Expositions on the Book of Psalms 105

sant'Agostino d'Ippona (354–430 d.C.) · Enarrationes in Psalmos · PL 36, 67–1027

105.1 Psalm CV PL 36, 1404

1. This Psalm is the first of those to which is prefixed the word Allelujah; the meaning of which word, or rather two words, is, Praise the Lord. For this reason he beginneth with praises: “O confess unto the Lord, and call upon His Name” (ver. 1); for this confession is to be understood as praise, just as these words of our Lord, “I confess to Thee, O Father, Lord of heaven and earth.” For after commencing with praise, calling upon God is wont to follow, whereunto he that prayeth doth next add his longings: whence the Lord’s Prayer itself hath at the commencement a very brief praise, in these words, “Our Father which art in Heaven.” The things prayed for, then follow.…This also followeth, “Tell the people what things He hath done;” or rather, to translate literally from the Greek, as other Latin copies too have it, “Preach the Gospel of His works among the Gentiles.” Unto whom is this addressed, save unto the Evangelists in prophecy?

Psalmus centesimus quintus etiam ipse praenotatur, «Alleluia:» et hoc dupliciter. Sed quidam dicunt unum Alleluia pertinere ad finem psalmi superioris, alterum ad hujus principium. Et hoc asserunt quod omnes Alleluiatici psalmi habeant in fine Alleluia, non omnes in capite: unde quicumque psalmus non habet in fine Alleluia, nec in capite volunt eum habere; quod autem in ejus capite videtur esse, ad finem superioris pertinere. Sed nos quousque nobis aliquibus certis documentis id verum esse persuadeant, multorum consuetudinem sequimur, qui ubicumque legunt Alleluia, eidem psalmo attribuunt, in cujus hoc capite inveniunt. Paucissimi enim codices sunt (quod quidem in nullo graecorum reperi, quos inspicere potui), qui habeant Alleluia in fine centesimi et quinquagesimi psalmi; post quem jam nullus est qui ad eumdem canonem pertinet. Sed neque hoc posset praescribere consuetudini, etiamsi omnes codices id haberent. Fieri enim potuit ut aliqua ratione laudationis Dei totus Psalmorum liber, qui libris quinque constare perhibetur (nam ubi scriptum est, «Fiat, fiat,» ibi fines librorum esse dicunt), post omnia quae cantata sunt, ultimo Alleluia clauderetur: nec propter finem centesimi et quinquagesimi psalmi necesse esse video, ut omnes Alleluiatici psalmi in fine habeant Alleluia. Cum vero in capite psalmi geminatur Alleluia, cur Dominus aliquando semel, aliquando bis dicit «Amen,» et eo modo non possit aliquando semel, aliquando bis «Alleluia» dici, nescio: praesertim quia post numeri notam, quo psalmus inscribitur quotus sit, veluti iste centesimus quintus, utrumque Alleluia positum est. Debuit autem unum poni ante ipsum numerum, si ad finem pertinet superioris; et post numerum Psalmi scribi alterum Alleluia, quod ad Psalmum ipsius numeri pertinet. Sed fortasse et in hoc imperita praevaluit consuetudo, et aliquid afferri potest, quod adhuc ignoramus, unde nos magis docere debeat judicium veritatis, quam praejudicium consuetudinis. Nunc tamen antequam hoc perdiscamus, ubicumque post numerum psalmi, sive semel, sive bis conscriptum invenimus Alleluia, secundum celeberrimam Ecclesiae consuetudinem, ei psalmo tribuimus, qui eodem numero praenotatur; confitentes nos arcana omnium titulorum qui sunt in Psalmis, et ordinis eorumdem Psalmorum, et magna esse credere, et nondum, sicut volumus, penetrare potuisse.

