Dauid is receiued and annointed King of Iuda. 5. He commendeth those of Iabes Galaad, which buried Saul. 8. Isboseth the sonne of Saul reigneth ouer the rest of Israel. 12. whereby riseth sharpe warre betwen Abner and Ioab, chief captaines of the two kinges. 30. Manie more are slaine of Abners partie then of Ioabs.
1And after these things David consulted the Lord, saying: Shall I go up into one of the cities of Juda? And the Lord said to him: Go up. And David said: Whither shall I go up? And he answered him: Into Hebron.Dopo tali cose David consultò il Signore, e disse: Andrò io ad alcuna delle città di Giuda? E il Signore gli disse: Va pure. E disse David: A quale andrò io? E rispose il Signore: Ad Hebron.THEREFORE after these thinges Dauid consulted our Lord, saying: Shal I goe vp into one of the cities of Iuda? And our Lord said to him: Goe vp. And Dauid said: Whit her shal I goe vp. And he answered him: Into Hebron.Igitur post hæc consuluit David Dominum, dicens: Num ascendam in unam de civitatibus Juda ? Et ait Dominus ad eum: Ascende. Dixitque David: Quo ascendam ? Et respondit ei: In Hebron. 2So David went up, and his two wives Achinoam the Jezrahelitess, and Abigail the wife of Nabal of Carmel:Si partì allora David, e le sue due mogli, Achinoam Jezraelita, e Abigail vedova di Nabal del Carmelo.Dauid therefore went vp, and his two wiues, Achinoam the Iezrahelite, and Abigail the wife of Nabal of Carmel:Ascendit ergo David, et duæ uxores ejus, Achinoam Jezraëlites, et Abigail uxor Nabal Carmeli: 3And the men also that were with him, David brought up every man with his household: and they abode in the towns of Hebron.E seco condusse David anche tutta la gente che era con lui, ciascuno colla sua famiglia: e dimorarono nelle città intorno ad Hebron.yea and the men also that were with him, Dauid brought euery one with his houshould: and they abode in the townes of Hebron.sed et viros, qui erant cum eo, duxit David singulos cum domo sua: et manserunt in oppidis Hebron. 4And the men of Juda came, and anointed David there, to be king over the house of Juda. And it was told David that the men of Jabes Galaad had buried Saul.E vennero gli uomini di Giuda, e ivi unsero David, perchè fosse re della casa di Giuda. E fu riferito a David, come quelli di Jabes di Galaad avean dato sepoltura a Saul.And the men of Iuda came, and annoynted Dauid there, to reigne ouer the house of Iuda. And it was told Dauid, that the men of Iabes Galaad had buried Saul.Veneruntque viri Juda, et unxerunt ibi David ut regnaret super domum Juda. Et nuntiatum est David quod viri Jabes Galaad sepelissent Saul. 5David therefore sent messengers to the men of Jabes Galaad, and said to them: Blessed be you to the Lord, who have shewn this mercy to your master Saul, and have buried him.Spedì adunque David de' messi agli uomini di Jabes di Galaad, e fece dir loro: Benedetti voi dal Signore, i quali avete fatto questa opera di misericordia verso il signore vostro Saul, e lo avete seppellito.Dauid therefore sent messengers vnto the men of Iabes Galaad, and sayd vnto them: Blessed be you to our Lord, which haue done this mercie with your lord Saul, and haue buried him.Misit ergo David nuntios ad viros Jabes Galaad, dixitque ad eos: Benedicti vos Domino, qui fecistis misericordiam hanc cum domino vestro Saul, et sepelistis eum.
6And now the Lord surely will render you mercy and truth, and I also will requite you for this good turn, because you have done this thing.E il Signore fin d'adesso si mostrerà misericordioso, e fedele verso di voi, ma io pure vi sarò grato per quel che avete fatto.And now our Lord certes wil render you mercie and truth: but I also wil requite you the good turne, for that you haue done this thing.Et nunc retribuet vobis quidem Dominus misericordiam et veritatem: sed et ego reddam gratiam, eo quod fecistis verbum istud. 7Let your hands be strengthened, and be ye men of valour: for although your master Saul be dead, yet the house of Juda hath anointed me to be their king.Rincoratevi, e state di buon animo: perocché, se è morto il signor vostro Saul, la casa di Giuda mi ha unto per suo re.Let your handes be strengthned, and be yee stout men: for although your lord Saul be dead, yet the house of Iuda hath annointed me to be their king.Confortentur manus vestræ, et estote filii fortitudinis: licet enim mortuus sit dominus vester Saul, tamen me unxit domus Juda in regem sibi. 8But Abner the son of Ner, general of Saul’s army, took Isboseth the son of Saul, and led him about through the camp,Ma Abner figliuolo di Ner condottiero dell'esercito di Saul, prese Isboseth figliuolo di Saul, e lo condusse intorno agli alloggiamenti,But Abner the sonne of Ner prince of Sauls armie, tooke Isboseth the sonne of Saul, & led him about through the campe,Abner autem filius Ner, princeps exercitus Saul, tulit Isboseth filium Saul, et circumduxit eum per castra, 9And made him king over Galaad, and over Gessuri, and over Jezrahel, and over Ephraim, and over Benjamin, and over all Israel.E lo fece dichiarar re di Galaad, e di Gessur, e di Jezrael, e di Ephraim, e di tutto Israele.and ordained him king ouer Galaad, and ouer Gessuri, and ouer Iezrahel, & ouer Ephraim, and ouer Beniamin, and ouer al Israel.regemque constituit super Galaad, et super Gessuri, et super Jezraël, et super Ephraim, et super Benjamin, et super Israël universum. 10Isboseth the son of Saul was forty years old when he began to reign over Israel, and he reigned two years; and only the house of Juda followed David.Quarant'anni avea Isboseth figliuolo di Saul, quando principiò a regnare sopra Israele, e regnò due anni: e la sola casa di Giuda obbediva a David.Fourtie yeares old was Isboseth the sonne of Saul when he began to reigne ouer Israel, and he reigned two yeares: and only the house of Iuda folowed Dauid.Quadraginta annorum erat Isboseth filius Saul cum regnare cœpisset super Israël, et duobus annis regnavit: sola autem domus Juda sequebatur David.
