David is received and anointed king of Juda. Isboseth the son of Saul reigneth over the rest of Israel. A battle between Abner and Joab.
Dauid is receiued and annointed King of Iuda. 5. He commendeth those of Iabes Galaad, which buried Saul. 8. Isboseth the sonne of Saul reigneth ouer the rest of Israel. 12. whereby riseth sharpe warre betwen Abner and Ioab, chief captaines of the two kinges. 30. Manie more are slaine of Abners partie then of Ioabs.
1And after these things David consulted the Lord, saying: Shall I go up into one of the cities of Juda? And the Lord said to him: Go up. And David said: Whither shall I go up? And he answered him: Into Hebron.Dopo tali cose David consultò il Signore, e disse: Andrò io ad alcuna delle città di Giuda? E il Signore gli disse: Va pure. E disse David: A quale andrò io? E rispose il Signore: Ad Hebron.THEREFORE after these thinges Dauid consulted our Lord, saying: Shal I goe vp into one of the cities of Iuda? And our Lord said to him: Goe vp. And Dauid said: Whit her shal I goe vp. And he answered him: Into Hebron.Igitur post hæc consuluit David Dominum, dicens: Num ascendam in unam de civitatibus Juda ? Et ait Dominus ad eum: Ascende. Dixitque David: Quo ascendam ? Et respondit ei: In Hebron. 2So David went up, and his two wives Achinoam the Jezrahelitess, and Abigail the wife of Nabal of Carmel:Si partì allora David, e le sue due mogli, Achinoam Jezraelita, e Abigail vedova di Nabal del Carmelo.Dauid therefore went vp, and his two wiues, Achinoam the Iezrahelite, and Abigail the wife of Nabal of Carmel:Ascendit ergo David, et duæ uxores ejus, Achinoam Jezraëlites, et Abigail uxor Nabal Carmeli: 3And the men also that were with him, David brought up every man with his household: and they abode in the towns of Hebron.E seco condusse David anche tutta la gente che era con lui, ciascuno colla sua famiglia: e dimorarono nelle città intorno ad Hebron.yea and the men also that were with him, Dauid brought euery one with his houshould: and they abode in the townes of Hebron.sed et viros, qui erant cum eo, duxit David singulos cum domo sua: et manserunt in oppidis Hebron. 4And the men of Juda came, and anointed David there, to be king over the house of Juda. And it was told David that the men of Jabes Galaad had buried Saul.E vennero gli uomini di Giuda, e ivi unsero David, perchè fosse re della casa di Giuda. E fu riferito a David, come quelli di Jabes di Galaad avean dato sepoltura a Saul.And the men of Iuda came, and annoynted Dauid there, to reigne ouer the house of Iuda. And it was told Dauid, that the men of Iabes Galaad had buried Saul.Veneruntque viri Juda, et unxerunt ibi David ut regnaret super domum Juda. Et nuntiatum est David quod viri Jabes Galaad sepelissent Saul. 5David therefore sent messengers to the men of Jabes Galaad, and said to them: Blessed be you to the Lord, who have shewn this mercy to your master Saul, and have buried him.Spedì adunque David de' messi agli uomini di Jabes di Galaad, e fece dir loro: Benedetti voi dal Signore, i quali avete fatto questa opera di misericordia verso il signore vostro Saul, e lo avete seppellito.Dauid therefore sent messengers vnto the men of Iabes Galaad, and sayd vnto them: Blessed be you to our Lord, which haue done this mercie with your lord Saul, and haue buried him.Misit ergo David nuntios ad viros Jabes Galaad, dixitque ad eos: Benedicti vos Domino, qui fecistis misericordiam hanc cum domino vestro Saul, et sepelistis eum.
6And now the Lord surely will render you mercy and truth, and I also will requite you for this good turn, because you have done this thing.E il Signore fin d'adesso si mostrerà misericordioso, e fedele verso di voi, ma io pure vi sarò grato per quel che avete fatto.And now our Lord certes wil render you mercie and truth: but I also wil requite you the good turne, for that you haue done this thing.Et nunc retribuet vobis quidem Dominus misericordiam et veritatem: sed et ego reddam gratiam, eo quod fecistis verbum istud. 7Let your hands be strengthened, and be ye men of valour: for although your master Saul be dead, yet the house of Juda hath anointed me to be their king.Rincoratevi, e state di buon animo: perocché, se è morto il signor vostro Saul, la casa di Giuda mi ha unto per suo re.Let your handes be strengthned, and be yee stout men: for although your lord Saul be dead, yet the house of Iuda hath annointed me to be their king.Confortentur manus vestræ, et estote filii fortitudinis: licet enim mortuus sit dominus vester Saul, tamen me unxit domus Juda in regem sibi. 8But Abner the son of Ner, general of Saul’s army, took Isboseth the son of Saul, and led him about through the camp,Ma Abner figliuolo di Ner condottiero dell'esercito di Saul, prese Isboseth figliuolo di Saul, e lo condusse intorno agli alloggiamenti,But Abner the sonne of Ner prince of Sauls armie, tooke Isboseth the sonne of Saul, & led him about through the campe,Abner autem filius Ner, princeps exercitus Saul, tulit Isboseth filium Saul, et circumduxit eum per castra, 9And made him king over Galaad, and over Gessuri, and over Jezrahel, and over Ephraim, and over Benjamin, and over all Israel.E lo fece dichiarar re di Galaad, e di Gessur, e di Jezrael, e di Ephraim, e di tutto Israele.and ordained him king ouer Galaad, and ouer Gessuri, and ouer Iezrahel, & ouer Ephraim, and ouer Beniamin, and ouer al Israel.regemque constituit super Galaad, et super Gessuri, et super Jezraël, et super Ephraim, et super Benjamin, et super Israël universum. 10Isboseth the son of Saul was forty years old when he began to reign over Israel, and he reigned two years; and only the house of Juda followed David.Quarant'anni avea Isboseth figliuolo di Saul, quando principiò a regnare sopra Israele, e regnò due anni: e la sola casa di Giuda obbediva a David.Fourtie yeares old was Isboseth the sonne of Saul when he began to reigne ouer Israel, and he reigned two yeares: and only the house of Iuda folowed Dauid.Quadraginta annorum erat Isboseth filius Saul cum regnare cœpisset super Israël, et duobus annis regnavit: sola autem domus Juda sequebatur David.