105.2 PL 36, 1405

2. “O sing unto Him, and play on instruments unto Him” (ver. 2). Praise Him both by word and deed; for we sing with the voice, while we play with an instrument, that is, with our hands. “Let your talking be of all His wondrous works. Be ye praise in His holy Name” (ver. 3). These two verses may without any absurdity seem paraphrases of the two words above; so that, “Let your talking be of all His wondrous works,” may express the words, “O sing unto Him;” and what followeth, “be ye praised in His holy Name,” may be referred to the words, “and play on instruments unto Him;” the former relating to the “good word” wherewith we sing unto Him, in which His wondrous works are told; the latter to the good work, in which sweet music is played unto Him, so that no man may wish to be praised for a good work on the score of his own power to do it. For this reason, after saying, “be ye praised,” which assuredly they who work well deservedly may, he added, “in His holy Name,” since “he that glorieth, let him glory in the Lord.”…This is to be praised in His holy Name. Whence we read also in another Psalm: “My soul shall be praised in the Lord: let the meek hear thereof, and be glad;” which here in a sense followeth, “Let the heart of them rejoice that seek the Lord:” for thus the meek are glad, who do not rival with a bitter jealousy those whom they imitate as already workers of good.

[«vers.» 1.] Video autem istos duos centesimum quartum et centesimum quintum ita inter se conjunctos, ut in uno eorum, qui praecedit, commendetur populus Dei in electis ejus, de quibus nulla querela fit, quos ego arbitror ibi fuisse in quibus beneplacitum est Deo : in isto autem qui sequitur, eos commemoratos qui in eodem populo amaricaverunt; nec tamen etiam ipsis Dei misericordiam defuisse. Dicuntur autem ista ex eorum persona qui veniam conversi precantur; et exempla commemorantur illorum in quos etiam peccatores dives apparuit misericordia Dei. Incipit ergo etiam iste psalmus sicut ille: «Confitemini Domino.» Sed ibi sequitur, «Et invocate nomen ejus;» hic autem, «Quoniam bonus, quoniam in saeculum misericordia ejus.» Quapropter potest hic quidem intelligi etiam confessio peccatorum; nam et post paucos versus sequitur, «Peccavimus cum patribus nostris, injuste egimus, iniquitatem fecimus:» sed in eo quod dicit, «Quoniam bonus, quoniam in saeculum misericordia ejus» laus utique Dei est, atque in ejus laude confessio. Quanquam etiam cum sua quisque confitetur peccata, cum Dei laude confiteri debet; nec aliter pia est confessio peccatorum nisi non desperans, et poscens misericordiam Dei. Habet ergo ejus laudem, sive etiam in verbis, cum eum bonum et misericordem dicit; sive in solo affectu, cum hoc credit. Nam et ille publicanus, cujus sola illa verba commemorata sunt, «Domine, propitius esto mihi peccatori» , etsi non dixit, Quoniam bonus et misericors es, vel aliquid hujusmodi; non tamen illud diceret, nisi hoc crederet; quoniam cum spe oravit, quae sine illa fide esse non posset. Potest ergo esse laus Dei vera et pia, ubi non sit confessio peccatorum; quae laus multo crebrius in Scripturis confessio vocatur: nulla est autem peccatorum confessio pia et utilis, ubi non laudatur Deus, sive corde, sive etiam ore atque sermone. Quod autem habent alii codices, «Quoniam bonus;» alii habent, «Quoniam suavis:» ita unum verbum graecum, quod dicitur χρηστὸς, diversa interpretatio secuta est. Item quod dictum est, «Quoniam in saeculum misericordia ejus;» graecus habet εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα, quod potest etiam «in aeternum» interpretari. Proinde si illa misericordia hic intelligitur, qua nemo sine Deo beatus esse potest; melius accipimus «in aeternum:» si autem illa est misericordia quae miseris exhibetur, ut vel consolentur in miseria, vel ab illa etiam liberentur; melius «in saeculum,» hoc est, usque in finem saeculi, in quo non deerunt miseri quibus misericordia praebeatur. Nisi forte quis audeat dicere, etiam his qui damnabuntur cum diabolo et angelis ejus, aliquam misericordiam Dei minime defuturam; non qua ex illa damnatione liberentur, sed ut eis aliquatenus mitigetur: atque ita aeternam posse intelligi Dei misericordiam super illorum aeternam miseriam. Sed tolerabiliorem quosdam excepturos damnationem in quorumdam comparatione legimus; alicujus vero mitigari eam cui est traditus poenam, vel quibusdam intervallis habere aliquam pausam, quis audacter dixerit, quandoquidem unam stillam dives ille non meruit Sed de hac tanta re diligentius ex otio disserendum est; nunc quod ad istum psalmum attinet, hactenus de illa dictum esse suffecerit.

