Pastoral Medicine
Medicina Pastorale · 92 articles · Principal contributors · All subjectsGeneral Questions (Questioni generali)
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Adolescence (ADOLESCENZA)
ADOLESCENCE. - One of the most important of the ages of life (v.); an age of profound crisis that affects the whole individual on the… -
Age Of Life (ETÀ DELLA VITA)
AGE OF LIFE.- From the stage of the fertilized egg-cell to extreme old age, the individual passes through a gradual and interconnected… -
Agony (AGONIA)
AGONY. - From ἀγωνία = struggle, anxiety, anguish; "the final struggle of the body against death" (cf. Vocab. lingua ital. della R. Accad.… -
Alcoholism (ALCOOLISMO)
ALCOHOLISM. - I. MEDICINA. - A morbid state due to the immoderate use of alcohol or of spirits, in quantities such as to reach alcoholic… -
Amenza
AMENZA. - A state of mental confusion with hallucinations of various kinds and motor restlessness; capable of complete recovery, it… -
Amnesia
AMNESIA. - Loss of the faculty of remembering, due to alteration of the traces (symbols) impressed in the nerve centers in relation to the… -
Anesthesia (ANESTESIA)
ANESTHESIA. - The word (from Greek ἄν priv. and αἴσθησις = sensation) means absence of sensitivity in general and is commonly used by… -
Aphasia (AFASIA)
APHASIA. - Difficulty or impossibility of speaking due to alteration of particular areas of the cerebral cortex (speech centers), on the… -
Aphorism (AFORISMA)
APHORISM. - More correctly aphorism, Gr. ἀφωρισμός, "definition," "maxim." In medicine, under the name Aphorisms, what is meant par… -
Atavism (ATAVISMO)
ATAVISM. - The reappearance of morphological, physiological, or psychic hereditary characters from more or less distant ancestors, often… -
Automatism (AUTOMATISMO)
AUTOMATISM. - Those actions of the psyche or of the body are called automatic (from the Greek αὐτοματίζω [αὐτόματος], "to move, to act of… -
Blood, Transfusion of (SANGUE, TRASFUSIONE DEL)
BLOOD, Transfusion of. - The first hint of a transfusion of blood, carried out however by taking blood by mouth, can already be glimpsed in… -
Brevilineo
BREVILINEO. — Adjective in use in the language of the Italian constitutionalist school that traces back to A. De Giovanni, G. Viola, N.… -
Catalepsy (CATALESSIA)
CATALEPSY. - An extreme degree of volitional blockage with complete incapacity for any activity, combined with a particular passive… -
Catatonia
CATATONIA. - A form of abulia (v.) characterized by an inability to act, whether spontaneously or on command, as if the subject's will… -
Cenesthesia And Cenestopathy (CENESTESIA E CENESTOPATIA)
CENESTHESIA AND CENESTOPATHY. - By cenesthesia is meant general internal sensibility, that is, that complex of impressions which reach… -
Cerebral Concussion (COMMOZIONE CEREBRALE)
CEREBRAL CONCUSSION. - A consequence of severe trauma striking the head directly or indirectly, or of violent shaking of the nerve centers… -
Cerebral Localizations (LOCALIZZAZIONI CEREBRALI)
CEREBRAL LOCALIZATIONS. - The concept that the various somatopsychic functions have a well-determined localization in the brain has… -
Cesareo, Taglio
CESAREAN, SECTION. - It is the extraction of the fetus and the adnexa through the uterine wall. The name seems to derive from the… -
Character and Characterology (CARATTERE E CARATTERIOLOGIA)
CHARACTER AND CHARACTEROLOGY. - According to P. Lersch, character can be defined as a complex of qualities and particular forms that reveal… -
Cocainism (COCAINISMO)
COCAINISM. - Irresistible tendency to take cocaine for pleasure, by injection or, more often, sniffed in powder form through the nose;… -
Coma
COMA. - Deep sleep (from κοιμάω = I sleep) with muscular relaxation, abolition of sensation, loss of consciousness, while the conditions of… -
Constitution (COSTITUZIONE)