11And the number of the days that David abode, reigning in Hebron over the house of Juda, was seven years and six months.E il tempo che dimorò David in Hebron, avendo l'impero sopra la casa di Giuda, fu di sette anni, e sei mesi.And the number of the daies, that Dauid abode, reigning in Hebron ouer the house of Iuda, was seuen yeares and six monethes.Et fuit numerus dierum quos commoratus est David imperans in Hebron super domum Juda, septem annorum et sex mensium. 12And Abner the son of Ner, and the servants of Isboseth the son of Saul, went out from the camp to Gabaon.E Abner figliuolo di Ner co' servi d'Isboseth figliuolo di Saul levò il campo, e andò a Gabaon.And Abner the sonne of Ner went forth, and the seruantes of Isboseth the sonne of Saul, out of the campe into Gabaon.Egressusque est Abner filius Ner, et pueri Isboseth filii Saul, de castris in Gabaon. 13And Joab the son of Sarvia, and the servants of David went out, and met them by the pool of Gabaon. And when they were come together, they sat down over against one another: the one on the one side of the pool, and the other on the other side.E Gioab figliuolo di Sarvia, e la gente di David si mossero, e andarono incontro ad essi presso alla piscina di Gabaon. E avvicinatisi gli uni agli altri, si posarono dirimpetto gli uni da un lato della piscina, gli altri dall'altro lato.Moreouer Ioab the sonne of Saruia, and the seruants of Dauid went forth, and mette them beside the poole of Gabaon, and when they were come together into one place, they sate one ouer against an other: these on the one side of the poole, and they on the other.Porro Joab filius Sarviæ, et pueri David, egressi sunt, et occurrerunt eis juxta piscinam Gabaon. Et cum in unum convenissent, e regione sederunt: hi ex una parte piscinæ, et illi ex altera. 14And Abner said to Joab: Let the young men rise, and play before us. And Joab answered: Let them rise.E Abner disse a Gioab: Vengan fuora de' giovanetti, e si divertano in nostra presenza. E Gioab rispose: Vengano.And Abner said to Ioab: Let the yong men rise, and play before vs. And Ioab answered: Let them rise.Dixitque Abner ad Joab: Surgant pueri, et ludant coram nobis. Et respondit Joab: Surgant. 15Then there arose and went over twelve in number of Benjamin, of the part of Isboseth the son of Saul, and twelve of the servants of David.Si mossero allora, e si avvicinarono dodici Beniamiti dalla parte d'Isboseth figliuolo di Saul, e dodici per la parte di David.There rose therefore and passed twelue in number, of Beniamin, of Isboseths part the sonne of Saul, and twelue of the seruantes of Dauid.Surrexerunt ergo, et transierunt numero duodecim de Benjamin, ex parte Isboseth filii Saul, et duodecim de pueris David.
16And every one catching his fellow by the head, thrust his sword into the side of his adversary, and they fell down together: and the name of the place was called: The field of the valiant, in Gabaon.E ciascuno di essi, preso per la testa il suo avversario, gli ficcò nel fianco il pugnale, e morirono (tutti) insieme. E fu dato a quel luogo il nome di campo dei forti a Gabaon.And euery one taking the head of his mate, sticked his sword into the side of his aduersarie, and they fel together: & the name of the place was called: The field of the valiantes, in Gabaon.Apprehensoque unusquisque capite comparis sui, defixit gladium in latus contrarii, et ceciderunt simul: vocatumque est nomen loci illius: Ager robustorum, in Gabaon. 17And there was a very fierce battle that day: and Abner was put to flight, with the men of Israel, by the servants of David.E principiò in quel giorno una battaglia aspra assai: e Abner, e i figliuoli d'Israele furon messi in fuga dalla gente di David.And there rose a very sore battel in that day: and Abner was put to flight, & the men of Israel, by the seruantes of Dauid.Et ortum est bellum durum satis in die illa: fugatusque est Abner et viri Israël a pueris David. 18And there were the three sons of Sarvia there, Joab, and Abisai, and Asael: now Asael was a most swift runner, like one of the roes that abide in the woods.Or eranvi tre figliuoli di Sarvia, Joab, Abisai, e Asael: e Asael era velocissimo corridore come un capriolo di quei che stan per le selve.And there were there the three sonnes of Saruia, Ioab, and Abisai, and Asael: moreouer Asael was a most swift runner, as it were one of the roes, that abide in the wooddes.Erant autem ibi tres filii Sarviæ, Joab, et Abisai, et Asaël: porro Asaël cursor velocissimus fuit, quasi unus de capreis quæ morantur in silvis. 19And Asael pursued after Abner, and turned not to the right hand nor to the left from following Abner.Asael adunque inseguiva Abner, e senza voltarsi nè a destra, nè a sinistra non rifinava di corrergli dietro.And Asael pursued Abner, and declined not to the right hand nor to the left omitting to pursue Abner.Persequebatur autem Asaël Abner, et non declinavit ad dextram neque ad sinistram omittens persequi Abner. 20And Abner looked behind him, and said: Art thou Asael? And he answered: I am.Si voltò indietro Abner, e disse: Se' tu Asael? Ed ei rispose? Son io.Abner therefore looked backe behind him, and said: Art thou Asael? Who answered: I am.Respexit itaque Abner post tergum suum, et ait: Tune es Asaël ? Qui respondit: Ego sum.
