came the Virgin Mary. Then Christ our Lord, “dying for our sins, rising again for our justification,” filling the faithful with His Holy Spirit, sending forth men to proclaim throughout the Gentiles, “Repent ye,” etc. Behold, “He hath magnified His holy Name above all things.”

[«vers. 2.] Tu cognovisti sessionem meam et resurrectionem meam.» Quid hic sessio? quid hic resurrectio? Qui sedet, humiliat se. Sedit ergo Dominus in passione, surrexit in resurrectione. «Tu,» inquit, hoc «cognovisti:» id est, tu voluisti, tu approbasti; secundum voluntatem tuam factum est. Si autem volueris accipere vocem capitis ex persona corporis, dicamus et nos, «Tu cognovisti sessionem meam et resurrectionem meam.» Sedet enim homo, quando humiliat se in poenitentia; surgit autem remissis peccatis, quando erigitur in spem vitae aeternae. Propterea et in alio psalmo dicitur: «Surgite posteaquam sedistis, qui manducatis panem doloris» . Panem doloris poenitentes manducant, qui cantant in alio psalmo, et dicunt: «Factae sunt mihi lacrymae meae panis die ac nocte» . Quid est ergo, «Surgite posteaquam sedistis?» Nolite exaltari, nisi humiliati fueritis. Multi enim volunt surgere, antequam sederint; volunt se justos videri, antequam peccatores se esse confessi sint. Ergo si ex persona capitis nostri accipis, sic intellige: «Tu cognovisti sessionem meam et resurrectionem meam,» passionem meam et resurrectionem meam. Si ex persona corporis: «Tu cognovisti sessionem meam et resurrectionem meam;» coram oculis tuis et peccata confessus sum, et tua gratia justificatus sum.

138.5 PL 36, 1786

5. “In what day soever I call upon Thee, do Thou quickly hear me” (ver. 3). Wherefore, “quickly”? Because Thou hast said, “While yet thou art speaking I will say, Lo, here I am.” Wherefore, “quickly”? Because now I seek not earthly happiness, I have learnt holy longings from the New Testament. I seek not earth, nor earthly abundance, nor temporal health, nor the overthrow of my enemies, nor riches, nor rank: nought of these do I seek: therefore “quickly hear me.” Since Thou hast taught me what to seek, grant what I seek.…

[«vers. 3.] Intellexisti cogitationes meas de longinquo: semitam meam et limitem meum investigasti, et omnes vias meas praevidisti.» Quid est, «de longinquo?» Cum adhuc in peregrinatione sum, antequam ad illam patriam veniam, tu cognovisti cogitationem meam. Attende illum filium minorem; quia ipse etiam factus est corpus Christi, Ecclesia de Gentibus veniens. Ierat quippe in longinquum filius minor. Duos enim filios habebat quidam paterfamilias: major non longe ierat, sed in agro operabatur, et significat sanctos in Lege facientes opera et praecepta Legis. Genus autem humanum quod deflexerat in idolorum culturam, in longinquo fuerat peregrinatum. Quid tam longe ab eo qui fecit te, quam figmentum quod tibi ipse fecisti? Profectus est ergo filius minor in regionem longinquam, portans secum substantiam suam, et sicut novimus in Evangelio, dissipavit eam vivens prodige cum meretricibus; et famem passus applicuit se cuidam principi regionis illius; et ille eum porcis pascendis praeposuit, de quorum siliquis cupiebat saturari, nec poterat. Post laborem, et trituram, et tribulationem, et egestatem, venit illi in mentem pater, et voluit redire; et sic ait: «Surgam, et ibo ad patrem meum. Surgam,» dixit; sederat enim. Ejus ergo vocem hic agnosce dicentis, «Tu cognovisti sessionem meam et» «resurrectionem meam.» Sedi in egestate, surrexi in desiderio panis tui. «Intellexisti cogitationes meas de longinquo.» Longe enim eram profectus; sed ubi non est quem deserueram? «Intellexisti cogitationes meas de longinquo.» Propterea sic dicit Dominus in Evangelio, quia «occurrit illi pater venienti» . Vere, quia intellexerat cogitationes ejus de longinquo. «Semitam meam et limitem meum investigasti. Semitam,» inquit, «meam:» quam, nisi malam, quam ille ambulaverat, ut patrem desereret, quasi occultus esse posset ab oculis vindicantis; aut vero in illa egestate contereretur, aut porcos pascere poneretur, nisi pater vellet flagellare longinquum, ut reciperet propinquum? Ergo tanquam deprehensus fugitivus, sequente se vindicta legitima Dei, vindicantis in affectiones nostras, quacumque ierimus et quocumque progressi fuerimus; tanquam ergo deprehensus fugitivus loquitur: «Semitam meam, et limitem meum investigasti.» Quid est, «semitam meam?» Qua profectus sum. Quid est, «limitem meum?» Quo usque perveni. «Semitam meam et limitem meum investigasti.» Limes meus ille longinquus non fuit longe ab oculis tuis: multum ieram, et tu ibi eras. «Semitam meam et limitem meum investigasti.»

