SUBCONSCIOUSNESS. – A term brought psychoanalysis (v.) modernism (v.) to indicate the psychic sphere that is currently withdrawn from attention; it consequently encompasses those latent contents that may nevertheless be evoked when consciousness (v.), either by itself or through the intervention of a third party, attention (v.) toward them. The distinction between the s. and the unconscious, which are often confused, is controversial, especially among German psychologists: according to De Sanctis, it is advisable to reserve the term “unconscious” for indicating the course of the bio-physiological phenomena that constitute vital functions and accompany the activity of the peripheral and central nervous systems, as well as the behavior of most elementary reflexes. In this sense, the “complexes” and “deep structures” described by Freud properly belong to the s. and not to the unconscious.
The existence of the s. is attested, in normal psychology, by the spontaneous synthetic activity of the internal senses in the perception of the continuum of space and time (v. SENSAZIONE), imagination (v.) memory (v.), by dream activity, by premonitions...; psychopathology reveals the predominance of the activity of the s. over consciousness (phobias, flight of ideas, automatisms, split personality...). The existence of the s. presupposes that the contents appearing within the zone of consciousness’s attention do not disappear entirely but are deposited in the deep self and continue their own dynamism within II. Even the sudden intuitions of genius in the arts, the sciences, and the life of thought presuppose a “psychic maturation” that takes place in the s., even if the precise nature and manner of this actualization are unknown. In normal psychology, the s. may at once be called the condition and the effect of conscious activity, insofar as the s. encompasses the complex of innate and acquired dispositions that make possible the actualization of consciousness itself and the structure of its contents: in this sense, the existence of the s. has rightly been invoked as proof of the existence of the personal self (v.) and soul (v.).
In ancient philosophy, the s. was glimpsed by Plato in the theory of reminiscence (IV. cf. Resp., 514 A ff.: myth of the cave) and by Aristotle in the doctrine of imagination and memory (De an., III, 3; De mem.). Platonic reminiscence was taken up again by Leibniz’s doctrine of the monads “without doors and without windows”

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Si può riconoscere alla s. una parte notevole - spesso principale - dal punto di vista funzionale, nella fondazione della «intenzionalità» (v.) dei processi di coscienza (Brentano, Husserl) e perciò nella costituzione del senso stesso di realtà (Wirklichkeitssinn) e nella condotta della persona come tale. A questo modo il dinamismo della s. interessa direttamente il problema stesso della «presenza» dell'essere alla coscienza così ch'essa appartiene alla struttura temporale dello spirito umano e al suo mistero.