105.3 PL 36, 1406

3. “Seek the Lord, and be strengthened” (ver. 4). This is very literally construed from the Greek, though it may seem not a Latin word: whence other copies have, “be ye confirmed;” others, “be ye corroborated.”…While these words, then, “Come unto Him, and be enlightened,” apply to seeing; those in the text relate to doing: “Seek the Lord, and be strengthened.”…But what meaneth, “Seek His face evermore”? I know indeed that to cling unto God is good for me; but if He is always being sought, when is He found? Did he mean by “evermore,” the whole of the life we live here, whence we become conscious that we ought thus to seek, since even when found He is still to be sought? To wit, faith hath already found Him, but hope still seeketh Him. But love hath both found Him through faith, and seeketh to have Him by sight, where He will then be found so as to satisfy us, and no longer to need our search. For unless faith discovered Him in this life, it would not be said, “Seek the Lord.” Also, if when discovered by faith, He were not still to be diligently sought, it would not be said, “For if we hope for that we see not, then do we with patience wait for it.”…And truly this is the sense of the words, “Seek His face evermore;” meaning that discovery should not terminate that seeking, by which love is testified, but with the increase of love the seeking of the discovered One should increase.

[«vers. 2.] Quis loquetur potentias Domini?» Impletus consideratione divinorum operum, qui misericordiam ejus exposcit, «Quis,» inquit, «loquetur potentias Domini, auditas faciet omnes laudes ejus?» Subaudiendum est quod supra dictum est, ut etiam ista sententia ita sit plena, Quis «auditas faciet omnes laudes ejus?» id est, quisnam sufficiat auditas facere omnes laudes ejus? «Auditas faciet,» dixit, id est faciet, ut audiantur; ostendens ita loquendas potentias Domini et laudes ejus, ut praedicentur audientibus. Sed quis potest omnes? An forte quia sequitur, «Beati qui custodiunt judicium, et faciunt justitiam in omni tempore,» eas dixit laudes ejus, quae intelliguntur opera ejus in praeceptis ejus? «Deus est enim,» ait Apostolus, «qui operatur in vobis.» Et dictum est semini Abrahae, «Cantate ei, et psallite ei:» quod intelleximus ita dictum, ac si diceretur, Bona in ejus laudem et dicite, et facite. Quibus duobus verbis, id est, cantandi et psallendi, convenire duos consequentes versus, ut quod dictum est, «Narrate omnia mirabilia ejus;» hoc sit, «Cantate ei:» quod vero dictum est, «Laudamini in nomine sancto ejus» ; hoc sit, «Psallite ei.» Huic quippe semini etiam ipse Dominus dicit: «Luceant opera vestra coram hominibus, ut videant bona facta vestra, et glorificent Patrem vestrum qui in coelis est» . Hic ergo ipsa Dei praecepta considerans, quorum praeceptorum opera laudes sunt ejus qui operatur in suis, ait, «Quis loquetur potentias Domini?» quoniam haec ineffabiliter operatur. Quis «auditas faciet omnes laudes ejus?» id est quis cum audierit, facit omnes laudes ejus? quae sunt opera praeceptorum ejus. Quia in quantum fiunt, etsi non omnia quae audita sunt fiunt, ille laudandus est, «qui operatur in nobis et velle et operari, pro bona voluntate» . Ideo cum posset dicere, Omnia mandata ejus, vel, omnia opera mandatorum ejus; maluit dicere, «laudes ejus:» quia, ut dictum est, in quantum fiunt, ipse laudandus est. Quas tamen laudes, quisnam sufficit auditas facere? id est, cum auditae fuerint, facere omnes quis est idoneus?

105.4 PL 36, 1407

4. “Remember,” he saith, “His marvellous works that He hath done, His wonders, and the judgments of His mouth” (ver. 5). This passage seemeth like that, “Thou shalt say unto the children of Israel, I Am hath sent me unto you:” an expression which, in ever so small part, scarce a mind taketh in. Then mentioning His own Name, He mercifully mingled in His grace towards men, saying, “I am the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob; this is My Name for ever.” By which He would have it to be understood, that they whose God He declared Himself lived with Him for ever, and He said this, which might be understood even by children, that they who by the great powers of love knew how to seek His face for evermore, might according to their capacity comprehend, I Am that I Am.

