Titles of the Roman Church

TITLES OF THE ROMAN CHURCH. - This term today designates the churches of Rome over which a cardinal of the Order of Priests is placed.

I. ORIGINI

Il Liber Pontificalis parla dei

t. fin dalla più alta antichità: Cleto, per ordine di s. Pietro avrebbe ordinato 25 preti romani (Lib. Pont., I, p. 122), Evaristo avrebbe distribuito i presbiteri nei t. (ibid., p. 126), Urbano avrebbe sostituito le patene vitree con 25 argentee (p. 143), Marcello avrebbe ordinato 25 presbiteri in Roma (p. 164). Oltre a questo distribuì fra diversi papi e personaggi del sec. IV la fondazione di diversi t., per cui Lucina fondò il t. di Marcello (p. 164), papa Silvestro quello di Equizio (p. 170), Marco la basilica iuxta Pallacinas (p. 202), Giulio S. Maria in Trastevere (p. 205) e Damaso S. Lorenzo in Damaso (p. 212); all'inizio del sec. V Innocenzo I fondò il t. di Vestina (p. 220). Secondo G. P. Kirsch i t. furono i più antichi edifici sacri cristiani di Roma, costituiti in case di private abitazioni, in cui risiedevano i presbiteri romani, con una ampia sala per le adunanze liturgiche; in parte risalgono al sec. III, alcuni al sec. IV e ai primordi del sec. V; il numero di 25 rimase poi per vari secoli. Sempre secondo G. P. Kirsch il nome del proprietario avrebbe stato scritto (titulus) sulla facciata. Ma tale ipotesi non ha conferma in alcuna delle case rinvenute ad Ostia od a Pompei. Fuori di Roma la denominazione di t. è sconosciuta; a Cartagine il clero viene indicato secondo le regioni: « arcidiaconus eccl. Carthag. regionis sextae; diaconus regionis quintae; lector regionis quartae o quintae »; perfino le basiliche hanno un'indicazione regionale, i Concili del 403 e del 410 furono tenuti « in regione secunda »; nella terza era una basilica dedicata a s. Pietro, mentre nella VI era quella di S. Paolo. Viene dunque fatto di pensare che lo stesso sia avvenuto a Roma, dove un « lector de Pallacine » è dell'anno 348 (G. B. De Rossi, Inscr. christ., I, Roma 1857-61, p. 62, n. 97). Nella metà del sec. IV ca. è ricordato un « lector de Fultonices » (J. Wilpert, in Beiträge zur Christlich. Archäologie in Römische Quartalschr., 22 [1908], pp. 162-63, tav. 2). Un « lector de Pudentiana » morì nel 384 (E. Diehl, Inscr. christ. lat. veteres, n. 1270). Inoltre a Roma le iscrizioni più antiche di presbiteri portano solo l'indicazione di tale dignità e non del t. (G. B. De Rossi, Roma sotterr., I, Roma 1864, tavv. 19, 5; 21, 6; E. Josi, Note sul cimitero di Pretestato, in Riv. arch. crist., 13 [1936], p. 8, fig. 1; p. 9, fig. 2; pp. 10, 11, figg. 4-5; p. 12, fig. 7; p. 13, figg. 8-9; p. 14, fig. 10). S. Atanasio parlando d'un Concilio Romano nel 341 dice che più di 50 vescovi si riunirono nella casa del presbitero Vito (Apologia contra Arianos, 20: PG 25, 281).