11And the number of the days that David abode, reigning in Hebron over the house of Juda, was seven years and six months.E il tempo che dimorò David in Hebron, avendo l'impero sopra la casa di Giuda, fu di sette anni, e sei mesi.And the number of the daies, that Dauid abode, reigning in Hebron ouer the house of Iuda, was seuen yeares and six monethes.Et fuit numerus dierum quos commoratus est David imperans in Hebron super domum Juda, septem annorum et sex mensium. 12And Abner the son of Ner, and the servants of Isboseth the son of Saul, went out from the camp to Gabaon.E Abner figliuolo di Ner co' servi d'Isboseth figliuolo di Saul levò il campo, e andò a Gabaon.And Abner the sonne of Ner went forth, and the seruantes of Isboseth the sonne of Saul, out of the campe into Gabaon.Egressusque est Abner filius Ner, et pueri Isboseth filii Saul, de castris in Gabaon. 13And Joab the son of Sarvia, and the servants of David went out, and met them by the pool of Gabaon. And when they were come together, they sat down over against one another: the one on the one side of the pool, and the other on the other side.E Gioab figliuolo di Sarvia, e la gente di David si mossero, e andarono incontro ad essi presso alla piscina di Gabaon. E avvicinatisi gli uni agli altri, si posarono dirimpetto gli uni da un lato della piscina, gli altri dall'altro lato.Moreouer Ioab the sonne of Saruia, and the seruants of Dauid went forth, and mette them beside the poole of Gabaon, and when they were come together into one place, they sate one ouer against an other: these on the one side of the poole, and they on the other.Porro Joab filius Sarviæ, et pueri David, egressi sunt, et occurrerunt eis juxta piscinam Gabaon. Et cum in unum convenissent, e regione sederunt: hi ex una parte piscinæ, et illi ex altera. 14And Abner said to Joab: Let the young men rise, and play before us. And Joab answered: Let them rise.E Abner disse a Gioab: Vengan fuora de' giovanetti, e si divertano in nostra presenza. E Gioab rispose: Vengano.And Abner said to Ioab: Let the yong men rise, and play before vs. And Ioab answered: Let them rise.Dixitque Abner ad Joab: Surgant pueri, et ludant coram nobis. Et respondit Joab: Surgant. 15Then there arose and went over twelve in number of Benjamin, of the part of Isboseth the son of Saul, and twelve of the servants of David.Si mossero allora, e si avvicinarono dodici Beniamiti dalla parte d'Isboseth figliuolo di Saul, e dodici per la parte di David.There rose therefore and passed twelue in number, of Beniamin, of Isboseths part the sonne of Saul, and twelue of the seruantes of Dauid.Surrexerunt ergo, et transierunt numero duodecim de Benjamin, ex parte Isboseth filii Saul, et duodecim de pueris David.
16And every one catching his fellow by the head, thrust his sword into the side of his adversary, and they fell down together: and the name of the place was called: The field of the valiant, in Gabaon.E ciascuno di essi, preso per la testa il suo avversario, gli ficcò nel fianco il pugnale, e morirono (tutti) insieme. E fu dato a quel luogo il nome di campo dei forti a Gabaon.And euery one taking the head of his mate, sticked his sword into the side of his aduersarie, and they fel together: & the name of the place was called: The field of the valiantes, in Gabaon.Apprehensoque unusquisque capite comparis sui, defixit gladium in latus contrarii, et ceciderunt simul: vocatumque est nomen loci illius: Ager robustorum, in Gabaon. 17And there was a very fierce battle that day: and Abner was put to flight, with the men of Israel, by the servants of David.E principiò in quel giorno una battaglia aspra assai: e Abner, e i figliuoli d'Israele furon messi in fuga dalla gente di David.And there rose a very sore battel in that day: and Abner was put to flight, & the men of Israel, by the seruantes of Dauid.Et ortum est bellum durum satis in die illa: fugatusque est Abner et viri Israël a pueris David. 18And there were the three sons of Sarvia there, Joab, and Abisai, and Asael: now Asael was a most swift runner, like one of the roes that abide in the woods.Or eranvi tre figliuoli di Sarvia, Joab, Abisai, e Asael: e Asael era velocissimo corridore come un capriolo di quei che stan per le selve.And there were there the three sonnes of Saruia, Ioab, and Abisai, and Asael: moreouer Asael was a most swift runner, as it were one of the roes, that abide in the wooddes.Erant autem ibi tres filii Sarviæ, Joab, et Abisai, et Asaël: porro Asaël cursor velocissimus fuit, quasi unus de capreis quæ morantur in silvis. 19And Asael pursued after Abner, and turned not to the right hand nor to the left from following Abner.Asael adunque inseguiva Abner, e senza voltarsi nè a destra, nè a sinistra non rifinava di corrergli dietro.And Asael pursued Abner, and declined not to the right hand nor to the left omitting to pursue Abner.Persequebatur autem Asaël Abner, et non declinavit ad dextram neque ad sinistram omittens persequi Abner. 20And Abner looked behind him, and said: Art thou Asael? And he answered: I am.Si voltò indietro Abner, e disse: Se' tu Asael? Ed ei rispose? Son io.Abner therefore looked backe behind him, and said: Art thou Asael? Who answered: I am.Respexit itaque Abner post tergum suum, et ait: Tune es Asaël ? Qui respondit: Ego sum.