[«vers. 3.] Beati qui custodiunt judicium, et faciunt justitiam in omni tempore:» utique ex quo incipiunt et vivunt in tempore. Qui enim perseveraverit usque in finem, hic salvus erit . Potest autem videri ejusdem sententiae repetitio, ut hoc sit facere justitiam, quod est custodire judicium: ut etiam in superiore versu subaudiatur, «in omni tempore;» sicut in posteriore subauditur, «beati;» et redditis quae subaudiuntur, ita dicatur, «Beati qui custodiunt judicium» in omni tempore, beati qui «faciunt justitiam in omni tempore.» Sed nisi aliquid interesset inter judicium et justitiam, non in alio psalmo diceretur, «Quousque justitia convertatur in judicium» . Amat quidem Scriptura, ista duo simul ponere: sicuti est, «Justitia et judicium directio sedis ejus» ; et illud, «Et educet sicut lumen justitiam tuam, et judicium tuum sicut meridiem» ; cum et illic ejusdem sententiae repetitio videatur. Et fortasse propter vicinitatem significationis etiam alterum pro altero poni potest, vel judicium pro justitia, vel justitia pro judicio: tamen si proprie dicantur, aliquid interesse non dubito, ut judicium custodire dicatur qui recte judicat, justitiam vero facere qui recte agit. Nec absurde existimo intelligi secundum illud quod dictum est, «Quousque justitia convertatur in judicium,» etiam hic eos dictos beatos qui judicium custodiunt in fide, justitiam faciunt in opere. Veniet enim tempus ut judicium quod modo custoditur in fide, etiam exerceatur in opere, cum justitia conversa fuerit in judicium, id est, cum acceperint justi potestatem judicandi eos recte, a quibus modo non recte judicantur. Unde alibi ipsum corpus Christi intelligitur dicere, «Cum accepero tempus, ego justitias judicabo» . Quod verbum e verbo magis diceretur, Aequitates judicabo. Non autem dixit, Cum accepero tempus, justitiam faciam; quia omni tempore facienda est, sicut etiam hic dicit, «Qui faciunt justitiam in omni tempore.»

105.5 PL 36, 1408

5. Unto whom is it said, “O ye seed of Abraham His servant, ye children of Jacob, His chosen”? (ver. 6).…He next addeth, “He is the Lord our God: His judgments are in all the world” (ver. 7). Is He the God of the Jews only? God forbid! “He is the Lord our God:” because the Church, where His judgments are preached, is in all the world.…