È certa la dipendenza dei cimiteri dai t. come dimostrò fin dal 1877 il De Rossi (Roma sotter., III, Roma 1877, p. 520 sgg.; J. P. Kirsch, Die römischen Titelkirchen, Paderborn 1918, p. 200 sgg.). Vere case di abitazione risultano sotto SS. Giovanni e Paolo, SS. Silvestro e Martino ai Monti; S. Lorenzo in Lucina, S. Cecilia, in parte sotto S. Sabina, in minima parte sotto S. Anastasia; sotto l'attuale S. Prassede si sono rinvenuti di recente avanzi di monumenti pubblici, sotto S. Pudentiana un edificio termale, sotto S. Prisca un mitreo. È tuttora vero quanto scrisse il Duchesne nel 1887: «Non si è conservato alcun documento che permetta determinare in modo certo, dove si trovavano, prima di Costantino, gli edifici cristiani compresi dentro le mura della città di Roma» (Les titres presbitéraux et les diacones, in Mélanges d'arch. et d'hist., 7 [1887], p. 217). Ilaro (461-68) fa eseguire un servizio di vasi sacri per ogni t. (Lib. Pont., I, p. 249). Simplicio (468-83) distribuì i presbiteri titolari al servizio ebbomadoro delle basiliche cimiteriali di S. Pietro, S. Paolo e S. Lorenzo «propter penitentes et baptismum», e proprio i presbiteri della regio III, a S. Lorenzo, quelli della regio I a S. Paolo, quelli della regio VI vel VII a S. Pietro (ibid., I, p. 249).

II. SVILUPPO

The first reliable list of the Roman t. comes from the Roman Council of March 1, 499 under Pope Symmachus. In the minutes, after the bishops present, the Roman presbyters signed, with an indication of the t. to which they belonged: there are 29 designations of t.; if the t. of Byzans and of Pammachius are one and the same, if the t. of Romanus is an error for that of Marcellus, if the last Laurenti is to be joined either with the t. of Damasus or with that of Lucina, one would arrive at 26 (MGH, Auct. antiquis., XII, p. 410 ff.). From an inscription of the cemetery of St. Pancras of 521-22 it emerges that in the t. of St. Chrysogonus four presbyters of the t. are hierarchically indicated with prior, secundus, tertius, quartus (G. B. De Rossi, Inscr. cit., I, n. 975). In the Synod of 595 there are 24 t., all with the designation of a saint; those of Byzans, Aemiliana, Crescentiana, Gaius, Matthew, Pammachius, Tigrida, Romanus, Fasciola are missing: in exchange there are the t. of Sts. John and Paul, St. Susanna, St. Sixtus, St. Balbina, Sts. Nereus and Achilleus, Sts. Marcellinus and Peter, Sts. Four Crowned (MGH, Epistolae, I, pp. 566-67). Under Hadrian I (772-95) the t. were 22, as is attested by the 440 "vela" donated by the Pope, 20 for each t. (Lib. Pont., I, p. 504). In the list of churches to which gifts were offered by Pope Leo III, in about 806, there are 23 t., among which it is worth noting the "ecclesia Genitricis Dei in titulo Callisti", the "titulus beati Petri qui appellatur Eudoxiae", the "basilica Apostolorum quae ponitur in Via Lata", the t. "Marci... appellatur in Via Lata"; there is still the t. "Emilianae" (instead of Sts. III Crowned) and the t. Pammachi (instead of Sts. John and Paul); the t. of Sts. Nereus and Achilleus is instead a deaconry and the t. of Prisca is called "Aquilae et Priscae".

The catalogue of P. Mallio made under Alexander III (1159-81) gives 28 t., 7 for each of the 4 patriarchal basi-

licas, that is: for service at St. Peter's, the titulars of St. Mary in Trastevere, St. Chrysogonus, St. Cecilia, St. Anastasia, St. Lawrence in Damaso, St. Mark and Sts. Martin and Sylvester. For St. Paul's, the titulars of St. Sabina, Sts. Nereus and Achilleus, St. Prisca, St. Sixtus, St. Balbina, St. Marcellus, St. Susanna; for St. Mary Major, the titulars of the Sts. Apostles, St. Cyriacus in Thermis, St. Eusebius, St. Pudentiana, St. Vitalis, Sts. Marcellinus and Peter, St. Clement. For St. Lawrence's, those of St. Praxedes, St. Peter ad Vincula, St. Lawrence in Lucina, St. Cross in Jerusalem, St. Stephen in Celio Monte, Sts. John and Paul, Sts. Four Crowned. Leo X in the Consistory of July 1, 1517, in creating 31 new cardinals, restored the t. S. Matthaei and instituted the new t. of St. John, ante Portam latinam, St. Caesarius in Palatio, St. Agnes in Agone, St. Apollinaris, St. Lawrence in pane et perna, St. Sylvester in Capite, St. Thomas in Parione, St. Pancras, St. Bartholomew in insula alias inter pontes, St. Mary in Capitolio or in Aracoeli.