21And Abner said to him: Go to the right hand or to the left, and lay hold on one of the young men and take thee his spoils. But Asael would not leave off following him close.E Abner gli disse: Va o a destra, o a sinistra, e gettati sopra di qualche giovanetto, e prenditi le sue spoglie. Ma Asael non volle lasciare d'incalzarlo.And Abner said to him: Goe to the right hand, or to the left, and apprehend one of the young men, and take to thee his spoyles. But Asael would not leaue but vrged him.Dixitque ei Abner: Vade ad dexteram, sive ad sinistram, et apprehende unum de adolescentibus, et tolle tibi spolia ejus. Noluit autem Asaël omittere quin urgeret eum. 22And again Abner said to Asael: Go off, and do not follow me, lest I be obliged to stab thee to the ground, and I shall not be able to hold up my face to Joab thy brother.E di bel nuovo Abner disse ad Asael: Vattene: non venirmi dietro, perchè io non mi veda costretto di conficcarti in terra, ond'io non possa aver cuore di guardare in viso il tuo fratello Gioab.And againe Abner said to Asael: Retyre, and do not folowe me left I be compelled to sticke thee to the ground, and I shal not be able to lift vp my face to Ioab thy brother.Rursumque locutus est Abner ad Asaël: Recede, noli me sequi, ne compellar confodere te in terram, et levare non potero faciem meam ad Joab fratrem tuum. 23But he refused to hearken to him, and would not turn aside: wherefore Abner struck him with his spear with a back stroke in the groin, and thrust him through, and he died upon the spot: and all that came to the place where Asael fell down and died stood still.Ma quegli non volle dar retta, nè cambiare strada. Allora Abner lo colpì colla parte inferiore della lancia nell'anguinaia, e lo passò da parte a parte, e quegli nello stesso luogo morì: e tutti quelli che passavan pel sito, in cui era caduto morto Asael, si fermavano.Who contemned to heare, and would not goe aside: Abner therefore stroke him, with his speare turned backe in the priuy partes, and thrust him through, and he dyed in the same place: and al that passed by that place, wherein Asael fel and dyed, did stay.Qui audire contempsit, et noluit declinare: percussit ergo eum Abner aversa hasta in inguine, et transfodit, et mortuus est in eodem loco: omnesque qui transibant per locum illum, in quo ceciderat Asaël et mortuus erat, subsistebant. 24Now while Joab and Abisai pursued after Abner, the sun went down: and they came as far as the hill of the aqueduct, that lieth over against the valley by the way of the wilderness in Gabaon.Ma mentre Gioab e Abisai inseguivano Abner, il quale fuggiva, il sole tramontò: ed erano arrivati fino alla collina dell'acquedotto, che è dirimpetto alla valle sulla strada del deserto di Gabaon.But whiles Ioab and Abisai pursued Abner fleeing, the sunne went downe: and they came as farre as the hil of the water conduit, that is ouer against the valley the way of the desert in Gabaon.Persequentibus autem Joab et Abisai fugientem Abner, sol occubuit: et venerunt usque ad collem aquæductus, qui est ex adverso vallis itineris deserti in Gabaon.