CONSTITUTION. — From cum and statuere, it is understood, in the ancient sense, as the structural morphological complex of the human body;… -
Cosmetic Surgery (CHIRURGIA ESTETICA)
COSMETIC SURGERY. - In the broad sense it means that part of surgery which is concerned with improving the appearance of patients,… -
Cryptorchidism (CRIPTORCHIDIA)
CRYPTORCHIDISM. - Failure of one or both testicles to descend, so that they appear absent (χριστός = hidden, ὀργός = testicle); the defect… -
Deaf-Mutes (SORDOMUTI)
DEAF-MUTES. - How many lack the faculty of hearing and speech. In the congenital form, or one that develops in the very first years of… -
Delinquent (DELINQUENTE)
DELINQUENT. - A problem of a preliminary character is the biological definition of the delinquent; in effect, the question is to establish… -
Delirium (DELIRIO)
DELIRIUM. - Errore morboso dell'apprezzamento e del giudizio non modificabile da sensazioni ed esperienze contrarie, ragionevole critica… -
Dementia (DEMENZA)
DEMENTIA. - More or less rapid and complete loss of the ideational patrimony already constituted, at a young age or more often after the… -
Dwarfism (NANISMO)
DWARFISM. - Deficient development of the bodily proportions of the individual, in particular of height, which remain below the extreme… -
Embryotomy (EMBRIOTOMIA)
EMBRYOTOMY. - Fetal mutilation, which aims at the completion of a delivery obstructed by the mutual disproportion between the diameters of… -
Encephalitis (ENCEFALITE)
ENCEPHALITIS. - In an absolute sense, the term should indicate exclusively the morbid processes of an inflammatory nature that affect the… -
Epilepsy (EPILESSIA)
EPILEPSY. - I. MEDICINE. - An accessional disorder (ἐν-λαμβάνο = "I assail," "I strike"; morbus sacer) of consciousness accompanied by a… -
Frenosi
FRENOSI. - An old term, proposed by Verga (from epipé = "intellect"), now disused and replaced by the more current term "petrosi" (v.) to… -
Gigantism (GIGANTISMO)
GIGANTISM. - The term denotes a particular development of bodily proportions and especially of height beyond the limits of normal… -
Graphology (GRAFOLOGIA)
GRAPHOLOGY. - From γραφή (writing) and λόγος (discourse), its object of study is the investigation of the possible relationships that exist… -
Hermas, Shepherd of (ERMA FRO-DITISMO)
HERMAS, SHEPHERD OF. - The coexistence in the same subject of male and female sexual glands; normal in certain invertebrates. Young… -
Homeopathy (OMEOPATIA)
HOMEOPATHY. - From ὅμοιος = similar, πάθος = suffering: a therapeutic system founded on the law of similars (similia similibus curantur),… -
Hospital for the Incurable (INCURABILI, OSPEDALE DEGLI)
HOSPITAL FOR THE INCURABLE. - The rise of hospitals for incurables is a typical phenomenon of the Renaissance. Two facts of great… -
Hygiene (IGIENE)
HYGIENE. - Hygiene (ὕγλεια = health) may be defined as the science and practice of health. Its fundamental purpose is the prolongation of… -
Impulsivity (IMPULSIVITÀ)
IMPULSIVITY. - In common language it indicates the tendency to perform, under the pressure of a sudden conscious or subconscious… -
Infantilism (INFANTILISMO)
INFANTILISM. - A particular condition of the individual characterized by the persistence of an infantile development and infantile traits… -
Kleptomania (CLEPTOMANÍA)
KLEPTOMANIA. - Irresistible impulse to steal, linked to mental illness. It can sometimes appear in obsessive psychosis (v.), through the… -
Leprosy and Leper Hospitals (LEBBRA E LEBBROSARI)
LEPROSY AND LEPER HOSPITALS. - Leprosy properly so called (lepra tuberculare) is an infectious, transmissible disease with a chronic… -
Lethargy (LETARGIA)
LETHARGY. - A hypnoid state that can be observed in the course of organic diseases of the nervous system (epidemic encephalitis, sleeping… -
Levitation (LEVITAZIONE)
LEVITATION. - A term designating the phenomena of the raising, displacement and suspension in the air of heavy objects, and more often of… -