138.6 PL 36, 1787

6. Let us see then what he seeketh, with what right he hath said, “quickly hear me.” For what seekest thou, that thou shouldest quickly be heard? “Thou shalt multiply me.” In many ways may multiplication be understood.…For men are multiplied in their soul with cares: a man seemeth to be multiplied in soul, in whom vices even are multiplied. That is the multiplication of want, not of fulness. What then dost thou desire, thou who hast said, “quickly hear me,” and hast withdrawn thyself entirely from the body, from every earthly thing, from every earthly desire, so as to say to God, “Thou shalt multiply me in my soul”? Explain yet further what thou desirest. Thou shalt multiply me, saith he, in my soul “with virtue.”…

[«vers. 4.] Et omnes vias meas praevidisti.» Non dixit, vidisti; sed, «praevidisti.» Antequam eas irem, antequam eas ambularem, praevidisti eas; et permisisti me in labore ire vias meas, ut si nollem laborare, redirem in vias tuas. «Quoniam non est dolus in lingua mea.» Quare hoc dixit? Quia ecce fateor tibi; ambulavi semitam meam, factus sum longinquus a te; discessi a te, cum quo mihi bene erat, et bono meo male mihi fuit sine te. Nam si mihi bene esset sine te, nollem forsitan redire ad te. Ergo iste confitens peccata sua, dicens corpus Christi justificatum, non in se, sed in illius gratia, dixit, «Non est dolus in lingua mea.»

138.7 PL 36, 1787

7. “Let all the kings of the earth confess to Thee, O Lord” (ver. 4). So shall it be, and so it is, and that daily; and it is shown that it was not said in vain, save that it was future. But neither let them, when they confess to Thee, when they praise Thee, desire earthly things of Thee. For what shall the kings of the earth desire? Have they not already sovereignty? Whatever more a man desire on earth, sovereignty is the highest point of his desire. What more can he desire? It must needs be some loftier eminence. But perhaps the loftier it is, the more dangerous. And therefore the more exalted kings are in earthly eminence, the more ought they to humble themselves before God. What do they do? “Because they have heard all the words of Thy mouth.” In a certain nation were hidden the Law and the Prophets, “all the words of Thy mouth:” in the Jewish nation alone were “all the words of Thy mouth,” the nation which the Apostle praiseth, saying, “What advantage hath the Jew? Much every way; chiefly because that unto them were committed the oracles of God.” These were the words of God.…What meant Gideon’s fleece? It is like the nation of the Jews in the midst of the world, which had the grace of sacraments, not indeed openly manifested, but hidden in a cloud, or in a veil, like the dew in the fleece. The time came when the dew was to be manifested in the floor; it was manifested, no longer hidden. Christ alone is the sweetness of dew: Him alone thou recognisest not in Scripture, for whom Scripture was written. But yet, “they have heard all the words of thy mouth.”

