TOLOSA, ARCIDIOCESI of. — City and archdiocese in the department of Haute-Garonne in France.
It has an area of 6302 sq. km. and a population of 512,240 inhabitants, of whom 500,000 are Catholics; the archdiocese is divided into the 4 archdeaconries of T., Villefranche, Muret, and St-Gaudens, 4 archpriestships, and 32 deaneries comprising 575 parishes served by 453 diocesan priests and 159 religious; it has a major and a minor seminary, 12 male and 52 female religious communities (Ann. Pont. 1953, p. 426).
T. arose in a territory where the population was mixed—Ligurians and Iberians—and was the capital of the « Volcae Tectosages ». In 121 B.C. it was incorporated into the new Roman « Provincia » and became the seat of a Roman garrison; in 52 B.C. Caesar established a praesidium there; it later became an oppidum latinum; little is known of its history during the Empire and under Diocletian; it was included in the province « Narbonensis prima ». It reappears in history during the barbarian invasions; it was sacked by Ataulf, king of the Visigoths, in 413, became a royal residence during their dominion, and in 506 the « Lex romana Visigotorum » was promulgated there. In 507 it passed under Frankish rule. Throughout this period, inscriptions are few in view of the importance of the city (Pauly-Wissowa, VI A, II, col. 1686). Ausonius recalls the red-brick walls that surrounded T., whose Capitolium stood where the church of Notre-Dame du Taur now stands (E. Griffe, Le véritable emplacement du Capitole romain de Toulouse, in Bull. de littér. ecclés., 49 [1948], pp. 32-41). There is great uncertainty regarding its Christian origins, and the relevant inscriptions are few (for the Christian sarcophagi cf. Wilpert, Sarcofagi, II, p. 231 ff. and passim). Around 250 we find record of its first bishop, Saturninus (v.). Bishop Rodanius, sent into exile together with St. Hilary of Poitiers in 355, died in Phrygia ca. 358 (Sulpicius Se-
verus, Chronicon, II, 39, 45). After him, Hilary and Silvius are mentioned; the latter began the construction of the church of St. Saturninus, completed by his successor Exuperius, who transferred the Saint’s relics there; he received a letter from Pope Innocent I in 495 (Jaffé-Wattenbach, no. 293), and was in contact with St. Jerome, who in 406 dedicated to him his commentary on the prophet Zechariah (PL 25, 1415 ff.). Of his successors, Heraclianus was present at the Council of Agde in 506, and Magnulfus was represented at that of Mâcon in 585. Viligisilus took part in the Council of Paris in 614 and in that of Clichy in 627. During the first half of the eighth century T. suffered the consequences of the Saracen incursions; but its bishops maintained good relations with the Carolingians, participating in their affairs. T. was subsequently ruled by a dynasty of counts, the first of whom was Raymond, who maneuvered amid the struggles with the dukes of Aquitaine and those between Henry XII of Aquitaine and Louis VII of France. A serious blow to its prosperity was dealt by the religious disputes of the Albigensians, in which Raymond VI and Bishop Folquet (v.), the great supporter of St. Dominic (v.), found themselves opposed. Despite the privileges it obtained, it never succeeded in becoming a true commune. When the dynasty of the counts ended with Raymond VII (1249), his daughter Joan brought what remained of her paternal inheritance to her husband, Alphonse of Poitiers, brother of St. Louis IX; in 1271 T. was incorporated into the Kingdom of France and became the capital of Languedoc. In 1296–97 its bishop was St. Louis, a Friar Minor and son of Charles II of Anjou, king of Naples. Boniface VIII detached part of the Pamiers (v.); in compensation, on 25 July 1317 John XXII removed T. from the metropolitan province of Narbonne and constituted it an archbishopric, assigning to it as suffragans Montauban, Pamiers, St-Papoul, Riez, and Lombez.
The first archbishop was Raymond of Comminges (formerly bishop of Maguelonne), from 1309 to 1327, when he was made a cardinal. He was succeeded by the Dominican William de Laudan (formerly bishop of Vienne); then by Raymond de Carichale (1345–50), made a cardinal in 1350; by Cardinal Francesco de Gozie (1391–92); and then by Bernard of Rosier (1451–74), founder of the « Collège de Foix »; John of Orléans held the office from 1503 to 1533, the year in which he was made a cardinal.