25And the children of Benjamin gathered themselves together to Abner: and being joined in one body, they stood on the top of a hill.E i figliuoli di Beniamin si erano riuniti intorno ad Abner: e serrati in un sol drappello si fermarono sulla cima di un luogo rilevato.And the children of Beniamin were assembled together to Abner: and being gathered in a plumpe into one troupe, they stoode in the toppe of one hil.Congregatique sunt filii Benjamin ad Abner: et conglobati in unum cuneum, steterunt in summitate tumuli unius. 26And Abner cried out to Joab, and said: Shall thy sword rage unto utter destruction? knowest thou not that it is dangerous to drive people to despair? how long dost thou defer to bid the people cease from pursuing after their brethren?E Abner disse ad alta voce a Gioab: Infierirà ella la tua spada fino all'esterminio? Non sai tu, che pericolosa cosa ell'è la disperazione? perchè non fai tu sapere al popolo che tralasci di perseguitare i suoi fratelli?And Abner cried out to Ioab, and said: Shal thy sword rage vnto vtter destructrion? knowest thou not that desperation is dangerous? how long differrest thou to say to the people, that they leaue to pursue their brethren?Et exclamavit Abner ad Joab, et ait: Num usque ad internecionem tuus mucro desæviet ? an ignoras quod periculosa sit desperatio ? usquequo non dicis populo ut omittat persequi fratres suos ? 27And Joab said: As the Lord liveth, if thou hadst spoke sooner, even in the morning the people should have retired from pursuing after their brethren.E Gioab disse: Viva il Signore: se tu avessi aperto bocca, il popolo avrebbe di buon'ora desistito dall'inseguire i suoi fratelli.And Ioab said: Our Lord liueth, if thou hadest spoken, in the morning had the people retyred, from pursuing their brethren.Et ait Joab: Vivit Dominus, si locutus fuisses, mane recessisset populus persequens fratrem suum. 28Then Joab sounded the trumpet, and all the army stood still, and did not pursue after Israel any farther, nor fight any more.Gioab pertanto suonò il corno, e tutto il popolo si fermò, e non dieder più la caccia ad Israele, e non menaron le mani.Ioab therefore sounded the trumpette, and al the armie stood, neither did they pursue Israel any further, nor enter into fight.Insonuit ergo Joab buccina, et stetit omnis exercitus, nec persecuti sunt ultra Israël, neque iniere certamen. 29And Abner and his men walked all that night through the plains: and they passed the Jordan, and having gone through all Beth-horon, came to the camp.E Abner colla sua gente se n'andarono tutta quella notte per le pianure: e passaron il Giordano, e traversato tutto il paese di Beth-horon, giunsero agli alloggiamenti.And Abner and his men went through the champaine country, al that night: and they passed Iordan, and hauing viewed al Beth horon, came to the campeAbner autem et viri ejus abierunt per campestria, tota nocte illa: et transierunt Jordanem, et lustrata omni Beth-horon, venerunt ad castra.
30And Joab returning, after he had left Abner, assembled all the people: and there were wanting of David’s servants nineteen men, beside Asael.E Gioab lasciò andare Abner, e tornò indietro, e raunò tutto il popolo: e mancarono de' soldati di David diciannove uomini senza Asaele.Moreouer Ioab returning, after he had leift Abner, assembled al the people: and there wanted of Dauids seruantes nintene men, beside AsaelPorro Joab reversus, omisso Abner, congregavit omnem populum: et defuerunt de pueris David decem et novem viri, excepto Asaële. 31But the servants of David had killed of Benjamin, and of the men that were with Abner, three hundred and sixty, who all died.Ma le genti di David uccisero trecento sessanta uomini si di Beniamin, e si dell'altra gente, che era con Abner.But the seruantes of Dauid stroke of Beniamin, and of the men, that were with Abner three hundred three score, who also died.Servi autem David percusserunt de Benjamin, et de viris qui erant cum Abner, trecentos sexaginta, qui et mortui sunt. 32And they took Asael, and buried him in the sepulchre of his father in Bethlehem and Joab, and the men that were with him, marched all the night, and they came to Hebron at break of day.E presero Asael, e lo seppellirono nella sepoltura del padre suo in Bethlehem: ma Gioab, e quelli che erano con lui, camminaron tutta notte, e al primo crepuscolo giunsero ad Hebron.And they tooke Asael, & buried him in the sepulchre of his father in Bethlehem: and Ioab, and the men that were with him, walked al the night, and in the very twilight they came into Hebron.Tuleruntque Asaël, et sepelierunt eum in sepulchro patris sui in Bethlehem: et ambulaverunt tota nocte Joab et viri qui erant cum eo, et in ipso crepusculo pervenerunt in Hebron.
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Year of the World 2949.
Josephus
Juda. David thought it was his duty to co-operate with the designs of Providence. He consults the Lord (Calmet) by means of Abiathar, (Abulensis) or by a prophet. (Josephus)
Menochius
Hebron, ennobled by the patriarchs. (Menochius)
Calmet
It was also in the centre of Juda, and the strongest place belonging to that tribe. (Calmet)
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Towns, villages, and dependencies of Hebron.
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Grotius
Juda, without the concurrence of the other tribes, (Calmet) which would be an evil precedent in a commonwealth, unless God had authorized them by the declaration of his will. (Grotius)
Tirinus
Samuel had before anointed David, and given him a right to the crown, (Worthington) jus ad regnum. But this anointing gives him a right to govern, jus in regno; (Calmet) or rather it proves, that the tribe submitted voluntarily to his dominion, which he had already (Haydock) lawfully begun to exercise, when he put the Amalecite to death. (Abulensis) (Tirinus)
Calmet
Told, perhaps by some ill-designing men, who wished to irritate David against those who had shewn an attachment to Saul, unless the king had made enquiry, thinking it his duty to bury the deceased. (Calmet)
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Calmet
And truth, or a real kindness. God will reward you for the sincere piety which you have shewn towards the dead. (Calmet)
Louis de Dieu
Will. I do, by these messengers, thank you. (Louis de Dieu)
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Haydock
Camp. Hebrew Machanayim, which many take for a proper name (Calmet) of the town, on the river Jabok, where Jacob had encamped, Genesis 32:2. (Haydock)
Abner was aware that he should not retain his authority under David, and therefore conducted Isboseth to the camps in various places, (Menochius) but chiefly on the east side of the Jordan, (Haydock; ver. 29.) where the people were particularly attached to Saul's family. Isboseth seems to have been a fit tool for his purpose.
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Gessuri. There was one south of Juda: but this country was probably near Hermon, and might be tributary to Israel. David perhaps married this king's daughter, in order to detach him from the party of Isboseth, 2 Kings 3:3. Hebrew reads, "Assuri;" and St. Jerome observes, that many explained it of the tribe of Aser, (Trad. Heb.[Hebrew tradition?]) with the Chaldee, (Du Hamel; Menochius) or of the Assurians, Genesis 25:3.