[«vers. 5.] Ecce tu, Domine, cognovisti omnia novissima et antiqua.» Cognovisti novissima mea, quando porcos pavi; cognovisti antiqua mea, quando a te partem substantiae meae expetivi. Antiqua mihi fuerunt exordia malorum novissimorum. Antiquum peccatum, quando lapsi sumus; novissima poena, quando in istam mortalitatem laboriosam periculosamque pervenimus. Atque utinam nobis ista sit novissima! Erit ista novissima, si jam redire voluerimus. Est enim alia quibusdam impiis novissima, quibus dicetur: «Ite in ignem aeternum, qui praeparatus est diabolo et angelis ejus» . Nos autem, fratres huc usque deseruimus Deum: usque ad hujus vitae mortalitatem sufficiat labor noster. Recordemur panem Patris nostri, recolamus beatitudinem domus patris nostri; non nos delectent siliquae porcorum, doctrinae daemoniorum. «Ecce tu, Domine, cognovisti omnia novissima et antiqua: novissima,» quo perveni; «antiqua,» ubi te offendi. «Tu finxisti me, et posuisti super me manum tuam. Finxisti me:» ubi? In ista mortalitate; jam ad labores, ad quos omnes nati sumus. Non enim quisquam nascitur, nisi quem Deus finxerit in utero matris suae; aut ulla creatura est cujus non est ille plasmator. Sed «finxisti me» in isto labore: «et posuisti super me manum tuam;» vindicem manum, gravantem superbum. Ita enim salubriter dejecit elatum, ut erigat humilem. «Tu finxisti me, et posuisti super me manum tuam.»

138.8 PL 36, 1788

8. “And let them sing in the paths of the Lord, that great is the glory of the Lord” (ver. 5). Let all the kings of the earth sing in the paths of the Lord. In what paths? Those that are spoken of above, “in Thy mercy and Thy truth.” Let not then the kings of the earth be proud, let them be humble. Then let them sing in the ways of the Lord, if they be humble: let them love, and they shall sing. We know travellers that sing; they sing, and hasten to reach the end of their journey. There are evil songs, such as belong to the old man; to the new man belongeth a new song. Let then the kings of the earth too walk in Thy paths, let them walk and sing in Thy paths. Sing what? that “great is the glory of the Lord,” not of kings.