T. continued its life until the Revolution, momentarily disturbed in the sixteenth century by the Huguenot disorders; from 1534 to 1550 it was Châtillon (v.), deprived of every rank and benefice for heresy in March 1563; then by Francesco de Joyeuse (1584–1605); Louis de Nogaret (1614–27); Pierre de Marca (1652–62), Pierre de Bonzy (1672–73); Arthur R. Dillon (1758–63); Étienne Charles Loménie de Brienne (1763–89); Antoine J. de Clermont-Tonnerre (1820–30); P. T. D. d’Astros (1830–35), made a cardinal in 1850; Jules F. Desprez (1859–95), made a cardinal in 1879; François-Désiré Mathieu (1896–99); and, from 1928, Jules-Géraud Saliège, made a cardinal on 18 February 1946.
In the new diocesan boundaries established by the Concordat of 1801, T. was retained as an archdiocese and Narbonne (v.); by the bull of Pius VII dated 22 July 1822, the territories of the suppressed dioceses of Rieux and Comminges, together with part of those of Montauban, Lavaur, St-Papoul, Mirepoix, and Lombez, were added to it, so that it corresponded to the department of Haute-Garonne. Its suffragan dioceses were Montauban, Pamiers, and Carcassonne. On 19 January 1935 the archbishop of T. was authorized to add to the title of Narbonne those of St-Bertrand de Comminges and Rieux (AAS, 27 [1935], p. 78).
The Cathedral, dedicated to St. Stephen, traces its earliest origins to Bishop Exuperius of the fifth century and had a cloister (destroyed in 1812–17); rebuilt in 1078 by Bishop Izarn, in 1272 Bishop Bertrand de l’Isle Jourdain gave it the form that made it the prototype of other southern Gothic brick churches; in 1286 the same bishop erected its choir in Roquefort stone. It preserves stained-glass windows from the fourteenth to the sixteenth centuries and sculptures from the seventeenth century, as well as a rich series of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century tapestries in the chapel of the baptismal font (L. Vié, La métropole St-Etienne de T., Tolosa 1950). Destroyed by the Saracens in 721, the church erected in honor of St. Saturninus was rebuilt in the following period thanks to donations from Bishop Hugh (960) and Raymond, count of Rouergue (961). A new building began to be erected around 1060, but the work was interrupted several times. In 1076 the religious of the abbey adopted the Rule of St. Augustine, seeking to make themselves independent of Bishop Izarn, who in 1082 ceded the church to Abbot Unando of Moissac. But on 23 July 1083 Gregory VII restored the Canons there. In 1096 Pope Urban II consecrated the high altar, which still survives, and in 1119 Callistus II consecrated a second altar; meanwhile construction of the building continued, until in the mid-thirteenth century the choir was raised, the crypts were modified, and the Romanesque structure was reinforced. At the level of the transept, the three stories of the bell tower were erected, to which two more were later added. During the Revolution the cloister and monastic buildings were demolished; restoration work was carried out in 1852–55. Medieval sculptures and capitals are preserved there (A. Auriol et R. Rey, La basilique de St-Sernin de T., Tolosa 1930; M. Aubert, L'église de St-Sernin de T., Paris 1933).
Notre-Dame de la Daurade (deaurata) che si dice fondata dal vescovo Esuperio ebbe annesso un monastero femminile, passato ai monaci nell'843. Il vescovo Izarn nel 1077 lo cedette a s. Ugo di Cluny e nel 1627 passò alla Congregazione di S. Mauro. Prese il nome dai suoi musaici a fondo d'oro che andarono perduti nella demolizione della chiesa durante il sec. XVIII, ma un manoscritto (Parigi, Bibl. nazion., n. 12608) del sec. XVII ne descrisse i soggetti che in tre piani sovrapposti rappresentavano scene della vita di Cristo, arcangeli, Profeti, Evangelisti, Apostoli, (cf. J. Degert, La plus ancienne mosaïque de la Gaule, in Bull. de littér. ecclés. de Toulouse, 1905, pp. 3-15; id., Démolitions et reconstructions à la Daurade au XVIIe siècle, in Bull. de la Société archéol. du Midi, 1905, pp. 296-98; H. Woodroff, The iconography and date of the mosaics of la Daurade, in The Art Bulletin, 13 [1931], pp. 80-104; R. Rey, Le sanctuaire paléochrétien de la Daurade et ses origines orientales, in Annales du Midi, 61 [1949], pp. 249-73; E. Mâle, Les mosaïques de la Daurade, in Mélanges Ch. Picard, II, Parigi 1949, p. 682).