21And Abner said to him: Go to the right hand or to the left, and lay hold on one of the young men and take thee his spoils. But Asael would not leave off following him close.E Abner gli disse: Va o a destra, o a sinistra, e gettati sopra di qualche giovanetto, e prenditi le sue spoglie. Ma Asael non volle lasciare d'incalzarlo.And Abner said to him: Goe to the right hand, or to the left, and apprehend one of the young men, and take to thee his spoyles. But Asael would not leaue but vrged him.Dixitque ei Abner: Vade ad dexteram, sive ad sinistram, et apprehende unum de adolescentibus, et tolle tibi spolia ejus. Noluit autem Asaël omittere quin urgeret eum. 22And again Abner said to Asael: Go off, and do not follow me, lest I be obliged to stab thee to the ground, and I shall not be able to hold up my face to Joab thy brother.E di bel nuovo Abner disse ad Asael: Vattene: non venirmi dietro, perchè io non mi veda costretto di conficcarti in terra, ond'io non possa aver cuore di guardare in viso il tuo fratello Gioab.And againe Abner said to Asael: Retyre, and do not folowe me left I be compelled to sticke thee to the ground, and I shal not be able to lift vp my face to Ioab thy brother.Rursumque locutus est Abner ad Asaël: Recede, noli me sequi, ne compellar confodere te in terram, et levare non potero faciem meam ad Joab fratrem tuum. 23But he refused to hearken to him, and would not turn aside: wherefore Abner struck him with his spear with a back stroke in the groin, and thrust him through, and he died upon the spot: and all that came to the place where Asael fell down and died stood still.Ma quegli non volle dar retta, nè cambiare strada. Allora Abner lo colpì colla parte inferiore della lancia nell'anguinaia, e lo passò da parte a parte, e quegli nello stesso luogo morì: e tutti quelli che passavan pel sito, in cui era caduto morto Asael, si fermavano.Who contemned to heare, and would not goe aside: Abner therefore stroke him, with his speare turned backe in the priuy partes, and thrust him through, and he dyed in the same place: and al that passed by that place, wherein Asael fel and dyed, did stay.Qui audire contempsit, et noluit declinare: percussit ergo eum Abner aversa hasta in inguine, et transfodit, et mortuus est in eodem loco: omnesque qui transibant per locum illum, in quo ceciderat Asaël et mortuus erat, subsistebant. 24Now while Joab and Abisai pursued after Abner, the sun went down: and they came as far as the hill of the aqueduct, that lieth over against the valley by the way of the wilderness in Gabaon.Ma mentre Gioab e Abisai inseguivano Abner, il quale fuggiva, il sole tramontò: ed erano arrivati fino alla collina dell'acquedotto, che è dirimpetto alla valle sulla strada del deserto di Gabaon.But whiles Ioab and Abisai pursued Abner fleeing, the sunne went downe: and they came as farre as the hil of the water conduit, that is ouer against the valley the way of the desert in Gabaon.Persequentibus autem Joab et Abisai fugientem Abner, sol occubuit: et venerunt usque ad collem aquæductus, qui est ex adverso vallis itineris deserti in Gabaon.
25And the children of Benjamin gathered themselves together to Abner: and being joined in one body, they stood on the top of a hill.E i figliuoli di Beniamin si erano riuniti intorno ad Abner: e serrati in un sol drappello si fermarono sulla cima di un luogo rilevato.And the children of Beniamin were assembled together to Abner: and being gathered in a plumpe into one troupe, they stoode in the toppe of one hil.Congregatique sunt filii Benjamin ad Abner: et conglobati in unum cuneum, steterunt in summitate tumuli unius. 26And Abner cried out to Joab, and said: Shall thy sword rage unto utter destruction? knowest thou not that it is dangerous to drive people to despair? how long dost thou defer to bid the people cease from pursuing after their brethren?E Abner disse ad alta voce a Gioab: Infierirà ella la tua spada fino all'esterminio? Non sai tu, che pericolosa cosa ell'è la disperazione? perchè non fai tu sapere al popolo che tralasci di perseguitare i suoi fratelli?And Abner cried out to Ioab, and said: Shal thy sword rage vnto vtter destructrion? knowest thou not that desperation is dangerous? how long differrest thou to say to the people, that they leaue to pursue their brethren?Et exclamavit Abner ad Joab, et ait: Num usque ad internecionem tuus mucro desæviet ? an ignoras quod periculosa sit desperatio ? usquequo non dicis populo ut omittat persequi fratres suos ? 27And Joab said: As the Lord liveth, if thou hadst spoke sooner, even in the morning the people should have retired from pursuing after their brethren.E Gioab disse: Viva il Signore: se tu avessi aperto bocca, il popolo avrebbe di buon'ora desistito dall'inseguire i suoi fratelli.And Ioab said: Our Lord liueth, if thou hadest spoken, in the morning had the people retyred, from pursuing their brethren.Et ait Joab: Vivit Dominus, si locutus fuisses, mane recessisset populus persequens fratrem suum. 28Then Joab sounded the trumpet, and all the army stood still, and did not pursue after Israel any farther, nor fight any more.Gioab pertanto suonò il corno, e tutto il popolo si fermò, e non dieder più la caccia ad Israele, e non menaron le mani.Ioab therefore sounded the trumpette, and al the armie stood, neither did they pursue Israel any further, nor enter into fight.Insonuit ergo Joab buccina, et stetit omnis exercitus, nec persecuti sunt ultra Israël, neque iniere certamen. 29And Abner and his men walked all that night through the plains: and they passed the Jordan, and having gone through all Beth-horon, came to the camp.E Abner colla sua gente se n'andarono tutta quella notte per le pianure: e passaron il Giordano, e traversato tutto il paese di Beth-horon, giunsero agli alloggiamenti.And Abner and his men went through the champaine country, al that night: and they passed Iordan, and hauing viewed al Beth horon, came to the campeAbner autem et viri ejus abierunt per campestria, tota nocte illa: et transierunt Jordanem, et lustrata omni Beth-horon, venerunt ad castra.