[«vers. 6]. Mirificata est scientia tua ex me: invaluit; non potero ad illam.» Aliquid quod obscurum quidem est, sed cum non parva dulcedine intelligitur, advertentes audite. Moyses sanctus Dei famulus, cum quo loquebatur Deus per nubem, quia temporaliter loquens utique per assumptam creaturam loquebatur servo suo; id est, non per substantiam suam, sed per assumptam aliquam corporalem creaturam, per qnam voces illae fierent, et humanis atque mortalibus auribus personarent (Sic enim loquebatur tunc Deus, non quomodo loquitur in substantia sua. Quomodo enim loquitur in substantia sua? Locutio Dei, Verbum Dei est; Verbum Dei Christus est: Verbum illud non sonat et transit, sed semper incommutabiliter manet Verbum, per quod facta sunt omnia . Cui Verbo dicitur (ipsa est enim et Sapientia Dei); «Mutabis ea, et mutabuntur; tu autem idem ipse es» : et alio loco de Sapientia cum Scriptura diceret: «In seipsa manens,» ait, «innovat omnia» . Illa ergo Sapientia stans (si dici debet vel stans: dicitur autem propter incommutabilitatem, non propter immobilitatem) et eodem modo se semper habens, nullo loco, nullo tempore variata, nusquam aliter quam hic aut ibi, nunquam aliter quam nunc aut antea, ipsa est locutio Dei. Locutio vero illa quae fiebat ad Moysen, ad hominem fiebat per syllabas, per transeuntes sonos. Non autem fierent ista, nisi Deus assumeret talem creaturam, per quam hujusmodi sermonem et voces emitteret): Moyses sanctus noverat istam locutionem Dei assumptis quibusdam corporeis creaturis fieri; et desideravit et concupivit videre ipsam speciem Dei, et loquenti secum Deo dixit: «Si inveni gratiam ante te, ostende mihi temetipsum.» Cum hoc vehementer concupisceret, et hoc quadam, si dicendum est, amica familiaritate, qua ipse dignatus est, extorquere vellet Deo, ut videret ejus majestatem et faciem, quomodo dici potest facies Dei; ait illi: «Non potes videre faciem meam: nemo enim vidit faciem meam, et vixit. Sed ponam te in spelunca petrae, et transibo, et ponam super te manum meam; cum autem transiero, posterriora mea videbis» (Exod XXXIII, 9-23). Et ex his verbis natum est alterum aenigma, id est obscura quaedam figura rerum. «Cum transiero, posteriora mea videbis,» dicit Deus; quasi ex alia parte habeat faciem, ex alia dorsum. Absit a nobis tale aliquid de illa Majestate sentire. Nam qui hoc sentit de Deo, quid ei prodest quod templa clausa sunt? Idolum in corde suo fabricat. Sunt ergo in illis verbis magna mysteria. Loquebatur Dominus, ut dixi, per creaturam, quomodo vellet famulo suo. Intellecta est illic persona ipsius Domini et Salvatoris nostri Jesu Christi. Qui quidem secundum formam Dei, qua aequalis est Patri, similiter oculis humanis invisibilis est, sicut et Pater. Si enim sapientia humana videri oculis non potest, Virtus et Sapientia Dei videri oculis carneis potest? Sed quia erat Dominus opportuno tempore carnem suscepturus, ut oculis etiam carneis propter salubritatem curandae intus mentis appareret, quando ita apparere opus esset; hoc praedicens Moysi figurate ait, «Faciem meam videre non potes; posteriora mea videbis,» sed «cum transiero:» ut autem non videas faciem meam, manus mea erit super te. Transire quid fuit Domino, nisi quod evangelista dicit, «Cum autem venisset hora, ut transiret Jesus de hoc mundo ad Patrem» ? Nam ipsum transitum significat Pascha. Quod enim hebraico verbo dicitur Pascha, latine Transitus interpretatur. Quid est, «Faciem meam non videbis,» sed «posteriora mea videbis?» Cujus personam gerebat ille Moyses, quando ei dictum est, «Faciem meam non videbis,» sed «posteriora mea videbis,» et hoc «cum transiero:» ut autem non videas faciem meam, «ponam super te manum meam?» Faciem suam dixit, prima sua? et quodam modo posteriora sua, transitum de hoc mundo passionis suae. Apparuit Judaeis; non eum cognoverunt. Eorum personam gerebat Moyses, quando ei dicebatur, «Faciem meam non potes videre.» Unde autem non viderunt Deum in carne positum. Quia gravata erat super eos manus Domini. De illis enim dixerat Isaias, «Incrassa cor populi hujus, et oculos ejus grava» : et eorum vox est in alio psalmo, «Quoniam gravata est super me manus tua» . Ut ergo non cognoscerent tunc divinitatem Christi (si enim cognovissent, nunquam Dominum gloriae crucifixissent [I Cor. II, 8]: non crucifixo autem Domino, sanguis illius non redimeret orbem terrarum), quid egit Deus, nisi quod ait Apostolus, altitudinem divitiarum sapientiae et scientiae Dei, ubi exclamat: «O altitudo divitiarum sapientiae et scientiae Dei! quam incomprehensibilia sunt judicia ejus, et investigabiles viae ejus! Quis enim cognovit sensum Domini? aut quis consiliarius ejus fuit? Aut quis prior dedit illi, et retribuetur ei? Quoniam ex ipso, et per ipsum, et in ipso sunt omnia; ipsi gloria in saecula saeculorum.» Apostolus hoc dicit; quia superius dixerat: «Caecitas ex parte Israel facta est, ut plenitudo Gentium intraret, et sic omnis Israel salvus fieret» . Excaecati sunt ergo ex parte Judaei, merito superbiae suae, quia se justos dicebant; et excaecati crucifixerunt Dominum. Posuit super eos manum suam, ne viderent eum, donec transiret, scilicet de hoc mundo ad Patrem. Videamus si posteaquam transiit, viderunt posteriora ejus. Resurrexit Dominus, apparuit discipulis suis et omnibus qui in eum jam crediderant; non eis a quibus crucifixus erat, quia super illos manum posuerat, donec transiret. Ascendit autem in coelum, quadraginta diebus factis cum discipulis suis. Impleto autem die Pentecostes, misit eis Spiritum sanctum. Repleti Spiritu sancto, coeperunt omnium linguis loqui, qui in una nati erant, et unam solam didicerant. Expaverunt, et exhorruerunt tantum miraculum, millia eorum qui crucifixerant Dominum: compuncti corde de tanto miraculo, quaesierunt consilium ab Apostolis, quid facerent, posteaquam eis praedicatus est Christus, mirantibus unde idiotae homines linguis omnibus loquerentur. Per Petrum igitur apostolum annuntiato eis Christo, quem in cruce contempserant, quem tanquam mortalem hominem irriserant; cui propterea insultabant, quia de cruce non descendebat, cum utique majus multo fuerit quod fecit, de sepulcro resurgere, quam de cruce descendere: annuntiato ergo sibi Christo dixerunt, «Quid faciemus?» Illi qui saevierunt in Dominum, quem videbant, jam consilium petunt salutis; et dictum est eis: «Agite poenitentiam, et baptizetur unusquisque vestrum in nomine Domini nostri Jesu Christi; et dimittentur vobis peccata vestra» . Ecce viderunt posteriora ejus, cujus faciem videre non potuerunt. Manus enim ejus erat super oculos eorum; non semper, sed donec transiret. Posteaquam transiit, abstulit manum ab oculis eorum: ablata manu ab oculis suis, dicunt discipulis, «Quid faciemus?» Primo saevi, postea pii; primo irati, postea timidi; primo duri, postea flexi; primo caeci, postea illuminati.