[«vers.» 4, 5.] Deinde, quia Deus justificat, id est, justos facit, sanando eos ab iniquitatibus suis, sequitur oratio, «Memento nostri, Domine, in beneplacito populi tui:» id est, ut in eis simus in quibus beneplacitum est tibi; quia non in omnibus illis beneplacitum est Deo. «Visita nos in salutari tuo.» Ipse est enim Salvator, in quo peccata dimittuntur, et animae sanantur, ut possint custodire judicium, et facere justitiam; quos cum beatos esse intelligerent qui haec loquuntur, hoc sibi consequenter orando petunt. De isto salutari alibi dicitur, «Ut cognoscamus in terra viam tuam:» et quasi quaereremus in qua terra, secutus est, «In omnibus gentibus;» rursum, quasi quaereremus quam viam, secutus est, «Salutare tuum» . De illo quippe dixit Simeon senex, «Quoniam viderunt oculi mei salutare tuum» ; qui de seipso dixit, «Ego sum via» . «Visita» ergo «nos in salutari tuo,» hoc est, in Christo tuo. «Ad videndum in bonitate electorum tuorum, ad laetandum in laetitia gentis tuae:» id est, ad hoc nos visita in salutari tuo, ut videamus in bonitate electorum tuorum, et laetemur in laetitia gentis tuae. Quod autem hic positum est, «in bonitate;» alii codices habent, «in suavitate:» sicut illud, «Quoniam bonus;» alii habent, «Quoniam suavis.» Idipsum autem verbum in graeco est, quod et alibi legitur, «Dominus dabit suavitatem» : quam et aliqui interpretati sunt bonitatem, aliqui benignitatem. Sed quid est, «Visita nos, ut videamus in bonitate electorum tuorum,» id est, in ea bonitate quam praestas electis tuis; nisi ut non remaneamus caeci, sicut illi quibus dictum est: «Nunc autem dicitis, Quia videmus; peccatum vestrum manet» «Dominus» enim «illuminat caecos» , non meritis eorum, sed «in bonitate electorum suorum,» id est, quam exhibet vel donat electis suis: sicut «Salus vultus mei,» non a meipso, sed «Deus meus» ; et «panem nostrum» dicimus «quotidianum,» sed tamen addimus, «da nobis» . «Visita» ergo «nos in salutari tuo, ad videndum,» id est ut videamus, «in bonitate electorum tuorum; ad laetandum,» id est ut laetemur, «in laetitia gentis tuae.» Unam gentem Dei intelligere debemus universum semen Abrahae; sed filios promissionis, non carnis. Hi ergo, quorum vox est, optant ejusdem gentis habere laetitiam. Et quae hujus gentis laetitia, nisi Deus ejus? Cui dicitur, «Exsultatio mea, redime me» : et cui dicitur, «Signatum est super nos lumen vultus tui, Domine; dedisti laetitiam in cor meum» ; summo scilicet, vero, incommutabili et beatifico bono, quod ipse Deus est. «Ut lauderis cum haereditate tua.» Miror istum versum sic interpretatum in multis esse codicibus, cum sit una atque eadem in tribus his versibus graeca locutio, ut si hoc recte dictum est quod legitur, «Ut lauderis cum haereditate tua;» posset recte dici, «Ut videas in bonitate electorum tuorum, et laeteris in laetitia gentis tuae:» toto ipso sensu ita contexto, «Visita nos in salutari tuo, ut videas in bonitate electorum tuorum, ut laeteris in laetitia gentis tuae, et lauderis cum haereditate tua.» Secundum hoc autem quod diximus, «Visita nos, ut videamus in bonitate electorum tuorum, et laetemur in laetitia gentis tuae;» consequenter et hic dici debuit, «Ut laudemur cum haereditate tua:» cui haereditati dictum est, «Laudamini in nomine sancto ejus.» Porro autem quoniam haec ambigua videtur locutio; si verus est iste sensus quo maluerunt interpretes dicere, «Ut lauderis;» etiam duo versus superiores ita intelligendi sunt, quia, ut dixi, una est in his tribus versibus graeca locutio: ut hoc totum ita dictum accipiatur, «Visita nos in salutari tuo, ut videas in bonitate electorum tuorum,» id est, ad hoc nos visita, ut illic nos esse facias, et illic nos videas; «ut laeteris in laetitia gentis tuae,» id est, tu dicaris laetari, cum illi laetantur ex te; «ut lauderis cum haereditate tua,» id est, cum ea lauderis, quoniam non laudatur nisi propter te. Sive ergo illo, sive isto modo intelligendum sit quod dictum est, «ad videndum, ad laetandum, ad laudandum;» ideo se optant visitari in salutari Dei, id est in Christo ejus, ut non alienentur a populo ejus, et ab eis in quibus beneplacitum est Deo.