Israel, by degrees. In the mean time the Philistines occupied many cities, which might prevent Isboseth from attempting to fix his residence on the west side of the Jordan, ver. 19.
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Worthington
He reigned two years, viz., before he began visibly to decline: but in all he reigned seven years and six months: for so long David reigned in Hebron. (Challoner) (Worthington)
Haydock
The Jews admit of an interregnum in Israel of above five years, which is by no means probable. Two years elapsed before the two houses came to an open war; (Salien) soon after which, the power of Isboseth was greatly weakened by the defeat, and afterwards by the defection, of Abner. (Haydock)
Estius
Hence the sacred historian refers to the commencement of hostilities, and not to the end of Isboseth's dominion. (Estius; Tirinus; Calmet)
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Menochius
Servants; guards, army. (Menochius)
Calmet
Camp; or from Machanayim to Gabaon, in the tribe of Benjamin, about six miles from Jerusalem. (Calmet)
Haydock
Septuagint leave the former word untranslated, "Manaeim." (Haydock)
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Tirinus
Play, like the gladiators with drawn swords, which formed one of the principal diversions at Rome, (Calmet) while it was pagan. This might be considered as a prelude to the ensuing engagement; or like a detachment of twelve on each side, fighting to shew the prowess of their respective armies; as the three Horatii and Curiatii did afterwards, to spare the effusion of blood. But there is no mention that Abner and Joab had authority to agree that these champions should decide the fate of the two kingdoms, (Haydock) whence they are generally accused of ostentation; though the soldiers, not being acquainted with their motives, were obliged to obey. (Tirinus; Menochius)
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Calmet
Together. Some understand this only of Abner's soldiers, as the original may be explained: "And they (David's men) caught every on one his," etc. But it is more generally believed that all fell. (Calmet)
Tirinus
Rufin has erroneously translated Josephus in the former sense, and has lead Comestor, Lyranus, etc., into this opinion. (Tirinus)
Calmet
Valiant. Hebrew, "the portion of the smooth stones, (hatsurim, 1 Kings 17:40. or) of the brave." (Calmet)
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Woods. Swiftness was one great qualification of a warrior, 2 Kings 1:23. Homer generally styles Achilles, "the swift-footed."
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Haydock
Spoils. Attack one who may be a more equal match for thee. (Haydock)
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Calmet
Brother. It seems they were great friends, though they had espoused different parties. (Calmet)
2:23
Stroke, (aversa.) Hebrew, "with the hinder end of the spear, under the fifth rib." Septuagint, "in the loin."
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Wilderness, or land which was not ploughed, though fruitful.
2:26
Destruction. Septuagint, "till thou hast gained a complete victory?" Chaldean, "to separation?" Must we come to an eternal rupture?
Calmet
Despair? Hebrew, "that it will be bitterness in the end?" Abner insinuates that they had commenced in a sort of play, but the consequences had already proved too serious; and if Joab continued to pursue, his men would be rendered desperate. (Calmet)
Menochius
Despair makes people perform wonders, to revenge themselves. (Menochius)
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Calmet
Sooner. Hebrew, "If thou hadst not spoken," (Du Hamel) by challenging, ver. 14. (Josephus, etc.) (Calmet)
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Calmet
Trumpet. It was not dishonourable for a general to do this himself, 2 Kings 18:16. But among the Hebrews, the priests generally performed this office. (Calmet)
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Calmet
Beth-horon. Septuagint, "the extended plain." Hebrew Bithrun, (Haydock) or the country towards the Jordan. (Calmet)
Tirinus
Thus the battle ended in his disgrace; (Haydock) and many from all Israel began to flock to the standard of David, 1 Paralipomenon 12:22. (Tirinus)
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Menochius
Day, after a march of ten hours. (Adrichomius) (Menochius)
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This second annointing, as also the third, (ch. •.) was in confirmation and to put him in possession of the first m••• long before. 1. Reg. 16.
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He reigned two yeares before he beganne much to decline, but in al seuen yeares and a half, for so long Dauid reigned only in Iuda. v. 11.
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Hence perhaps cometh the phraise, that one armie playeth vpon an other vvith smal and great ar•• lane, that is, strike and kil their enimies with al sortes of gunnes. Iosephus li. 7. c. 1. Antiq.
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St Ambrose of Milan † AD 397 On the Duties of the Clergy 2.7
33. He had bound the people to himself freely in doing his duty; first, when he during the division among the people preferred to live like an exile at Hebron
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St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 On Care to Be Had for the Dead 11
11. In regard to that woful compassion which I have mentioned, are those praised, and by king David blessed, who to the dry bones of Saul and Jonathan afforded mercy of sepulture.
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Pope St Gregory I the Great † AD 604 The Book of Pastoral Rule 3.16
… Turn thee aside from following me, lest I be driven to smite thee to the ground. Howbeit he scorned to listen, and refused to turn aside. Whereupon Abner smote him with the hinder end of the spear in the groin, and thrust him through, and he died (
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1. DAVID CONSULTED THE LORD, — through the Urim, namely through Abiathar the high priest clothed in the Rational, in which were the Urim and Thummim, as I have often said. IN HEBRON. — God commands David to go to Hebron, because there, says Procopius, the Patriarchs had lived and were buried, and Hebron was then the metropolis of the tribe of Judah; so that namely in it David might be consecrated king, and being consecrated in it by the whole tribe he might easily be accepted as king.