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9. See how he willed that kings should sing on their way, humbly bearing the Lord, not lifting themselves up against the Lord. For if they lift themselves up, what follows? “For the Lord is high, and hath respect unto the lowly” (ver. 6). Do kings then desire that He have respect unto them? Let them be humble. What then? if they lift themselves up to pride, can they escape His eyes? Lest perchance, because thou hast heard, “He hath respect unto the lowly,” thou choose to be proud, and say in thy soul, God hath respect unto the lowly, He hath not respect unto me, I will do what I will. O foolish one! wouldest thou say this, if thou knewest what thou oughtest to love? Behold, even if God willeth not to see thee, dost thou not fear this very thing, that He willeth not to see thee?…The lofty then, it seemeth, He hath not respect unto, for it is the lowly He respecteth. “The lofty”—what? “He considereth from afar.” What then gaineth the proud? To be seen from afar, not to escape being seen. And think not that thou must needs be safe on that account, for that He seeth less clearly, who seeth thee from afar. For thou indeed seest not clearly, what thou seest from afar; God, although He see thee from afar, seeth thee perfectly, yet is He not with thee. This thou gainest, not that thou art less perfectly seen, but that thou art not with Him by whom thou art seen. But what doth the lowly gain? “The Lord is nigh unto them that are of a contrite heart.” Let the proud then lift himself up as much as he will, certainly God dwelleth on high, God is in heaven: wishest thou that He come nigh to thee? Humble thyself. For the higher will He be above thee, the more thou liftest thyself up.

Puto quod agnoscamus et in hoc psalmo voces hujusmodi etiam Gentium recordantium infidelitatem suam. «Conclusit enim Deus omnes in infidelitate, ut omnium misereatur» . «Tu finxisti me, et posuisti super me manum tuam. Mirificata est scientia tua ex me: invaluit; non potero ad illam.» Veluti posuisti super me manum tuam: mirus mihi factus es; non te comprehendo cum quo eram. Quam facilis mihi erat vultus patris, quando dixi, «Da mihi substantiam meam, quae me contingit.» Ecce profecto in regionem longinquam et fame contrito , multum mihi est, et labor est ante me; non possum percipere quod dimisi. «Mirificata est» enim, inquit, «scientia tua ex me.» Ex peccato meo factum est ut mirificata mihi esset, et incomprehensibilis mihi existeret. Nam erat mihi facilitas contemplandi te, quando non superbia reliqueram te. «Mirificata est scientia tua ex me: invaluit; non potero ad illam:» sed subaudis, «ex me. Non potero ad illum ex me.» Cum ergo potero, non potero nisi ex te.

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10. “If I walk in the midst of tribulation, Thou shalt revive me” (ver. 7). True it is: whatsoever tribulation thou art in, confess, call on Him; He freeth thee, He reviveth thee.…Love the other life, and thou shalt see that this life is tribulation, whatever prosperity it shine with, whatever delights it abound and overflow with; since not yet have we that joy most safe and free from all temptation, which God reserveth for us in the end, without doubt it is tribulation. Let us understand then what tribulation he meaneth here too, brethren. Not as though he said, “If perchance there shall any tribulation have befallen me, Thou shalt free me therefrom.” But how saith he? “If I walk,” etc.; that is, otherwise Thou wilt not revive me, unless I walk in the midst of tribulation.