105.6 PL 36, 1409

6. “He hath been alway mindful of His covenant” (ver. 8). Other copies read, “for evermore;” and this arises from the ambiguity of the Greek. But if we are to understand “alway” of this world and not of eternity, why, when he explaineth what covenant He was mindful of, doth he add, “The word that He made to a thousand generations”? Now this may be understood with a certain limitation; but he afterwards saith, “Even the covenant that He made with Abraham” (ver. 9): “and the oath that He sware unto Isaac; and appointed the same unto Jacob for a law, and to Israel for an everlasting testament” (ver. 10). But if in this passage the Old Testament is to be understood, on account of the land of Canaan; for thus the language of the Psalm runneth, “saying, Unto thee will I give the land of Canaan: the lot of your inheritance” (ver. 11): how is it to be understood as everlasting, since that earthly inheritance could not be everlasting? And for this reason it is called the Old Testament, because it is abolished by the New. But a thousand generations do not seem to signify anything eternal, since they involve an end; and yet are also too numerous for this very temporal state. For by howsoever few years a generation is limited, such as in Greek is called γεν™α, whereof the shortest period some have fixed is at fifteen years, after which period man hath the power of generation; what then are those “thousand generations,” not only from the time of Abraham, when that promise was made him, unto the New Testament, but from Adam himself down to the end of the world? For who would dare to say that this world should last for 15000 years? Hence it seemeth to me that we ought not to understand here the Old Testament, which it said through the prophet was to be cancelled by the New: “Behold, the days come, saith the Lord, when I will make a new covenant.”…After saying, “He hath been mindful of His covenant unto an age;” which we ought to understand as lasting for evermore, the covenant, namely, of justification and an eternal inheritance, which God hath promised to faith; he addeth, “and the Word that He commanded unto a thousand generations.” What meaneth “commanded”?…The command then was faith, that the righteous should live by faith; and an eternal inheritance is set before this faith. “A thousand generations,” then, are, on account of the perfect number, to be understood for all; that is, as long as generation succeedeth generation, so long is it commanded to us to live by faith. This the people of God doth observe, the sons of promise who succeed by birth, and depart by death, until every generation be finished; and this is signified by the number thousand; because the solid square of the number ten, ten times ten, and this taken ten times amounts to a thousand. “Even the covenant,” he saith, “which He made with Abraham: and the oath that He sware unto Isaac; and appointed the same unto Jacob,” that is, Jacob himself, “for a law.” These are the very three patriarchs, whose God He calleth Himself in a special sense, whom the Lord also doth name in the New Testament, where He saith, “Many shall come from the east and the west, and shall sit down with Abraham, and Isaac, and Jacob, in the kingdom of heaven.” This is everlasting inheritance.…

[«vers.» 6, 7.] Quid autem deinceps confiteantur, audiamus: «Peccavimus cum patribus nostris, injuste egimus, iniquitatem fecimus.» Quid est, «cum patribus nostris?» An sicut habet Epistola ad Hebraeos, quia et Levi cum Abraham decimatus est, quoniam in lumbis ejus fuit, quando decimas dedit sacerdoti Melchisedec ; sic et isti peccaverunt cum patribus suis, in quorum lumbis erant quando illi in Aegypto fuerunt? Nam qui fuerunt eo tempore, cum psalmus iste conscriptus est, maximeque posteri eorum (quia vel ab eis qui tunc erant dici, vel de post futuris potuit prophetari), longe aberant ab aetate illorum qui in Aegypto peccaverunt, non intelligentes mirabilia Dei. Hoc enim sequitur, exponendo quomodo peccaverunt cum patribus suis: «Patres nostri,» inquit, «in Aegypto non intellexerunt mirabilia tua;» et caetera, quae de peccatis eorum multa commemorat. An sic potius accipiendum est quod ait, «Peccavimus cum patribus nostris,» tanquam diceret, Peccavimus sicut patres nostri, eorum videlicet imitando peccata? Quod si ita est, astruendum est aliquo hujusmodi locutionis exemplo: quod cum in praesentia quaererem, non occurrit, ut cum illo se quisquam peccasse, vel cum illo se aliquid fecisse dicat, quem in simili facto etiam post multum temporis fuerit imitatus.

105.7 PL 36, 1409

7. He next followeth out the history well known in the truth of the holy Scriptures. “When they were in small numbers, very few, and they strangers in the land” (ver. 12); that is, in the land of Canaan.…But some copies have the words “very few, and they strangers,” in the accusative case, the translator having turned the Greek phrase too literally into Latin. If we were to render the whole clause in this way, we must say, “that they were very few, and they strangers;” but the phrase, “while they were,” is the meaning of the Greek; and the verb, “to be,” takes not an accusative, but a nominative after it.