Longilineous (LONGILINEO)
LONGILINEOUS. - Designation used to indicate a human morphological type in which the body's developmental proportions are shifted toward a… -
Mania
MANIA. - It is a mental illness belonging to "manic-depressive psychosis." In the history of psychiatry the term has had various meanings,… -
Manic-Depressive Psychosis (PSICOSI MANIACO-DEPRESSIVA)
MANIC-DEPRESSIVE PSYCHOSIS. - Manic-depressive p., as an independent nosological entity, was born with the work of Kraepelin in 1893.… -
Medicine (MEDICINA)
MEDICINE. - By m. is meant any expression of defense against evil, whether it is based on empirical knowledge or is the fruit of… -
Medium
MEDIUM. - Refers to a person capable, by virtue of his particular faculties, of acting as an intermediary between us and the dead. But… -
Melotherapy (MELOTERAPIA)
MELOTHERAPY. - Therapy by means of music. The principle that gave rise to this therapeutic aid was the general one, improperly held to be… -
Mental Confusion (CONFUSIONE MENTALE)
MENTAL CONFUSION. - A characteristic state proper to amentia (v.), following acute and chronic intoxications or the severe ideational… -
Mental Illness (MENTALI, MALATTIE)
MENTAL ILLNESS. - Morbid states also called phrenopathies, psychopathies, psychoses, which manifest in acute or chronic form with… -
Metapsychics (METAPSICHICA)
METAPSYCHICS. - From the Greek μετὰ (beyond) and ψυχή (soul); in Italian also: metapsychology, parapsychology, metagnomics, psychic… -
Mongolism (MONGOLISMO)
MONGOLISM. - M. or Langdon-Down syndrome (1866) is a state of marked retardation of physical and mental development, congenital but not… -
Narcotics (STUPEFACENTI)
NARCOTICS. - Toxic substances with an elective action on the cerebral cortex which, by inhibiting the higher nerve centers, are capable of… -
Naturism (NATURISMO)
NATURISM. - It is a general orientation of the human spirit characterized by the constant concern to follow nature, positively excluding,… -
Neo-Malthusianism (NEO-MALTHUSIANISMO)
NEO-MALTHUSIANISM. - A particular form of birth control (v.) which, originally taking as its starting point the theories of Malthus and… -
Nervous Diseases (NERVOSE, MALATTIE)
NERVOUS DISEASES. - Nervous diseases and mental diseases together constitute the group of morbid affections that affect the nervous system.… -
Neurovegetative, System (NEUROVEGETATIVO, SISTEMA)
NEUROVEGETATIVE, SYSTEM. - The nervous system is divided into two great sections: a) the system of the life of relation, which regulates… -
Normotype (NORMOTIPO)
NORMOTYPE. - An individual whose characteristics, whether from the standpoint of constitution or of temperament and disposition, present… -
Old Age (VECCHIAIA)
OLD AGE. - Biologists and physicians today tend to differentiate the concept of senescence from that of senility or old age. Thus,… -
Orthogenesis (ORTOGENESI)
ORTHOGENESIS. - The term originated with Th. Eimer (1897) as a naturalistic doctrine: the evolution of animal groups along predetermined… -
Paranoia
PARANOIA. - It generically meant madness, mental infirmity, until Boussier de Sauvages (1768), who was the first to reduce it to the… -
Pastoral Medicine (MEDICINA PASTORALE)
PASTORAL MEDICINE. - A particular discipline which, through the study of the relationships existing between medicine and morality, seeks to… -
Pathological States (STATI PATOLOGICI)
PATHOLOGICAL STATES. - This designation generally refers to morbid conditions and organic or functional anomalies that are the cause of… -
Phobia (FOBIA)
PHOBIA. - From the Greek φόβος = fear, a particular form of idea that untimely, obstinately, in spite of the subject's will, becomes lodged… -
Phrenology (FRENOLOGIA)
PHRENOLOGY. - From φρήν = mind and λόγος = discourse. A theory due to F. J. Gall and his pupil and collaborator J. K. Spurzheim… -
Pregnancy (GRAVIDANZA)