[«vers.» 7.] Ecce invenis in longinquo fugitivum non latere oculos ejus a quo fugit. Et quo iturus est jam, cujus limes est investigatus? Videte quid dicit: «Quo ibo a Spiritu tuo?» Spiritus enim Domini replevit orbem terrarum : quis potest fugere in mundo ab illo Spiritu, quo plenus est mundus? «Quo ibo a Spiritu tuo? et quo a facie tua fugiam?» Locum quaerit quo fugiat ab ira Dei. Quis est locus recepturus fugitivum Dei? Homines qui susciptum fugitivos, quaerunt ab eis, a quo fugerint; et quem servum invenerint alicujus domini minus potentis, tanquam sine ullo timore suscipiunt, dicentes in corde suo: Non habet iste talem dominum a quo possit investigari. Cum autem audierint dominum potentem, aut non suscipiunt, aut cum magno timore suscipiunt: quia et homo potens falli potest. Ubi non est Deus? quis fallit Deum? quem non videt Deus? a quo fugitivum suum non repetit Deus? Quo ergo ibit fugitivus iste a facie Dei? Vertit se hac atque illac, quasi quaerens locum fugae suae.

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11. “Thou hast stretched forth Thine hand over the wrath of mine enemies, and Thy right hand hath made me safe.” Let mine enemies rage: what can they do? They can take my money, strip, proscribe, banish me; afflict me with grief and tortures; at last, if they be allowed, even kill me: can they do aught more? But over that which mine enemies can do, Thou hast stretched forth Thine hand. For mine enemies cannot separate me from Thee: but Thou avengest me the more, the more Thou as yet delayest.…Yet not to make me despair; for it follows, “and Thy right hand hath made me safe.”

[«vers. 8.] Si ascendero,» inquit, «in coelum, tu ibi es; si descendero in infernum, ades.» Tandem cognovisti, male fugitive, nullo pacto te posse fieri longe ab eo, a quo longinquare voluisti. Ecce ille ubique est: tu, quo iturus es? Invenit consilium, et hoc ab illo qui eum jam revocare dignatur inspiratum. «Si ascendero in coelum, tu ibi es; si descendero in infernum, ades.» Si me extulero, te invenio repressorem; si me abscondero, te invenio inquisitorem; et non inquisitorem tantum, sed et investigatorem. Si enim superbiero de justitia mea, tu ibi es, cujus est vera justitia. Si peccando venero in profundum malorum, et confiteri contempsero , dicens, «Quis me videt» ? «inferno» enim «quis confitebitur tibi» ? etiam illic ades, ut vindices. Quo ergo iturus sum, ut a facie tua fugiam, id est, iratum te non sentiam?

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12. “Thou, Lord, shalt recompense for me” (ver. 8). I recompense not: Thou shalt recompense. Let mine enemies rage their full: Thou shalt recompense what I cannot.…“Dearly beloved, avenge not yourselves,” saith the Apostle, “but rather give place unto wrath; for it is written, Vengeance is Mine, I will repay, saith the Lord.” There is here another sense not to be neglected, perhaps even to be preferred. “Lord” Christ, “Thou shalt repay for me.” For I, if I repay, have seized; Thou hast paid what Thou hast not seized. Lord, Thou shalt “repay for me.” Behold Him repaying for us. They came to Him, who exacted tribute: they used to demand as tribute a didrachma, that is, two drachmas for one man; they came to the Lord to pay tribute; or rather, not to Him, but to His disciples, and they said to them, “Doth not your Master pay tribute?” They came and told Him. He saith unto Peter, “lest we should offend them, go thou to the sea, and cast an hook, and take up the fish that first cometh up: and when thou hast opened his mouth, thou shalt find a stater: that take, and give for Me and thee.” The first that riseth from the sea, is the First-begotten from the dead. In His mouth we find two didrachmas, that is, four drachmas: in His mouth we find the four Gospels. By those four drachmas we are free from the claims of this world, by the four Evangelists we remain no longer debtors; for there the debt of all our sins is paid. He then hath repaid for us, thanks to His mercy. He owed nothing: He repaid not for Himself: He repaid for us.…

