ORANT. — The early Christians adopted the same gestures for prayer as were used by pagans (Cicero, Fam. 7, 5; Virgil, Aen. II, 687 ff.; Apuleius, De mundo, 33) and by the Jewish people (Ex. 17:11; Lam. 3:41).
There is a very rich literary documentation: St Paul (1 Tim. 2:8 ff.); St Clement (1 Corinthians, 29); St Justin (Apology, 90); Minucius Felix (Octavius, 29); Tertullian (On Prayer, 14, 17; On Baptism, 20); Origen (On Prayer, 31: PG, 11, 549) attest that Christians prayed with arms and hands raised high, as priests still do today at the Sacrifice of the Mass. Representations of figures in an attitude of prayer in the Old Testament include Noah (q.v.), Daniel (q.v.), the Three Young Men (q.v.), Susanna (q.v.).
In many images of orants the accompanying inscriptions identify them as deceased enjoying celestial beatitude, such as “Grata,” “Πηλιοβόρα,” “Titus Eupor” (O. Marucchi, I monumenti del Museo Cristiano Lateranense, Milan 1910, pl. 28, no. 2), or in the frescoes in the Catacomb of Callisto: “Dyonisas in pace, Nemesi in pace, Procopi in pace, Heliodora in pace, Zoe in pace” (Wilpert, Pitture, pls. 110 ff.); or in the cemetery “inter duas lauros,” where two orants, a man and a woman, stand in a flower-filled garden, the Paradise (ibid., pls. 185, 2; 218, 2). In many ceilings of funerary cubicles the deceased appear in an attitude of prayer, not only women but also men, as also on the wall of the loculus with the image of the Madonna with the star in the Cemetery of Priscilla (Wilpert, Pitture, pls. 21 ff.). In other paintings the orants are beside or behind the sheep (id., ibid., pls. 102, 1; 190; 222, 3). The orant between two sheep, as in Cubicle A4 in the Catacomb of Callisto
(from E. Kühnel, L’Afrique du Nord, Berlin 1921, pl. 178)

laria (id., Sarcofago sculto cristiano antichissimo testè collocato nel Museo del Laterano, in Bull. arch. crist., 5ª serie, 2 [1891], pp. 62-66 e tavv. 2-3). Anche la Madonna appare orante nel noto affresco del Cimitero Maggiore e in alcuni vetri dorati (R. Garrucci, Vetri, Roma 1874, tavv. 9, 6 e 22, 2) e in un graffito della Gallia con la scritta « Maria Virgo minester de tempulo Gerosale » (E. Le Blant, Inscriptions chrétiennes de la Gaule, II, Parigi 1856-92, p. 542 A). Talvolta sono rappresentati o. anche i santi come s. Agnese sui vetri dorati, s. Gennaro, s. Cecilia nel cimitero di Callisto, i ss. Milix e Vincenzo in quello di Ponziano. - Vedi tav. IX.