Clermont-Tonnerre, Anne-Antoine-Marie-Jules, Duke of

CLERMONT-TONNERRE, ANNE-ANTOINE-MARIE-JULES, duke of. - Cardinal, b. in Paris on 1 Jan. 1749, d. in Toulouse on 21 Feb. 1830. Abbot of Montierender, bishop of Châlons-sur-Marne, ecclesiastical peer of the realm, deputy of the clergy to the Estates General, he initially swore fidelity to the constitution on 4 Feb. 1790; but later rebelled against the constitution amended and accepted in 1791 by Luigi XVI. He emigrated, lived in Belgium, Holland, and Germany, and returned to France after the Concordat. He was appointed a peer of France by Luigi XVIII and cardinal (2 Dec. 1822) by Pio VII. In 1823 he published a Lettre pastorale sur les intérêts généraux de la religion, en France, censured by the Villèle ministry. He led a protest signed by 73 bishops against the ordinances of 1828, as a result of which he fell into disfavour at court. In 1829 he went to Rome for the Conclave, though ill, and died shortly afterwards.