St. Pius V, on February 6, 1566 created the t. of St. Tryphon, of St. Euphemia, of St. Jerome of the Slavs, and of St. John of the Florentines which, however, was never conferred and therefore suppressed (G. F. Firmano, Diarium Caeremoniarum sub Pio V, year 1566, ms. of the Vatican Archive, E. 29, fol. 435). Sixtus V, having issued on December 3, 1586 the bull Postquam verus concerning the Sacred College of Cardinals, on April 13, 1587 with the apostolic constitution Religiosa sanctorum raised the t. to 50. In the Consistory of January 12, 1953, some deaconries were elevated to t. pro hac vice. Here now are the individual t.

AEMILIANAE (Synod of 499): Duchesne believed he recognized it in the t. Sts. IV Coronatorum of the Synod of 595 and of the biography of Hadrian I, while in that of Leo III Aemilianae returns; in the catalogues of P. Mallio and of 1492 it is Sts. III Coronatorum. Its titulars were Leo IV, Stephen VI, Callistus II, Innocent IX and Benedict XV. ANASTASIAE (Synod of 499): the church had been decorated with paintings by Damasus and the apse with mosaics by Hilary (De Rossi, Inscr. christ., II, p. 150); it returns in the biography of Leo III, in the catalogues of P. Mallio and of 1492; its titulars were Boniface IX and Pius IV. APOSTOLORUM (Synods of 499 and 595): "qui appellatur Eudoxiae ad Vincula" in the biographies of Hadrian I and of Leo III; S. Petri ad vincula in the catalogues of P. Mallio and of 1492; its titulars were Sixtus IV, Julius II and Clement X. APOSTOLORUM: it is the "Iulia" basilica founded by Julius I (337-52) in region VII "iuxta forum divi Traiani", recalled in the Liberian Catalogue. It is also called "prope via Lata" (Lib. Pont., I, pp. 465, 500, 504; II, pp. 20, 28, 31, 345). It is called Sts. Apostolorum at the time of Paschal II (1099-1118) in which the card. Gregory was titular (Lib. Pont., II, p. 371); under Urban VI