30And Joab returning, after he had left Abner, assembled all the people: and there were wanting of David’s servants nineteen men, beside Asael.E Gioab lasciò andare Abner, e tornò indietro, e raunò tutto il popolo: e mancarono de' soldati di David diciannove uomini senza Asaele.Moreouer Ioab returning, after he had leift Abner, assembled al the people: and there wanted of Dauids seruantes nintene men, beside AsaelPorro Joab reversus, omisso Abner, congregavit omnem populum: et defuerunt de pueris David decem et novem viri, excepto Asaële. 31But the servants of David had killed of Benjamin, and of the men that were with Abner, three hundred and sixty, who all died.Ma le genti di David uccisero trecento sessanta uomini si di Beniamin, e si dell'altra gente, che era con Abner.But the seruantes of Dauid stroke of Beniamin, and of the men, that were with Abner three hundred three score, who also died.Servi autem David percusserunt de Benjamin, et de viris qui erant cum Abner, trecentos sexaginta, qui et mortui sunt. 32And they took Asael, and buried him in the sepulchre of his father in Bethlehem and Joab, and the men that were with him, marched all the night, and they came to Hebron at break of day.E presero Asael, e lo seppellirono nella sepoltura del padre suo in Bethlehem: ma Gioab, e quelli che erano con lui, camminaron tutta notte, e al primo crepuscolo giunsero ad Hebron.And they tooke Asael, & buried him in the sepulchre of his father in Bethlehem: and Ioab, and the men that were with him, walked al the night, and in the very twilight they came into Hebron.Tuleruntque Asaël, et sepelierunt eum in sepulchro patris sui in Bethlehem: et ambulaverunt tota nocte Joab et viri qui erant cum eo, et in ipso crepusculo pervenerunt in Hebron.
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Year of the World 2949.
Josephus
Juda. David thought it was his duty to co-operate with the designs of Providence. He consults the Lord (Calmet) by means of Abiathar, (Abulensis) or by a prophet. (Josephus)
Menochius
Hebron, ennobled by the patriarchs. (Menochius)
Calmet
It was also in the centre of Juda, and the strongest place belonging to that tribe. (Calmet)
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Towns, villages, and dependencies of Hebron.
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Grotius
Juda, without the concurrence of the other tribes, (Calmet) which would be an evil precedent in a commonwealth, unless God had authorized them by the declaration of his will. (Grotius)
Tirinus
Samuel had before anointed David, and given him a right to the crown, (Worthington) jus ad regnum. But this anointing gives him a right to govern, jus in regno; (Calmet) or rather it proves, that the tribe submitted voluntarily to his dominion, which he had already (Haydock) lawfully begun to exercise, when he put the Amalecite to death. (Abulensis) (Tirinus)
Calmet
Told, perhaps by some ill-designing men, who wished to irritate David against those who had shewn an attachment to Saul, unless the king had made enquiry, thinking it his duty to bury the deceased. (Calmet)
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Calmet
And truth, or a real kindness. God will reward you for the sincere piety which you have shewn towards the dead. (Calmet)
Louis de Dieu
Will. I do, by these messengers, thank you. (Louis de Dieu)
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Haydock
Camp. Hebrew Machanayim, which many take for a proper name (Calmet) of the town, on the river Jabok, where Jacob had encamped, Genesis 32:2. (Haydock)
Abner was aware that he should not retain his authority under David, and therefore conducted Isboseth to the camps in various places, (Menochius) but chiefly on the east side of the Jordan, (Haydock; ver. 29.) where the people were particularly attached to Saul's family. Isboseth seems to have been a fit tool for his purpose.
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Gessuri. There was one south of Juda: but this country was probably near Hermon, and might be tributary to Israel. David perhaps married this king's daughter, in order to detach him from the party of Isboseth, 2 Kings 3:3. Hebrew reads, "Assuri;" and St. Jerome observes, that many explained it of the tribe of Aser, (Trad. Heb.[Hebrew tradition?]) with the Chaldee, (Du Hamel; Menochius) or of the Assurians, Genesis 25:3.
Israel, by degrees. In the mean time the Philistines occupied many cities, which might prevent Isboseth from attempting to fix his residence on the west side of the Jordan, ver. 19.
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Worthington
He reigned two years, viz., before he began visibly to decline: but in all he reigned seven years and six months: for so long David reigned in Hebron. (Challoner) (Worthington)
Haydock
The Jews admit of an interregnum in Israel of above five years, which is by no means probable. Two years elapsed before the two houses came to an open war; (Salien) soon after which, the power of Isboseth was greatly weakened by the defeat, and afterwards by the defection, of Abner. (Haydock)
Estius
Hence the sacred historian refers to the commencement of hostilities, and not to the end of Isboseth's dominion. (Estius; Tirinus; Calmet)
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Menochius
Servants; guards, army. (Menochius)
Calmet
Camp; or from Machanayim to Gabaon, in the tribe of Benjamin, about six miles from Jerusalem. (Calmet)
Haydock
Septuagint leave the former word untranslated, "Manaeim." (Haydock)
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Tirinus
Play, like the gladiators with drawn swords, which formed one of the principal diversions at Rome, (Calmet) while it was pagan. This might be considered as a prelude to the ensuing engagement; or like a detachment of twelve on each side, fighting to shew the prowess of their respective armies; as the three Horatii and Curiatii did afterwards, to spare the effusion of blood. But there is no mention that Abner and Joab had authority to agree that these champions should decide the fate of the two kingdoms, (Haydock) whence they are generally accused of ostentation; though the soldiers, not being acquainted with their motives, were obliged to obey. (Tirinus; Menochius)
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Calmet
Together. Some understand this only of Abner's soldiers, as the original may be explained: "And they (David's men) caught every on one his," etc. But it is more generally believed that all fell. (Calmet)
Tirinus
Rufin has erroneously translated Josephus in the former sense, and has lead Comestor, Lyranus, etc., into this opinion. (Tirinus)
Calmet
Valiant. Hebrew, "the portion of the smooth stones, (hatsurim, 1 Kings 17:40. or) of the brave." (Calmet)
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Woods. Swiftness was one great qualification of a warrior, 2 Kings 1:23. Homer generally styles Achilles, "the swift-footed."