La chiesa di N.-D. de la Dalbade o La Dalbade deriva il suo nome dal fatto che le sue pareti furono imbiancate con la calce (dealbata). Venne ricostruita dal 1503 al 1542 in stile gotico meridionale e consacrata nel 1548; fu molto danneggiata nel 1926 per il crollo del campanile. Nel portale (1537) è inciso il distico: « Chrestien, si mon amour est en ton coeur gravé, ne diffère en passant de me dire une Ave » (sec. XVI); nel timpano è una copia in terra cotta dipinta dell'Inclamazione della Vergine del beato Angelico; le tre statue della Madonna, di s. Caterina e di s. Barnaba sono moderne. L'interno è a navata unica di m. 19 x 24, con cappelle laterali. È in costruzione il nuovo campanile.
St-Papoul, nel circondario di Castelnaudary, è il titolo di una antica abbazia benedettina fondata nell'817 e dipendente da S. Vittore di Marsiglia. Il nome è galloromano del sec. VI ed il culto di quel Santo si sarebbe sostituito a s. Pietro (cf. Acta SS. Novembris, I, Parigi
1887, p. 587). Giovanni XXII nel 1317 la eresse a sede vescovile; fu ricostruita nel sec. XIV e secolarizzata nel 1670. La chiesa ha un bel coro romanico e un chiostro con colonne e capitelli gotici (E. Regnaud, Pouilles dans l'église de St-Papoul, in Bull. de la Soc. archéol. du Midi, 1905, pp. 259-60; Cottineau, II, coll. 2834-35; E. Griffe, Autour du nouveau Propre diocésain de T., in Revue d'hist. de l'Eglise de France, 28 [1942], pp. 75-79).
La chiesa « des Jacobins » fu costruita nel 1230-92 dopo che i Domenicani stabiliti a St-Romain ne ebbero acquistato il terreno; fu a due navate; una a nord, detta chiesa dei frati; l'altra a sud, chiesa dei laici, a cinque campate. Un primo ingrandimento ebbe nel 1314-40 per opera del card. de Peyre de Godin, ed un secondo nel 1369-85 in occasione della traslazione dall'Italia delle reliquie di s. Tommaso d'Aquino concesse da Urbano V (Ch. Higounet, La chronologie de la construction de l'église des Jacobins de T., in Bull. monumental, 107 [1949], pp. 85-100; E. Lambert, L'église et le couveur des Jacobins de T. et l'architecture dominicaine en France, ibid., 104 [1946], pp. 141-86).
Alcuni dei più importanti edifici sacri sono passati a destinazioni profane. Nell'antica collegiata di St-Raymond dell'inizio del sec. XVI è disposto un museo che raccoglie il materiale archeologico romano e le raccolte di arte visigotica e medievale sino ad Enrico IV. Il Museo di storia naturale è raccolto nell'antico convento dei Carmelitani scalzi del sec. XVII, dove è anche il materiale relativo alla preistoria e all'etnografia. Il magnifico chiostro, « des Augustins » è pure adattato a museo.
Enrico Josi
THE CENTER OF STUDIES. — T. has always been, ever since Gallo-Roman antiquity, a center of culture, hence its appellation « Palladia T. » (Martial, IX, 100 [99], 3; Ausonius, Parent., 3, 14). Lively literary activity took place between the 12th and 13th centuries at the court of the counts of T., munificent patrons of troubadour art.