Quid est ergo, «Patres nostri non intellexerunt mirabilia tua;» nisi, non cognoverunt quid per illa mirabilia eis praestare volueris? Quid utique nisi vitam aeternam, et non temporale sed incommutabile bonum, quod per patientiam exspectatur? Ideo impatienter murmuraverunt, et amaricaverunt, et bonis praesentibus fallacibus atque fugacibus beatos se fieri quaesierunt. «Non fuerunt memores multitudinis misericordiae tuae.» Et intellectum redarguit, et memoriam. Intellectu quippe opus erat, ut cogitarent ad quorum bonorum aeternitatem per illa temporalia vocaret Deus: memoria vero, ut saltem quae temporaliter mirabilia facta sunt, non obliviscerentur, fideliterque praesumerent quod eadem potestate quam fuerant jam experti, Deus illos ab inimicorum persecutione liberaret; obliti sunt autem quid eis in Aegypto ad inimicos eorum conterendos per tanta prodigia praestitisset. «Et irritaverunt, ascendentes in mari», «mare Rubrum.» Codex quem intuebar, sic habebat: et his quidem duobus verbis ultimis, quod dictum est, «mare Rubrum,» stella fuerat praenotata; qua significantur quae in hebraeo sunt, et in interpretatione Septuaginta non sunt. Plures autem codices, quos inspicere potui, et graeci et latini sic habent: «Et irritaverunt,» vel, quod expressius de graeco est, «Et amaricaverunt, ascendentes in Rubro mari.» Qui illam legit historiam, quando exierunt de Aegypto, et per mare Rubrum transierunt, dolet eorum infidelitatem, in quanta trepidatione et desperatione fuerint, post recentia tot et tanta miracula in Aegypto; cujus multitudinis misericordiae Dei non eos fuisse memores dicit. «Ascenderunt» autem, propterea dictum est, quia ita est terrae positio, ut descensio dicatur in Aegyptum de terra Chanaan, et in eam illinc ascensio. Notandum est sane quemadmodum Scriptura culpare voluerit, non intelligere quod intelligendum est, et non meminisse quod memoria retinendum est: quod homines suae culpae deputari nolunt, ad nihil aliud nisi ut minus supplicent, minusque sint humiles Deo, in cujus conspectu confiteantur quod sunt, atque impetrato adjutorio possint esse quod non sunt. Nam etiam peccata ignorantiae vel negligentiae melius accusantur ut pereant, quam excusantur ut maneant; meliusque purgantur invocato Deo, quam firmantur irritato.

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8. “What time as they went from one nation to another, from one kingdom to another people” (ver. 13). This is a repetition of what he had said, “from one nation to another.” “He suffered no man to do them harm: but reproved even kings for their sakes” (ver. 14). “Touch not,” He said, “Mine anointed, and do My prophets no harm” (ver. 15). He declareth the words of God chiding or reproving kings, that they might not harm the holy fathers, while they were small in number, very few, and they strangers in the land of Canaan. Although these words be not read in the books of that history, yet they are to be understood as either secretly spoken, as God speaketh in the hearts of men by unseen and true visions, or even as announced through an Angel. For both the king of Gerar and the king of the Egyptians were warned from Heaven not to harm Abraham, and another king not to harm Isaac, and others not to harm Jacob; while they were very few, and strangers, before he went over into Egypt to sojourn with his sons: which is understood to be herein mentioned. But since it occurred to ask, before they passed over and multiplied in Egypt, how so few in number, and those strangers in a foreign land, could maintain themselves: he next addeth, “He suffered no man to do them wrong,” etc.

[«vers.» 8.] Adjungit tamen non secundum eorum infidelitatem Deum fecisse. «Et salvavit eos,» inquit, «propter nomen suum, ut notam faceret potentiam suam:» non propter ulla bona merita eorum.

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9. But it may well excite a question, in what sense they were styled (Christs, or) anointed, before there was any unction, from which this title was given to the kings.…Whence then were those patriarchs at that time called “anointed”? For that they were prophets, we read concerning Abraham; and certainly, what is manifestly said of him, should be understood of them also. Are they styled “christs,” because, even though secretly, yet they were already Christians? For although the flesh of Christ came from them, nevertheless Christ came before them; for He thus answered the Jews, “Before Abraham was, I am.” But how could they not know Him, or not believe in Him; since they are called prophets for this very reason, because, though somewhat darkly, they announced the Lord beforehand? Whence He saith Himself openly, “Your father Abraham desired to see My day, and he saw it, and was glad.” For no man was ever reconciled unto God outside of that faith which is in Christ Jesus, either before His Incarnation, or after: as it is most truly defined by the Apostle: “For there is one God, and one Mediator between God and men, the Man Christ Jesus.”