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Haydock
Spoils. Attack one who may be a more equal match for thee. (Haydock)
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Calmet
Brother. It seems they were great friends, though they had espoused different parties. (Calmet)
2:23
Stroke, (aversa.) Hebrew, "with the hinder end of the spear, under the fifth rib." Septuagint, "in the loin."
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Wilderness, or land which was not ploughed, though fruitful.
2:26
Destruction. Septuagint, "till thou hast gained a complete victory?" Chaldean, "to separation?" Must we come to an eternal rupture?
Calmet
Despair? Hebrew, "that it will be bitterness in the end?" Abner insinuates that they had commenced in a sort of play, but the consequences had already proved too serious; and if Joab continued to pursue, his men would be rendered desperate. (Calmet)
Menochius
Despair makes people perform wonders, to revenge themselves. (Menochius)
2:27
Calmet
Sooner. Hebrew, "If thou hadst not spoken," (Du Hamel) by challenging, ver. 14. (Josephus, etc.) (Calmet)
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Calmet
Trumpet. It was not dishonourable for a general to do this himself, 2 Kings 18:16. But among the Hebrews, the priests generally performed this office. (Calmet)
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Calmet
Beth-horon. Septuagint, "the extended plain." Hebrew Bithrun, (Haydock) or the country towards the Jordan. (Calmet)
Tirinus
Thus the battle ended in his disgrace; (Haydock) and many from all Israel began to flock to the standard of David, 1 Paralipomenon 12:22. (Tirinus)
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Menochius
Day, after a march of ten hours. (Adrichomius) (Menochius)
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2:4
This second annointing, as also the third, (ch. •.) was in confirmation and to put him in possession of the first m••• long before. 1. Reg. 16.
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He reigned two yeares before he beganne much to decline, but in al seuen yeares and a half, for so long Dauid reigned only in Iuda. v. 11.
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Hence perhaps cometh the phraise, that one armie playeth vpon an other vvith smal and great ar•• lane, that is, strike and kil their enimies with al sortes of gunnes. Iosephus li. 7. c. 1. Antiq.
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sant'Ambrogio † 397 d.C. On the Duties of the Clergy 2.7
33. He had bound the people to himself freely in doing his duty; first, when he during the division among the people preferred to live like an exile at Hebron
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sant'Agostino d'Ippona † 430 d.C. On Care to Be Had for the Dead 11
11. In regard to that woful compassion which I have mentioned, are those praised, and by king David blessed, who to the dry bones of Saul and Jonathan afforded mercy of sepulture.
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papa san Gregorio I Magno † 604 d.C. The Book of Pastoral Rule 3.16
… Turn thee aside from following me, lest I be driven to smite thee to the ground. Howbeit he scorned to listen, and refused to turn aside. Whereupon Abner smote him with the hinder end of the spear in the groin, and thrust him through, and he died (
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1. CONSULUIT DAVID DOMINUM, — per Urim, puta per Abiathar pontificem indutum Rationali, in quo erant Urim et Tummim, ut saepius dixi. IN HEBRON. — Jubet Deus Davidi ut eat in Hebron, quia ibi, ait Procopius, vixerant et sepulti erant Patriarchae, eratque tum Hebron metropolis tribus Juda; ut scilicet in ea David consecraretur rex, in eaque consecratus a tota deinde tribu facile ut rex acceptaretur.
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3. ET MANSERUNT IN OPPIDIS HEBRON, — puta in urbibus Hebroni vicinis, et ab Hebrone dependentibus, quae alibi vocantur filiae.
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4. VENERUNTQUE VIRI JUDA, ET UNXERUNT IBI DAVID, — quasi contribulem suum; maluerunt enim Davidem utpote suae tribus, regnare, quam Isboseth filium Saulis, qui erat ex tribu Benjamin. Sciebant enim Jacobum patriarcham tribui Juda regnum assignasse, Genes. cap. XLIX, vers. 10. Sciebant insuper Davidem jam pridem a Samuele unctum fuisse in regem, tot tantasque de hostibus retulisse victorias: qua de causa multi ex aliis tribubus, deserto Isboseth, ad Davidem transierunt, quorum numerus recensetur, I Paralip. cap. XII.
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6. ET NUNC RETRIBUET VOBIS QUIDEM DOMINUS MISERICORDIAM ET VERITATEM. — Hebraice, pietatem et fidelitatem, ut scilicet sicut vos utramque exhibuistis Sauli regi vestro in auferendo et sepeliendo ejus corpore; sic et utramque vobis rependat Deus, ac vobis se pium et misericordem aeque ac fidelem in remuneranda vestra virtute exhibeat. Nota: Misericordia et veritas significant omne opus virtutis, tam liberale (qualis est misericordia) quam debitum (qualis est veritas) id est aequitas et fidelitas et justitia.