Cardinal Roberto is called SS. XII Apostolorum (ibid., p. 496). Its cardinal titulars included Alexander V and Clement XIV. BALBINAE (Synod of 595): a 6th-century inscription recalls "tituli Sancte Balbinae" (G. B. De Rossi, Roma sott., III, Rome 1877, p. 515). G. P. Kirsch thinks it may be the Tigridae title of the Synod of 499 (Römische Titelkirchen, cited in bibl., p. 129). It reappears in the biographies of Leo III (Lib. Pont., II, p. 20) and of Gregory IV (ibid., p. 78), in the catalogue of P. Mallio and in that of 1492. Innocent VIII was its titular. BIZANTIS: the priests Proclinus et Ursus belonged to this title in the time of Innocent I (401-17); it is mentioned only in the Synod of 499 (v. PAMMACHII). CALLISTI: from the Liberian Catalogue it is known that Pope Julius (337-52) erected a basilica in Trastevere "iuxta Callistum." But it is later confused with the title Iulii (v.); it is found again from 1517; its titulars included Pius VII and Gregory XVI. CACCILIAE (Synod of 499): S. Cecilia in that of 595, b. Cecilia in the catalogues of P. Mallio and of 1492; its titulars included Stephen III, Victor III, Martin IV (held in commendam by Paul II), Innocent VIII and Gregory XIV. CIRIACI (Synods of 499 and 595, then in the biographies of Adrian I and of Leo III): it is called in Thermis in the catalogue of P. Mallio; suppressed by Sixtus IV, who transferred it to Sts. Quiricus and Julitta. CLEMENTIS: St. Jerome in 392 attests that "nominis eius memoriam usque hodie Romae extructa ecclesia custodit" (De viris illus., 15: PL 23, 634). The title s. Clementis in the Synods of 499 and 595; b. Clementis in the biographies of Adrian I and of Leo III; s. Clementis in the catalogues of P. Mallio and of 1492; its titulars included Paschal II, Eugene IV, Clement VII and Paul IV. CRESCENTIANAE (Synod of 499): it would be identical with the "Basilica Crescentiana" erected by Anastasius I between 399-401 (Lib. Pont., I, p. 218); Duchesne and Kirsch held that it should be identified with S. Sisto, of which St. Gregory in the letter of 5 Oct. 600 recalls a Boniface, priest of the title S. Xisti (MGH, Epp., II, p. 275). S. Sisto occurs in the biographies of Adrian I and of Leo III, in the catalogues of P. Mallio and of 1492. Its titulars included Paul IV, Gregory XIII, Clement IX and Benedict XIII. CHRYSOGONI (Synod of 499): S. Chrysogoni in that of 595; b. Chrysogoni in the biography of Leo III; S. Crisogoni in the catalogues of P. Mallio and of 1492. Its titulars included Stephen II, Stephen X, Paul V and Leo XIII. DAMASI (Synods of 499 and 595): "S. Laurentii qui appellatur Damasi" in the biographies of Adrian I and of Leo III; S. Laurentii in Damaso in the catalogues of P. Mallio and of 1492; its titulars included Urban III and Clement VII. The latter, with the bull Etsi ad singula of 1532, established that this title should belong "pro tempore" to the vice-chancellor of the Holy Roman Church. EQUITII: its foundation is attributed to the time of Pope Sylvester (Lib. Pont., I, p. 170); it is the title Equitii in the Synod of 499; s. Silvestri in that of 595, and in the biography of Adrian I; it is the deaconry "Sanctorum Silvestri et Martini quae ponitur iuxta Orphea" in the biography of Leo III; it is the title Martini et Silvestri in the catalogue of P. Mallio, the title s. Martini in that of 1492; its titulars included: Sergius II, Boniface VIII and Pius XI. EUSERI: it is indicated as "tituli conditoris" on 14 Aug. in the Geronimiano. It occurs in the Synod of 499, in the biographies of Adrian I and of Leo III, in the catalogues of P. Mallio and of 1492. Its titulars included Paul V and Innocent X. Suppressed by Gregory XVI on 12 July 1839, it was restored by Pius IX on 25 June 1877. PASCIOLAE (today SS. Nereo e Achilleo): an "Opas lector t." dates from 377 (G. B. De Rossi, Inscr., I, n. 262); a priest Felix died in 471 (ibid., n. 831). It appears in the Synod of 499; in 595 the title SS. Nerei et Achillei, in the biography of Leo III it is a deaconry; it returns as a title in the catalogues of P. Mallio and of 1492; Clement VI was its titular. GAII-SUSANNAE: it is indicated "ad duas domos iuxta Diocletianas" in the Geronimiano. In the Synod of 499 it is the title Gai, in that of 595 S. Susanae, as in the biography of Adrian I where it is added "qui appellatur