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3. AND THEY REMAINED IN THE CITIES OF HEBRON, — namely in cities neighboring Hebron, and dependent on Hebron, which elsewhere are called daughters.
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4. AND THE MEN OF JUDAH CAME, AND ANOINTED DAVID THERE, — as their fellow tribesman; for they preferred David, as being of their own tribe, to reign, rather than Isboseth the son of Saul, who was of the tribe of Benjamin. For they knew that the patriarch Jacob had assigned the kingdom to the tribe of Judah, Genesis chapter XLIX, verse 10. They knew moreover that David had long before been anointed by Samuel as king, and had won so many and such great victories over enemies: for which reason many from the other tribes, abandoning Isboseth, went over to David, whose number is recounted in I Paralipomenon chapter XII.
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6. AND NOW THE LORD WILL REPAY YOU INDEED MERCY AND TRUTH. — In Hebrew, piety and faithfulness, so that as you have both exhibited both to Saul your king in taking up and burying his body; so God may repay both to you, and show himself to you both pious and merciful and faithful in rewarding your virtue. Note: Mercy and truth signify every work of virtue, both liberal (such as mercy) and due (such as truth) that is equity and faithfulness and justice.
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8. NOW ABNER THE SON OF NER, PRINCE OF THE ARMY OF SAUL (and his cousin; for Ner the father of Abner was the brother of Cis, who was the father of Saul). AND ABNER TOOK ISBOSETH THE SON OF SAUL, AND LED HIM ABOUT THROUGH THE CAMPS. — In Hebrew it is מחנים Mahanaim, that is, camps, as Our translation and the Septuagint render it. But the Chaldeans, Serarius and Vatablus, take Mahanaim as the proper name of a place, in which Jacob saw the camps of Angels defending themselves against Esau, and therefore called the place Mahanaim, that is, camps, Gen. cap. XXXII, vers. 2, as if in that same place, being so celebrated and holy, Isboseth was anointed king by Abner to win the favor of the people for him: whence also he established his royal seat there, says Josephus.
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9. AND HE MADE HIM KING OVER GALAAD, AND OVER THE GESSURI, etc., AND OVER ALL ISRAEL. — For Gessuri the Hebrews, the Septuagint and the Chaldean read Assuri. Gessuri was a region beyond the Jordan in the territory of Manasses, but the Manassites were not able to prevail over the Chanaanites dwelling in Gessuri: whence David made raids upon Gessuri as if upon an enemy of Israel, as we have heard in book I, cap. XXVII, vers. 8, and from there carried off the daughter of the king, whom he took to himself as a wife, and from her begot Absalom, who therefore, after killing his brother Amnon, fleeing his father David's wrath, betook himself to the king of Gessuri as if to his maternal grandfather, as we shall hear cap. III, vers. 3, and cap. XIII, 37. Wherefore Isboseth was made king of Gessuri in name only, not in reality. AND OVER ISRAEL, — that is, over the other eleven tribes. Here therefore was made the division and schism of the kingdom of Israel. For David was made king of the tribe of Juda, but Isboseth of the other eleven; whence also this schism was renewed later under Roboam the grandson of David; for to him the tribe of Juda alone adhered, but the other tribes chose for themselves a king Jeroboam. The former was called the kingdom of Juda, the latter the kingdom of Israel, a common name, namely, appropriated to the greater part of the tribes. Furthermore, Abulensis, Serarius and others excuse Isboseth from tyranny and usurpation of the kingdom, because that kingdom was owed to him by hereditary right: for although David was anointed by Samuel as king, yet that anointing was secret and not authentically published, so that Isboseth was not bound to believe anyone and to yield his father's kingdom to David. Whence also David cap. IV, vers. 11, calls him an innocent man, and avenged his death. Similarly they excuse Abner, whose death likewise David avenged by the death of Joab; otherwise indeed Abner would have sinned gravely in procuring the kingdom for Isboseth, if he had known it was given to David by God, nay, if he had afterwards learned it, he could not have lawfully fostered and defended Isboseth as king; but he ought to have warned him to yield the kingdom to David. But it is a fable of R. Solomon, that when the people wanted David as king, Abner proved that the kingdom was owed to Isboseth from Genesis XXXV, 18, where Jacob calls his son born to Rachel as she was dying in childbirth Benoni, that is, son of sorrow, Benjamin, that is, son of the right hand. For the right hand is a symbol of the king and the kingdom; for Isboseth and Saul were born from Benjamin, but David from Juda.
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10. AND HE REIGNED TWO YEARS. — From this R. Solomon and the Hebrews in Seder Olam cap. XIII, think that Isboseth reigned only two years, so that when those were completed and he was killed, the eleven tribes were without a king for five and a half years, which being finished they chose David as their king. But it is more true that Isboseth reigned for as many years as David reigned in Juda, namely seven and a half years; for when Isboseth died, David immediately succeeded him in the kingdom, and reigned both in Juda and in all the other tribes. Whence also Josephus asserts that the eleven tribes, immediately after the death of Isboseth, chose David as their king. What therefore is said here, that Isboseth reigned two years, understand it as, peacefully and quietly, before he provoked David to war; for he did this after two years, as is narrated in vers. 12. But this war lasted on both sides five and a half years until the death of Isboseth; whence cap. III, vers. 1, it is said: There was a long contest between the house of Saul and the house of David, namely between Isboseth and David.