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8. ABNER AUTEM FILIUS NER PRINCEPS EXERCITUS SAUL (ejusque consobrinus; nam Ner pater Abner erat frater Cis, qui erat pater Saulis). TULIT ISBOSETH FILIUM SAUL, ET CIRCUMDUXIT EUM PER CASTRA. — Hebraice est מחנים Machanaim, id est castra, ut vertit Noster et Septuaginta. Verum Chaldaei, Serarius et Vatablus, Machanaim accipiunt ut nomen proprium loci, in quo Jacob vidit castra Angelorum se contra Esau defendentium, ideoque locum vocavit Machanaim, id est castra, Gen. cap. XXXII, vers. 2, quasi in eodem loco, utpote tam celebri et sancto, in regno unctus sit Isboseth ab Abner ad populi favorem illi conciliandum: unde et ibidem regiam sedem constituit, ait Josephus.
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9. REGEMQUE CONSTITUIT SUPER GALAAD, ET SUPER GESSURI, etc., ET SUPER ISRAEL UNIVERSUM. — Pro Gessuri Hebraei, Septuaginta et Chaldaea legunt, Assuri. Gessuri erat regio trans Jordanem in Manassensium ditione, sed Manassenses Chananaeis in Gessuri degentibus praevalere non potuerunt: unde ex Gessuri quasi Israelis hoste praedas egit David, ut audivimus libro I, cap. XXVII, vers. 8, indeque abduxit filiam regis, quam sibi in uxorem ascivit, et ex ea genuit Absalonem, qui proinde occiso Amnon fratre suo Davidis patris iram fugiens, se contulit ad regem Gessuri quasi ad avum suum maternum, ut audiemus cap. III, vers. 3, et cap. XIII, 37. Quare Isboseth nomine tenus factus fuit rex Gessuri, non reipsa. ET SUPER ISRAEL, — hoc est, super caeteras undecim tribus. Hic ergo facta est regni Israelis divisio et schisma. David enim creatus fuit rex tribus Juda, Isboseth vero caeterarum undecim; unde et postea schisma hoc renovatum fuit sub Roboam nepote Davidis; huic enim adhaesit sola tribus Juda, caeterae vero tribus elegerunt sibi regem Jeroboam. Illud dictum est regnum Juda, hoc regnum Israel, nomine communi scilicet majori tribuum parti appropriato. Porro Abulensis, Serarius et alii excusant Isboseth a tyrannide et invasione regni, eo quod illud ipsi haereditario jure deberetur: licet enim David unctus esset a Samuele in regem, tamen illa unctio occulta erat, nec publicata authentice, ita ut Isboseth teneretur ulli credere et Davidi regnum paternum cedere. Unde et David cap. IV, vers. 11, eum vocat virum innoxium, et ejus caedem ultus est. Similiter excusant Abner, cujus pariter necem vindicavit David morte Joab; alioqui enim Abner graviter peccasset procurando Isboseth regnum, si scivisset illud Davidi a Deo esse datum, imo si postea id rescivisset, licite non potuisset Isboseth regem fovere et defendere; sed debuisset eum monere ut Davidi cederet regnum. Porro fabula est R. Salomonis, quod, cum populus Davidem vellet regem, Abner probarit Isboseth deberi regnum ex Genes. XXXV, 18, ubi Jacob filium a Rachele in partu moriente vocatum Benoni, id est filium doloris, nuncupat Benjamin, id est filium dexterae. Dextera enim symbolum est regis et regni; Isboseth enim et Saul erant prognati ex Benjamin, David vero ex Juda.
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10. ET DUOBUS ANNIS REGNAVIT. — Hinc R. Salomon et Hebraei in Seder Olam cap. XIII, censent Isboseth duobus tantum annis regnasse, ita ut iis exactis illo occiso, undecim tribus caruerint rege per annos quinque cum dimidio, quibus finitis Davidem sibi in regem crearunt. Sed verius est Isboseth totidem annis regnasse in Israel, quot annis David regnavit in Juda, scilicet annos septem cum dimidio; nam mortuo Isboseth, statim in regnum illi successit David, tamque in Juda quam in caeteris tribubus omnibus regnavit. Unde et Josephus asserit undecim tribus, statim post caedem Isboseth, sibi in regem elegisse Davidem. Quod ergo hic dicitur, Isboseth duobus annis regnasse, intellige, tranquille et pacifice, antequam Davidem bello lacesseret; hoc enim fecit post biennium, uti narratur vers. 12. Porro bellum hoc utrimque duravit quinque annos cum dimidio usque ad mortem Isboseth; unde cap. III, vers. 1, dicitur: Facta est longa concertatio inter domum Saul et inter domum David, puta inter Isboseth et David.
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14. DIXITQUE ABNER AD JOAB: SURGANT PUERI (juvenes bellicosi), ET LUDANT CORAM NOBIS. — Ludant lusu militari et duello, hoc est duellent inter se. Duellum enim speciem lusus et ludicri spectaculi curiosis spectantibus exhibet: ideoque Romae populo pugnae gladiatorum duellantium in amphitheatro quasi ludi exhibebantur. Rursum, duellum vocatur lusus, quia in eo duellantes ostendunt quam sint periti artis gladiatoriae, quam nobiles quasi lusum exercent, et exercendo addiscunt. Ita Vatablus. Tertio, quia Abner duellum hoc non tam ad victoriam, quam ad lusum militarem referebat, scilicet ut ostenderet suos milites esse fortiores militibus Davidis et Joab. Ita Josephus. Quarto, quia duellum hoc erat quasi velitatio et prolusio ad bellum et praelium generale, quod illico secutum est, ut patet ex seq.; ac forte, inquit, Serarius, et quasi divinatorium quoddam victoriae indicium, quo Germani uti olim solebant, uti tradit Cornelius Tacitus, lib. De Moribus Germanorum: Est, inquit, et alia observatio auspiciorum, quae gravium bellorum eventus explorant. Ejus gentis, cum qua bellum est, captivum quomodo interceptum, cum electo popularium suorum patriis quemque armis committunt, victoria hujus vel illius pro praejudicio accipitur. Porro peccavit Abner, tum quia volens fortitudinem suam ostentare, aeque ac regni Isboseth, primus provocavit Joabum ad duellum et bellum, unde justo Dei judicio in eodem caesus victusque est; peccavit et Joab, sed minus, quia consensit duello et bello, ac morti injustae eorum, qui in eo occidendi erant; necdum enim praecesserat justa belli causa, verbi gratia, damna vel injuriae ab Abner vel Isboseth illatae. Bellum enim capessere non licet, nisi justa et gravi de causa. Ita Abulensis. Si tamen Abner prior invasisset Joabum, licite potuisset, imo debuisset Joab se ac regem suum Davidem defendere, ac vim vi repellere: sed id non fecit Abner.