1952. The Ancient University
The Treaty of Paris (12 April 1229) obliged Count Raimond VII, also on the advice of Cardinal Romano di S. Egidio, legate of Gregory IX, to provide teachers for a Studium to be established immediately at T. for the preservation of the faith against the Albigensian heresy. The Studium was solemnly inaugurated on 24 May 1229; Gregory IX, by the bull Olim operante Illo (27 April 1233), confirming what the legate Cardinal Romano had established in 1229, granted the Studium of T. the privileges of the University of Paris (Bull. Rom., III, Turin 1858, pp. 480-81). The Studium Tolosianum thus constitutes the first example of a university arising through pontifical initiative. Innocent IV was regarded as the new founder of the Studium because of the bull of 22 September 1245, In civitate Tolosiana (M. Fournier, op. cit. in bibl., no. 523). At the beginning of the 14th century, Philip II the Fair, in his conflict with Boniface VIII, consulted the Studium, and while the University of Paris had declared itself for the Pope, that of T. sided with the King (cf. ibid., nos. 536 and 537). The general Statutes are those of the 14th century (1309-29), and they already show a tendency to free themselves from the jurisdiction of the chancellor and the bishop. The particular Statutes of the reorganized Faculty of theology date from 1366-89; Urban V, a former student and professor, granted to the University church (of the Dominicans) the body of S. Thomas Aquinas (bull Cum ex certis, of 1307), which was transported there on 28 January 1369. The numerous colleges for poor students contributed greatly to the renown and prosperity of the Studium. Its constitution, while displaying the characteristics of the Universities of Bologna and Paris, constitutes a type of its own: a type later imitated for other French universities such as Cahors, Orléans, Poitiers, and Bordeaux, to which T. transmitted its privileges and Statutes. The Hundred Years’ War (1339-1453) and the unfortunate reform of the apostolic commissioners (1394-1425) shook the prestige of the University of T., which around the middle of the 15th century passed under the direct influence of the civil power and remained chiefly a university of law. It disappeared with the Revolution (decree of 15 September 1793), revived with the Napoleonic reform (1808), and was reconstituted as a modern university following the law of 10 July 1896; characteristic of it is the Institute of Southern Studies.1953. The Catholic University
The « Institut Catholique de Toulouse » regards itself as the spiritual heir of the ancient University; organized following the Dupanloup Law (12 July 1875), it was inaugurated as a « free institute of higher education » on 15 November 1877, with the Faculty of law and courses of apologetic lectures, which soon developed into the Faculties of letters (16 November 1878) and theology (25 November 1879). The latter received canonical erection by decree of the S. Congr. of Studies, 15 October 1889, and apostolic letter Eximia sacrarum, 20 December 1889 (Leonis XIII Acta, IX [1889], 277-80); subsequently the Faculties of philosophy and canon law were erected, with approval of their respective Statutes (decrees of the S. Congr. of Studies, 30 June 1899; cf. Pius X, letter Quae super, 2 April 1913; AAS, 5 [1913], pp. 179-80). The « harshness of the times » imposed, in 1886, the suppression of the Faculty of civil law; the Institute was nevertheless able to establish the Higher School of Sciences (3 November 1882), a Higher School of Agriculture (13 November 1919), and the Higher School of Economic and Social Sciences (17 November 1926). The new Statutes, after the apostolic constitution Deus scientiarum Dominus (v.), were approved by the S. Congr. of Seminaries and Universities of Studies on 15 June 1936. A Catholic University for south-western France, the Institute encompasses a jurisdiction of 17 dioceses in the ecclesiastical provinces of T., Albi, Auch, and Bordeaux. The 17 bishops, regarded as « protectors » or patrons, form the episcopal « assembly », with a « permanent commission » of the « archbishops » and a suffragan chosen by the assembly; the grand chancellor is the archbishop of T. On the Institute’s initiative, the « Uni-Université Internationale d'Été » arose in 1951, and the Annuaire is published there; so too the Bulletin de Littérature ecclésiastique, a scholarly journal founded in 1880 and renewed by P. Batifoli in 1899, which also contains much information on the history of the Institute and its teachers; and the Chronique of the University itself.