duas domus situm iuxta S. Quiriacum"; it returns in the life of Leo III, in the catalogues of P. Mallio and of 1492; its titulars included Conon, Sergius I, Leo III, Nicholas V and Clement XII. IULII (Synod of 499): "Iulii et Callisti" in that of 595; the title "S. Dei Genitricis semperque virginis Mariae quae vocatur Calisti trans Tyberim" in the biography of Adrian I; "ecclesia ipsius Genetricis Dei in titulo Calixti" in the biography of Leo III; "S. Maria in Trastevere" in the catalogues of P. Mallio and of 1492. Its titulars included Benedict III, Eugene IV, Paul IV, Leo XI, Alexander VIII and Leo XII. LUCINAE: from the Gesta inter Liberium et Felicem it is known that Damasus was elected pope in 366, in Lucinis (CSEL, 35, 2). The title of Lucina is recalled in the Synod of 499; it is called "Beati Laurentii m. qui appellatur Lucinae" in the life of Adrian I and of Leo III; S. Laurentii in Lucinae in the catalogues of Adrian I, of P. Mallio and of 1492; its titulars included Gregory VIII and Innocent IV. MARCELLI (Synods of 499 and 595): with the addition Via Lata in the life of Adrian I; it returns in the biography of Leo III, in the catalogues of P. Mallio and of 1492. Urban VII was its titular. MARCI (Synods of 499 and 595): in the lives of Adrian I and of Leo III; in the catalogues of P. Mallio and of 1492. Its titulars included Alexander III, Celestine IV, Gregory XII, Eugene IV, Paul II and Clement XIII. SS. MARCELLINI ET PETRI (Synod of 595 and it returns in the catalogues of P. Mallio and of 1492): Pius IX was its titular. S. MATTHAEI (Synod of 499): then it disappears. Restored by Leo X on 6 July 1517, it was suppressed by Pius VI in 1776 when the church was demolished. NICOMEDIS (Synod of 499): the inscription of a priest "Victor t. Nicomedis" dates from the 5th century (G. B. De Rossi, in Bull. arch. crist., 1st series [1865], p. 50), then it disappears. Duchesne and Kirsch held that it must be recognized in the new title of SS. Marcellino e Pietro (v.) of the Synod of 595. PAMMACHII (Synod of 499): recalled in an inscription of 566; it is the title SS. Johannis et Pauli in the Synod of 595; it is Pammachii sanctorum Johannis et Pauli in the biography of Adrian I; Pammachii alone in that of Leo III; it is SS. Johannis et Pauli in the catalogues of P. Mallio and of 1492; its titulars included Honorius III, Innocent VI, Adrian VI, Leo XI, Paul V and Pius XII, happily reigning. PRAXEDIS (Synod of 499): S. Praxedis in that of 595 and in the biography of Adrian I; b. Praxedis in that of Leo III, in the catalogues of P. Mallio and of 1492; its titulars included Lucius III, Julius III, Leo XI and Alexander VIII. PUDENTIS or de Pudentiana, as is read in the inscription of a lector who died in 384 (E. Diehl, Inscr. christ. lat. vet., Berlin 1924-31, n. 1270); as the title s. Pudentis in the Synod of 595; in the biographies of Adrian I and of Leo III ("Pudentis id est s. Pudentianae), in the list of Pietro Mallio (s. Potentianae) and of 1492 (idem). Innocent III, Nicholas IV and Pius IV were titulars of it. PRISCAE: mentioned in an epigraph of 489; in the Synods of 499 and 595; in the life of Adrian I; in that of Leo III it is t. Aquilae et Priscae; it returns as t. Priscae in the catalogues of P. Mallio and of 1492; Benedict XII and Pius IV were titulars of it. SS. IV CORONATORUM, v. AEMILIANAE. ROMANI: only in the Synod of 499. Duchesne considered it a copyist's error for "Romanus tit. Marcelli". SABINAE (Synod of 499): S. Sabinae in that of 595; B. Sabinae in the biography of Leo III; S. Sabinae in the catalogues of P. Mallio and of 1492; Eugenius II, the blessed Benedict XI, Pius II and St. Pius V were titulars of it. S. SISTI, v. CRESCENTIANAE. TIGRIDAE: only in the Synod of 499. Kirsch doubts whether it should be identified with the t. S. Systi or with the t. S. Balbinae of the Synod of 595 (Die römischen Titelkirchen, cit., pp. 94, 129). VESTINAE: from the name of the matron foundress under Innocent I (Lib. Pont., I, p. 220); thus in the Synod of 499; it is S. Vitalis in the Synod of 595; B. Vitalis in the biography of Leo III; in the catalogues of P. Mallio and of 1492; Julius III was titular of it; suppressed by Pope Clement VIII in 1596, it was re-established by Leo XIII on 16 Dec. 1880 with the name SS. Vitale, Gervasio e Protasio in Vestina.