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16. APPREHENSOQUE UNUSQUISQUE CAPITE COMPARIS SUI. — Josephus, Rabanus et Angelomus, to unusquisque restringunt ad eos qui erant ex parte Joab, hos enim singulos apprehenso capite comparis sui, id est sui antagonistae ex parte Abner, eos transfodisse, ita ut salvi et victores fuerint Joabitae, caesi vero omnes et soli Abneritae. Verum alii passim to unusquisque generatim ut sonat accipiunt, tamque ad Abneritas, quam ad Joabitas referunt, ita ut omnes ad unum caesi sint, et utrimque mutuis vulneribus conciderint. Talis fuit Cadmaea pugna. Fabulantur enim Poetae Cadmum Agenoris filium et Thebarum conditorem, cum vidisset socios a dracone interfectos, draconis dentes secuisse, ex quibus orti se mutuis ictibus confoderent.
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17. ET ORTUM EST BELLUM. — Ecce hic duellum transit in acre bellum totale; unde ad illud fuit quasi ludus et praelusio, ut dixi.
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18. PORRO ASAEL CURSOR VELOCISSIMUS FUIT. — Josephus ait Asaelem adeo fuisse velocem, ut non tantum homines, sed et equos cursu superaret, quales etiamnum sunt in Hibernia et India. S. Bachiarius, epist. De lapsis: Asael, inquit, velox sicut cervus a Scriptura esse perhibetur, ob hoc, credo, quod incoinquinati corporis puritas donum ei velocitatis indulserat; corpus enim quod corrumpitur aggravat animam, Sap. IX, 15; et colligit hanc Asaelis puritatem ex eo quod cum cervo, ut ipse legit, comparetur: Velox, inquit, erat sicut cervus, id est, qui non solum perspicacia mentis, inimici laqueos evitabat, verum etiam serpentum, id est, adversariarum virtutum interfector existit. Nam cervus et visus acumine excellit, et perpetuas cum serpentibus inimicitias exercet. Tropologice, Asaeles sunt, qui procurrunt alacres ad quaevis charitatis officia, qualis fuit Cardamas, quem S. Paulus, epist. 5 ad Amandum, Asaeli comparans, ei dat pedes cervorum. Nam positus est, inquit, in tantae ministerio charitatis, ut in libertate serviat, in senectute discurrat, et requiem vacationis emeritae malit in peregrinationis labore quam in domestica sede consumere; quia pigrorum vias spinis stratas calcare declinat, ne convertatur in aerumnam, dum ei de inertiae infructuoso otio miserae sollicitudinis spina configitur. Exultat itaque impiger ad currendam viam, ne illi segne otium conterenti, pedissequa pigrorum inopia tanquam bonus cursor occurrat.
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23. PERCUSSIT ERGO EUM ABNER AVERSA HASTA IN INGUINE. — Hebraice, in quinta, scilicet costa, ubi resident jecur et fel. Tropologice, Asael repraesentat nimis ferventes, praecipitantes et furentes, qui non directe sed indirecte, et ex obliquo reprimendi sunt; nam ut ait S. Gregorius, III part. Pastor. Admonit. 17, et ex eo Angelomus et Eucherius: Ex mucrone (directe) percutere, est impetu apertae increpationis obviare; aversa vero hasta persequentem ferire, est furentem tranquille ex quibusdam tangere et quasi parcendo superare. Asael autem protinus occubuit, quia commotae mentes dum parci sibi sentiunt, et tamen responsorum ratione in intimis sub tranquillitate tanguntur, ab eo, quod se erexerant, statim cadunt. Unde Abner hebraice idem est quod patris lucerna, qualis est prudentia lenis et mansueta corripientis.
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26. AN IGNORAS QUOD PERICULOSA SIT DESPERATIO? — Milites enim desperati acerrime pugnant ut vel vincant, vel, si vincantur, ne inulti moriantur, sed care vitam suam hosti vendant: quare ex desperatione nascitur spes victoriae, imo desperatio saepe est causa victoriae. Quocirca praeclari duces hoc habent principium: Cum desperato ne pugna. Fugienti hosti aureum sterne pontem. Ita Tryphon, occiso Jonatha, non fuit ausus aggredi paucos ejus socios desperatos. Nam videntes hi, qui insecuti fuerant, quia pro anima res est illis, reversi sunt, 1 Machab. XII, 15. Nec Lysias cum multis Judam Machabaeum cum paucis invadere sustinuit. Audi Scripturam ibidem, cap. IV, 35: Videns autem Lysias fugam suorum, et Judaeorum audaciam, et quod parati sunt aut vivere aut mori fortiter, abiit Antiochiam, et elegit milites, ut multiplicati rursus venirent in Judaeam. Similia saepe vidimus in bellis Belgicis. Causam dat Vegetius, lib. III De Re milit. cap. XXI: Ex desperatione, inquit, crescit audacia; et cum spei nihil sit, sumit arma formido. Ideoque Scipionis laudata sententia est, qui dixit, viam hostibus, qua fugiant, esse muniendam. Bene Curtius, lib. IV: Effugit, inquit, mortem quisquis contempserit: timidissimum quemque consequitur. Et rursus, libro V: Ignaviam, inquit, necessitas acuit, et saepe desperatio spei causa est. Adde Senecam philosophum, lib. II Natural. Quaest. cap. LIX: Nullus, inquit, perniciosior hostis, quam quem audacem angustiae faciunt; longeque violentius semper ex necessitate, quam ex virtute corripimur. Narrat Justinus, lib. XX Hist., quindecim millia Locrensium cecidisse centum millia Crotoniensium, causamque subjicit: Quia, inquit, amissa spe victoriae, in destinatam mortem conspirarunt; tantusque ardor ex desperatione singulos cepit, ut victores se putarent, si non inulti morerentur. Sed dum mori honeste quaerunt, feliciter vicerunt. Hinc est illud Maronis, libro II Aeneid.: Una salus victis, nullam sperare salutem. Et illud Sallustianum: Gravissimi sunt morsus irritatae necessitatis.