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14. AND ABNER SAID TO JOAB: LET THE YOUNG MEN (warlike youths) ARISE AND PLAY BEFORE US. — Let them play with military sport and dueling, that is, let them duel with one another. For dueling exhibits a kind of play and spectacle of sport to curious spectators: and therefore at Rome fights of gladiators dueling in the amphitheater were exhibited to the people as games. Again, dueling is called play, because in it those dueling show how skilled they are in the art of gladiatorial combat, which nobles exercise as it were as a game, and by exercising learn. Thus Vatablus. Third, because Abner referred this dueling not so much to victory as to military sport, namely that he might show his soldiers to be stronger than the soldiers of David and Joab. Thus Josephus. Fourth, because this dueling was as it were a skirmish and prelude to war and general battle, which immediately followed, as is evident from what follows; and perhaps, says Serarius, and as it were a certain divining sign of victory, which the Germans were wont to use of old, as Cornelius Tacitus relates, in the book On the Customs of the Germans: There is, he says, also another observation of auspices, which explore the outcomes of grave wars. When they are at war with a nation, they take a captive of that nation, however they have captured him, and commit him to combat with one chosen from among their own people, each with his native arms, and the victory of one or the other is taken as a prejudgment. Moreover Abner sinned, both because, wishing to display his own strength, as well as the kingdom of Ishbosheth, he first provoked Joab to dueling and war, whence by just judgment of God he was struck down and defeated in the same; and Joab also sinned, but less, because he consented to the dueling and war, and to the unjust death of those who were to be killed in it; for there had not yet preceded a just cause of war, for example, damages or injuries inflicted by Abner or Ishbosheth. For it is not lawful to undertake war except for a just and grave cause. Thus Abulensis. If however Abner had first attacked Joab, Joab could have lawfully, indeed ought to have, defended himself and his king David, and repelled force with force: but Abner did not do this.
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16. AND EACH ONE SEIZED HIS COMPANION BY THE HEAD. — Josephus, Rabanus and Angelomus restrict each one to those who were on the side of Joab, for these individually, having seized the head of his companion, that is his antagonist on the side of Abner, pierced them through, so that the Joabites were safe and victorious, but all the Abnerites were slain and alone. But others take each one generally as it sounds, and refer it both to the Abnerites and to the Joabites, so that all to a man were slain, and they fell on both sides with mutual wounds. Such was the Cadmean battle. For the Poets fable that Cadmus, son of Agenor and founder of Thebes, when he saw his companions killed by a dragon, sowed the dragon's teeth, from which arose men who pierced one another with mutual blows.
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17. AND BATTLE AROSE. — Behold here the dueling passes into keen total war; whence it was to that as a game and prelude, as I said.
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18. MOREOVER ASAEL WAS A MOST SWIFT RUNNER. — Josephus says that Asael was so swift that he surpassed not only men but also horses in running, such as still exist in Ireland and India. St. Bachiarius, in his epistle On the Lapsed: Asael, he says, was swift as a deer according to Scripture, for which reason, I believe, because the purity of an undefiled body granted him the gift of swiftness; for a body that is corrupted weighs down the soul, Wisdom IX, 15; and he gathers this purity of Asael from the fact that he is compared with a deer, as he himself reads: He was swift, he says, as a deer, that is, one who not only by the acuteness of his mind avoided the snares of the enemy, but also became the destroyer of serpents, that is, of hostile virtues. For the deer excels both in the acuteness of sight, and perpetually wages enmities with serpents. Tropologically, Asaels are those who run eagerly to any offices of charity, such was Cardamas, whom St. Paul, in his fifth epistle to Amandus, comparing to Asael, gives him the feet of a deer. For he is placed, he says, in so great a ministry of charity, that in servitude he serves in freedom, in old age he runs about, and prefers to consume the rest of his earned vacation in the labor of pilgrimage rather than in a domestic seat; because he declines to tread the ways of the sluggish strewn with thorns, lest he turn into hardship, while to him from the unfruitful idleness of inertia the thorn of wretched anxiety is fixed. Therefore the industrious one exults to run his course, lest to him lingering in sluggish idleness, the lack of the sluggish as a handmaid should meet him like a good runner.
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23. HE STRUCK HIM THEREFORE WITH THE BUTT OF HIS SPEAR IN THE GROIN. — In Hebrew, in the fifth, namely the rib, where the liver and gall reside. Tropologically, Asael represents those who are excessively fervent, precipitous and raging, who must be restrained not directly but indirectly, and obliquely; for as St. Gregory says, III part. Pastor. Admonit. 17, and from him Angelomus and Eucherius: To strike with the point (directly) is to oppose with the force of open rebuke; but to strike the pursuer with the reversed spear is to overcome the raging one calmly by touching him in certain ways and as it were sparing him. But Asael immediately fell, because agitated minds, when they feel themselves spared, and yet are touched in their depths by the reasoning of responses under tranquility, immediately fall from that which they had raised themselves up to. Whence Abner in Hebrew means the same as the lamp of the father, such is the mild and gentle prudence of one who reproves.