More recent are the t.:

S. STEPHANI IN CAELLO MONTE: in the biography of Gelasius II (1118-19) there appears: "Saxo de Anagnia sancti Stephani in Celio monte" (Lib. Pont., II, p. 312). Pius IV was titular of it. S. CRUCIS IN HIERUSALEM: under Gelasius II (1118-19) there appears an "Amicus cardinalis Sanctae Crucis" (Lib. Pont., II, p. 312); under Innocent II a Jerhardus (ibid., p. 380), later Lucius II (ibid., p. 383); it is found in the catalogues of P. Mallio and of 1492. Innocent VII, Marcellus II and Benedict XIV were also titulars of it. SS. QUIRICI ET IULITTAS: founded by Sixtus IV; Leo XI and Innocent XIII were titulars of it.

By Leo X on 6 July 1517 the following t. were created:

S. AGNETIS IN AGONE: suppressed by Innocent X on 5 Oct. 1654 and transferred to S. Agnese fuori le mura. S. BARTHOLOMEI IN INSULA O INTER PONTES. S. APOLLINARIS: suppressed by Sixtus V in 1587, it became a deaconry, then a t. in 1946 pro hac vice. S. CAESARI IN PALATIO: suppressed by Sixtus V in 1587, deaconry from 1600. S. JORANNIS ANTE PORTAM LATINAM. S. LAURENTII IN PANISPERNA: titular Clement XIV. S. MARIAE IN CAPITOLIO O DE ARACOLI: suppressed by Clement VII on 17 Apr. 1527, it was re-established by Julius III on 4 Dec. 1551. Clement XIII was titular of it. S. PANCRAZIO: on 28 Feb. 1550 it was united by Julius III to the t. of S. Clemente with the name of SS. Clemente e Pancrazio, but it was separated by the same Pope on 4 Dec. 1551. Paul IV, Clement VIII and Innocent XII were titulars of it. S. SILVESTRI IN CAPITE. S. THOMAE IN PARIONE: Pope Pius XI with the apostolic constitution Quum S. Thomae in Parione suppressed the t. and transferred it to S. Maria in Vallicella (AAS, 30 [1938], p. 191).

There follow the t. created by Julius III on 4 Dec. 1551: S. BARBARAE: suppressed by Sixtus V on 20 Apr. 1587. S. MARIA IN VIA. S. SIMONIS: Sixtus V was titular of it, and he suppressed it on 20 Apr. 1587.

S. MARIA SUPER MINERVAM: it was founded by Paul IV on 24 March 1557. St. Pius V was titular of it. S. MARIA ANGELORUM: it was elevated to a t. by Pius IV on 18 May 1565.

St. Pius V on 16 Feb. 1566 instituted the t.:

S. EUREMIA: suppressed by Sixtus V on 20 Apr. 1587. S. HIERONYAM DE ILLIRICIS: Sixtus V was titular of it. S. TRIPHONIE: suppressed by Sixtus V on 20 Apr. 1587.