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HEBRON (EBR., HEBRHŌN « UNIONE, LEGA »; SETTANTA, ΧΈΒΡΩΝ)
10, 3. 36-39; 12, 10) e quindi ripopolata con Calebiti (Jos. 14, 12). Divenne poi città di rifugio e David, che perseguitato da Saul vi aveva trovato ricovero, la scelse come capitale rimanendovi sette anni e mezzo (II Sam. 2, 1-3, 11; 5, 1-5; I Reg. 2, 11; I Par. 29, 27). Absalom vi fece il centro della rivolta contro il padre (II Sam. 15, 7-10) e Roboam la rifornificò. …
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1. Città israelita transgiordanica, detta comunemente I.-Galaad (Iudc. 21, 8. 10. 12. 41; I Sam. 11, 1. 9; 31, 11; II Sam. 2, 4. 5; 21, 12; I Par. 10, 11), talora solo I. (I Sam. 11, 3. 5. 18 ecc.).
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Uomo inetto, e messo tuttavia sul trono dallo zio Abner (v.) in Mahanaim oltre Giordano, combatté inutilmente per sette anni contro David (v.), cui obbediva il sud (II Sam. 2, 8-32). Gli venne prima a mancare, per un inopportuno rimprovero, l'appoggio di Abner (II Sam. 3, 6-12); poi, morto Abner, anch'egli fu ucciso, nella sua casa, durante il riposo pomeridiano. …
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… I Gessurei (gēšūrī) sono ricordati con gli abitanti di Maacha (Deut. 3, 14; Ios. 12, 5; 13, 11), probabilmente anche in II Sam. 2, 9 con la versione siriaca e la Volgata. …
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ABNER (EBR.: « IL PADRE È LUCE »)
… evitare le personali inimicizie col feroce comandante nemico, A. tentò inutilmente due volte di far desistere dal suo inseguimento Asael fratello minore di Joab, finché, stancatosi, lo uccise col calcio della lancia, quasi a simulare un fortuito incidente (II Sam. 2, 12-32). Nel desiderio di accaparrarsi qualche diritto alla successione, prese in moglie Resfa concubina di Saul, ma sdegnato per il rimprovero di Isboseth, passò a David tentando di condurgli …
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ASAEL (EBR. 'ĀŠĀH'ĒL, « DIO HA FATTO »)
… Dopo che l'esercito davidico, comandato da Joab e Abisai, ebbe vinto a Gabaon le truppe di Isboseth capitanate da Abner, questi, inseguito dal veloce A., sentendosi già alle calcagna, si voltò d'improvviso e, pur contro voglia, lo uccise all'istante (II Sam. 2, 19-23). Tale morte sarà pretesto a Joab per sbarazzarsi di Abner (ibid. 3, 27). Ammirato per il suo coraggio, A. era annoverato fra i primi valorosi di David (ibid. 23, 24; I Par. 11, 26). …
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GIORDANO (EBR. JARDĒN, ARABO EL-URDUNN)
… Nella Bibbia è ricordato soprattutto come frontiera (Num. 34, 12; Ez. 47, 18), sia di nemici che lo avevano guadato (II Reg. 7, 15; Iud. 12, 5) che di Israeliti che si mettevano in salvo nell'altra riva (I Sam. 13, 7; II Sam. 2, 20; 17, 22).
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3. Figlia di Absalom, anch'essa celebrata per bellezza (ibid. 2,27).
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BETHORON (ebr. hab-Bithrón). - Nome di contrada, probabilmente una vallata, da ricercarsi ad oriente del Giordano (II Sam. 2, 29), e di una doppia città (superiore e inferiore), ebr. Beth-hőrön, sita nei monti di Ephraim presso i confini di Beniamin (Jos. 16, 3, 5; 18, 13-14), a ca. 20 km. a nord-ovest di Gerusalemme. …
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SARVIA (EBR. ŠĒRĀJĀH, « FERITA »?, « PROFUMATA CON STORACE »?)
Strano che questi tre fratelli vengano sempre (ca. 20 volte) chiamati con il nome della madre e non (come voleva l'uso) del padre, che pure era ben conosciuto (ibid. 2, 32; Fl. Giuseppe ne sa il nome: Sur). …
Douay-Rheims (Challoner) · Vulgata Clementina · Douay-Rheims originale (Douai 1609-10), trascrizione EEBO-TCP (CC0) · La Sacra Bibbia, tradotta dalla Volgata da Antonio Martini (1769-1781) (LaParola (laparola.net), Martini OSIS text, Public domain (LaParola's electronic edition marks it 'Dominio pubblico')). Pubblico dominio.