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26. DO YOU NOT KNOW THAT DESPAIR IS DANGEROUS? — For soldiers in despair fight most fiercely so that either they may conquer, or, if they are conquered, they may not die unavenged, but sell their lives dearly to the enemy: wherefore from despair is born hope of victory, indeed despair is often the cause of victory. Wherefore excellent commanders have this principle: Do not fight with one in despair. Strew a golden bridge for the fleeing enemy. Thus Tryphon, after Jonathan was killed, did not dare to attack his few desperate companions. For these, seeing that those who had pursued them realized that it was a matter of life for them, turned back, 1 Maccabees XII, 15. Nor did Lysias with many dare to invade Judas Maccabeus with few. Hear the Scripture in the same place, cap. IV, 35: But Lysias seeing the flight of his men, and the boldness of the Jews, and that they were ready either to live or to die bravely, went to Antioch, and chose soldiers, that being increased in number they might come again into Judea. We have often seen similar things in the Belgian wars. Vegetius gives the reason, lib. III De Re milit. cap. XXI: From despair, he says, boldness grows; and when there is no hope, fear takes up arms. And therefore the celebrated saying of Scipio is praised, who said that a way by which enemies might flee should be fortified for them. Well does Curtius say, lib. IV: Whoever has despised death escapes it: the most timid is followed by it. And again, libro V: Necessity sharpens cowardice, and often despair is the cause of hope. Add the philosopher Seneca, lib. II Natural. Quaest. cap. LIX: No enemy, he says, is more pernicious than one whom straits make bold; and always far more violently do we suffer from necessity than from vice. Justin relates, lib. XX Hist., that fifteen thousand Locrians fell to a hundred thousand Crotoniates, and he adds the reason: Because, he says, having lost hope of victory, they conspired to a destined death; and such ardor from despair seized each one, that they thought themselves victors if they did not die unavenged. But while they sought to die honorably, they conquered happily. Hence that saying of Maro, libro II Aeneid.: One safety for the conquered, to hope for no safety. And that Sallustian saying: The bites of provoked necessity are most severe.
Machine translation from the Latin, not reviewed.
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Hebron (Hebrew: Hebrōn «Union, league»; Septuagint: Χέβρων)
10:3, 36-39; 12:10) and then repopulated with Calebites (Josh. 14:12). It later became a city of refuge, and David, who had found shelter there while persecuted by Saul, chose it as his capital, remaining there seven and a half years (II Sam. 2:1-3:11; 5:1-5; I Kings 2:11; I Chron. 29:27). Absalom made it the center of the revolt against his father (II Sam. 15:7-10) and Rehoboam refortified it. During the exile it fell into the …
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1. A Transjordanian Israelite city, commonly called Jabesh-Gilead (Judg. 21:8, 10, 12, 41; 1 Sam. 11:1, 9; 31:11; 2 Sam. 2:4, 5; 21:12; 1 Chron. 10:11), sometimes simply Jabesh (1 Sam. 11:3, 5, 18, etc.).
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… The Geshurites (gēšūrī) are mentioned together with the inhabitants of Maacah (Deut. 3:14; Josh. 12:5; 13:11), probably also in II Sam. 2:9 according to the Syriac version and the Vulgate. …
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Abner (Hebrew: 'the father is light')
… To avoid personal enmity with the ferocious enemy commander, A. twice tried in vain to make Asahel, Joab's younger brother, desist from pursuing him, until, wearied, he killed him with the butt of his spear, almost as if to simulate an accidental mishap (II Sam. 2:12-32). In his desire to secure some right to the succession, he took as his wife Rizpah, Saul's concubine, but, indignant at Ish-bosheth's reproach, he went over to David, attempting to …
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Asahel (Hebrew 'Āšāh'ēl, "God has made")
… After the Davidic army, commanded by Joab and Abishai, had defeated at Gibeon the troops of Ish-bosheth led by Abner, the latter, pursued by the swift A., feeling him already at his heels, turned suddenly and, though against his will, killed him on the spot (II Sam. 2, 19-23). This death would serve Joab as a pretext to rid himself of Abner (ibid. 3, 27). Admired for his courage, A. was numbered among David's first mighty men (ibid. 23, 24; I Chron. 11, …
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Jordan (Heb. Yardēn; Arabic al-Urdunn)
… In the Bible it is remembered above all as a frontier (Num. 34:12; Ezek. 47:18), both of enemies who had forded it (II Kings 7:15; Judg. 12:5) and of Israelites who took refuge on the other bank (I Sam. 13:7; II Sam. 2:20; 17:22).
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3. Daughter of Absalom, likewise celebrated for beauty (ibid. 2:27).
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BETHORON (Hebrew Hab-Bithrōn). - Name of a district, probably a valley, to be sought east of the Jordan (II Sam. 2:29), and of a double city (upper and lower), Heb. Beth-hōrōn, situated in the mountains of Ephraim near the borders of Benjamin (Josh. 16:3, 5; 18:13-14), about 20 km northwest of Jerusalem. …
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It is strange that these three brothers are always (about 20 times) called by their mother's name and not (as custom would have it) by their father's, who was nevertheless well known (ibid. 2:32; Flavius Josephus knows his name: Sur). …
Douay-Rheims (Challoner) · Vulgata Clementina · original Douay-Rheims (Douay 1609-10), transcription by EEBO-TCP (CC0) · La Sacra Bibbia, tradotta dalla Volgata da Antonio Martini (1769-1781) (LaParola (laparola.net), Martini OSIS text, Public domain (LaParola's electronic edition marks it 'Dominio pubblico')). Public domain.