Sixtus V on 20 Apr. 1587 elevated to t.:

S. AUGUSTINI: by suppressing that of S. Trifone. S. BLASI DE ANULO, suppressed by Paul V on 17 Oct. 1616 and transferred to SS. Biagio e Carlo ai Catinari. SS. BONIPACI ET ALEXI IN AVENTINO. S. MARIA A POPULO: Alexander VII was titular of it. S. MARIA A PACE. S. MARIA IN TRASPONTINA: Gregory XV and Pius VIII were titulars of it. S. ONOPHRI: Urban VIII, Innocent XI and Pius VI were titulars of it. S. PETRI IN MONTORIO: Urban VIII was titular of it. S. SALVATORIS IN LAURO: Alexander VIII was titular of it. It was suppressed on 19 May 1670 by Clement X, who transferred it to S. Bernardo alle Terme. S. MAE TRINITATIS IN MONTE PINCIO.

Later the t. of the following were founded:

SS. BIAGIO E CARLO AI CATINARI: founded by Paul V on 17 Oct. 1616, transferred by Urban VIII on 16 Aug. 1627. SS. AMBROGIO E CARLO AL CORSO: suppressed by the same on 24 Aug. 1639. S. AGNETIS EXTRA MUROS: created by Innocent X on 5 Oct. 1654, after S. Agnese in Agone was suppressed. S. BERNARDI ALLE TERME: it was founded by Clement X on 19 May 1670, after S. Salvatore in Lauro was suppressed. S. MARIA DELLA VITTORIA: founded by Pius VII in Dec. 1801. SS. ANDREAS ET GREGORIUS IN CELIO MONTE: it was founded by Gregory XVI on 11 July 1839, who transferred to it the t. of S. Eusebio. S. MARIA NOVA: it was created by Pope Leo XIII on 17 March 1887. S. MARIA IN COSMEDIN: deaconry elevated in 1935 pro hac vice to a presbyteral t.; S. MARIA IN VALLICELLA: it was created by Pius XI (apostolic constitution Quum s. Thomae in Parione of 8 Dec. 1937, after the t. of S. Tommaso in Parione was suppressed; AAS, 30 [1938], p. 191). In the Consistory of 18 Feb. 1946 the deaconry of S. MARIA IN PORTICU was elevated to a t. pro hac vice.

In the Consistory of 17 Jan. 1933 the following deaconries were elevated pro hac vice to t.: S. AGATA DEI GOTI; S. ANGELO IN PESCHERIA; SS. COSMA E DAMIANO; S. MARIA DELLA SCALA; S. MARIA IN AQUIRO; S. MARIA IN VIA LATA. - See plate XVI.

BIBL.: sources

L. Duchesne, Notes sur la topogr. de Rome au moyen-âge. II. Les titres presbiteraux et les diacones, in Mél. d'arch. et d'hist., 7 (1887), pp. 17-36; J. P. Kirsch, Die röm. Titelkirchen im Altertum, Paderborn 1918; F. Lanzoni, It. presbiteriali di Roma ant. nella stor. e nella leggenda, in Riv. di arch. crist., 3 (1925), p. 195 SGE.; R. Viellard, Les titres romains et les deux édit. du Liber Pont., ibid., 3 (1928), pp. 89-103; id., Rech. sur les orig. de la Rome chrét., Mâcon 1941; A. M. Schneider, Die ältesten Denkmäler der röm. Kirche, in Festschr. zur Feier des zweihundertjähr. Bestehens der Abad. der Wiss. in Göttingen Berlin, Gottings 1951, pp. 166-98. Enrico Josi

@incollection{ec12_titoli_della_chiesa_romana,
  author    = {Josi, Enrico},
  title     = {Titoli Della Chiesa Romana},
  booktitle = {Enciclopedia Cattolica},
  volume    = {XII},
  pages     = {151--158},
  note      = {Cited by column},
  publisher = {Ente per l’Enciclopedia Cattolica e per il Libro Cattolico},
  address   = {Città del Vaticano},
  year      = {1954},
  url       = {https://azioneromana.com/article/titoli-della-chiesa-romana}
}