[«vers.» 9.] Hoc consilium invenit: Sic fugiam, inquit, a facie tua, sic fugiam a Spiritu tuo; ab ultore Spiritu, a vindice facie, sic fugiam. Quomodo? «Si recipiam pennas meas in directum, et habitabo in extrema maris»: sic possum fugere a facie tua. Si in extrema maris vult fugere a facie Dei, ibi non erit ille a quo fugit, de quo dixit, «Si descendero in infernum, ades?» Mirum si in extremis maris non est, qui nec apud inferos deest. Sed novi, inquit, quomodo fugiam ab ira tua. Recipiendae sunt pennae meae non in pravum, sed in directum, ut nec in superbam erigar praesumptionem, nec in perditam mergar desperationem. Quas pennas vult assumere, nisi duas alas, duo praecepta charitatis? In quibus duobus praeceptis tota Lex pendet et Prophetae . Has, inquit, alas, has pennas si recipiam sic, et habitabo in extrema maris, possum fugere a facie tua ad faciem tuam, a facie irati ad faciem placati. Quid enim est extremum maris, nisi finis saeculi? Illuc jam volemus spe et desiderio, habentes alas geminae charitatis: non sit nobis requies, nisi in extremo maris. Nam si alibi requiem voluerimus, in mare praecipitabimur. Volemus quo usque finiatur mare, suspendamus nos pennis geminae dilectionis: ad Deum interim spe volemus, et illum finem maris spe fideli praemeditemur.

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13. “Lord, Thy mercy is for everlasting.”…Not for a time only do I desire to be freed. “Thy mercy is for everlasting,” wherewith Thou hast freed the martyrs, and so hast quickly taken them from this life. “Despise not Thou the works of Thine own hands.” I say not, Lord, “despise not the works of my hands:” of mine own works I boast not. “I sought,” indeed, “the Lord with my hands in the night season before Him, and have not been deceived;” but yet I praise not the works of mine own hands; I fear lest, when Thou shalt look into them, Thou find more sins in them than deserts. Behold in me Thy Work, not mine: for mine if Thou seest, Thou condemnest; Thine, if Thou seest, Thou crownest. For whatever good works there be of mine, from Thee are they to me; and so they are more Thine than mine. Therefore whether in regard that we are men, or in regard that we have been changed and justified from our iniquity, Lord, “despise not Thou the works of Thine own hands.”

[«vers.» 10.] Quis autem nos perducat, attendite: ille ipse cujus faciem irati volumus fugere. Quid enim sequitur? «Si descendero in infernum, ades.» «Si recipiam pennas meas in directum. Recipiam,» inquit: ergo amiserat. «Si recipiam pennas meas in directum, et habitabo in novissima maris. Etenim illuc manus tua deducet me, et adducet me dextera tua.» Hoc meditemur, fratres charissimi; haec sit spes nostra, haec sit consolatio nostra. Recipiamus pennas per charitatem, quas amisimus per cupiditatem. Cupiditas enim viscum facta est pennarum nostrarum; elisit nos de libertate aeris nostri, id est aurarum illarum liberarum Spiritus Dei. Inde elisi perdidimus pennas, et fuimus quodammodo captivati in aucupis potestate: inde nos sanguine suo redemit, quem fugimus ut caperemur. Nutrit nobis pennas de praeceptis suis; erigimus eas jam sine visco. Non amemus mare, sed volemus in extrema maris. Nemo trepidet; sed nemo de pennis suis praesumat: quia et pennatos nisi ipse erigat, nisi ipse deducat, praecipitabimur in profunda maris, lassati et fatigati, quasi praesumentes de viribus nostris. Opus ergo est ut habeamus pennas, et opus est ut ipse deducat; adjutor enim noster est. Habemus liberum arbitrium; sed illo ipso libero arbitrio quantum possumus, nisi nos adjuvet ille qui jubet? «Etenim illuc manus tua deducet me, et adducet me dextera tua.»

Philip Schaff (ed.), Buffalo/New York: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1886-1889. Public domain: English translation first published 1885-1900 (Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, First Series). Latin: Migne, Patrologia Latina (1844-1855), public domain; transcription from Corpus Corporum (University of Zurich).

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