PREGNANCY. - It is the state of a woman who carries within herself one or more fertilized ova that develop, through the stages of embryo… -
Psychoneuroses (PSICONEVROSI)
PSYCHONEUROSES. - Term first used by Dubois (1904) to designate, within the vast group of the neuroses, the forms in which mental… -
Psychopathic Personalities (PSICOPATICHE, PERSONALITÀ)
PSYCHOPATHIC PERSONALITIES. - By this are meant those abnormal personalities that suffer and make society suffer (K. Schneider). In the… -
Psychosomatic Medicine (PSICOSOMATICA, MEDICINA)
PSYCHOSOMATIC MEDICINE. - At the basis of psychosomatic medicine is the conception that emotional states can condition particular somatic… -
Psychotherapy (PSICOTERAPIA)
PSYCHOTHERAPY. - P. is therapy by psychological means. Its field of action is essentially represented by those psychic and somatic… -
Radiesthesia (RADIESTESIA)
RADIESTHESIA. - Designation of a particular group of phenomena of direct clairvoyance (v.) in which knowledge of the event or entity sought… -
Salernitana, School of (SALERNITANA, SCUOLA)
SALERNITANA, SCHOOL OF. - In it, in Salerno, the purest classical spirit and monastic medicine took refuge, and there monastic medicine was… -
Schizophrenia (SCHIZOFRENIA)
SCHIZOPHRENIA. - Under the term "dementia praecox" Kraepelin (1893) had grouped the forms of the so-called "catatonia" of Kahlbaum, the… -
Sensibility (SENSIBILITÀ)
SENSIBILITY. - The concept of sensibility is not univocally established. It is commonly said that a subject has sensibility for certain… -
Sex Education (SESSUALE, EDUCAZIONE)
SEX EDUCATION. - An integral part of the functions of the organism, the sexual function too cannot be excluded from the educational plan… -
Shock Therapy (Electroshock) (SHOCKTERAPIA (ELETTROSHOCK))
SHOCK THERAPY (ELECTROSHOCK). - It is among the most important methods for the organic treatment of mental disorders; its various… -
Sleep (SONNO)
SLEEP. - From a biological point of view, sleep reveals itself as an aspect of a phenomenon common to all living beings, in the animal and… -
Smallpox and Vaccination (VAIOLO E VACCINAZIONE)
SMALLPOX AND VACCINATION. - Smallpox is a specific acute contagious disease, characterized by high fever and by an eruption of… -
Social Medicine (MEDICINA SOCIALE)
SOCIAL MEDICINE. - It is that part of medicine which aims to remedy the harmful consequences that factors of a physical, chemical,… -
Temperament (TEMPERAMENTO)
TEMPERAMENT. - A functional synthesis of an individual, expressed by his most manifest and evident characteristic. In place of the four… -
Teratology (TERATOLOGIA)
TERATOLOGY. - It is the science that studies monsters in their genesis and in their characteristics. An individual is called a monster when… -
Tobacco (TABACCO)
TOBACCO. - Solanacea, to which C. Linnaeus gave the name Nicotiana tabacum in honor of J. Nicot of Villemein, who was the first to… -
Tuberculosis (TUBERCOLOSI)
TUBERCULOSIS. - An infectious disease with a mostly chronic course, but sometimes tumultuous and fulminant, produced by a particular… -
Tumor (TUMORE)
TUMOR. - From tumor = swelling, better called "neoplasm" (from the Greek = new formation), it is an atypical proliferation of elements of… -
Type (TIPO)
TYPE. - By "type" or "typical phenomenon" is meant that which, given a collectivity of phenomena that within certain limits differ from one… -
Vegetative Life (VITA VEGETATIVA)
VEGETATIVE LIFE. - It constitutes, as opposed to the life of relation and animal life, the group of activities that tend to guarantee the… -
Virility (VIRILITÀ)
VIRILITY. - A particular age (v.) of life that follows the pubertal and post-pubertal or internubilo-pubertal phase and ends with old age… -
Vitamins (VITAMINE)
VITAMINS. - They are regulatory principles, largely known chemically, contained in animal and plant tissues used as foods. The name…