[«vers. 9.] Et increpavit mare Rubrum, et exsiccatum est.» Non legimus ullam, qua increparetur mare, emissam coelitus vocem; sed potentiam divinam qua id factum est, increpationem appellavit: nisi forte quis dicat latenter increpatum, sic ut aqua posset audire, et homines non possent. Valde occulta et abstrusa vis est qua Deus agit, ut etiam illa quae sensu carent, confestim ejus obtemperent voluntati. «Et eduxit eos in abyssis, sicut in deserto.» Abyssos dixit multitudinem aquarum. Nam quidam volentes istum versiculum totum interpretari, dixerunt, «Et eduxit eos in aquis multis.» Quid est ergo, «in abyssis, sicut in deserto,» nisi quia factum erat siccitate velut desertum, ubi fuerant abyssi aquarum?

10. [«vers. 10.] Et salvavit eos de manu odientium.» Hunc versum per circuitum quidam interpretati sunt, verba minus latina vitantes: «Et salvos fecit eos de manu eorum qui oderant eos. Et redemit eos de manu inimici.» Quid pretii datum est in hac redemptione? An prophetia est, quod in figura Baptismi hoc factum est, ubi redimimur de manu diaboli magno pretio, quod sanguis est Christi? Unde non quocumque mari, sed mari Rubro id convenientius figuratum est: sanguis enim rubrum colorem habet.

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10. He then beginneth to relate how it happened that they went from one nation to another, from one kingdom to another people. “He calleth,” he saith, “for a famine upon the land: and brake all the staff of bread” (ver. 16). Thus it happened that they went from one nation to another, from one kingdom to another people. But the expressions of the holy Scriptures are not to be negligently passed by. “He called,” he saith, “for a famine upon the land;” as if famine were some person, or some animated body, or some spirit that would obey Him who called.…Under this impression the old Romans consecrated some such deities, as the goddess Fever, and the god Paleness. Or meaneth it, as is more credible, He said there should be famine; so that calling be the same thing as mentioning by name; mentioning by name, as speaking; speaking, as commanding? Nor doth the Apostle say, “He calleth those things which be not, that they may be;” but, “as though they were.” For with God that hath already happened which, according to His disposition, is fixed for the future: for of Him it is elsewhere said, “He who made things to come.” And here when famine happened, then it is said to have been called, that is, that that which had been determined in His secret government, might be realized. Lastly, he at once expounds, how He called for the famine, saying, “He brake all the staff of bread.”

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11. “But He had sent a man before them” (ver. 17). What man? “Even Joseph.” How did He send him? “Joseph was sold to be a bond-servant.” When this happened, it was the sin of his brethren, and, nevertheless, God sent Joseph into Egypt. We should therefore meditate on this important and necessary subject, how God useth well the evil works of men, as they on the other hand use ill the good works of God.

[«vers. 11.] Et operuit aqua tribulantes eos; unus ex eis non remansit:» non ex omnibus Aegyptiis, sed ex eis qui persequebantur profectos, apprehendere vel interimere cupientes.

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12. Next he doth relate the story, mentioning what Joseph suffered in his low estate, and how he was raised on high. “His feet they hurt in the stocks: the iron entered into his soul, until his word came” (ver. 18). That Joseph was put in irons, we do not indeed read; but we ought no ways to doubt that it was so. For some things might be passed over in that history, which nevertheless would not escape the Holy Spirit, who speaketh in these Psalms. We understand by the iron which entered into his soul, the tribulation of stern necessity; for he did not say body, but “soul.” There is a somewhat similar expression in the Gospel, where Simeon saith unto Mary, “A sword shall pierce through thy own soul also.” That is, the Passion of the Lord, which was a fall unto many, and in which the secrets of many hearts were revealed, since their sentiments respecting the Lord were extorted from them, without doubt made His own Mother exceeding sorrowful, heavily struck with human bereavement. Now Joseph was in this tribulation, “until his word came,” with which he truly interpreted dreams: whence he was introduced to the king, that unto him also he might foretell what would happen in respect to his dreams. But since he said, “Until his words were heard,” that we might not altogether so understand “his,” that any one might think so great an event was to be ascribed unto man; he at once added, “The word of the Lord inflamed him” (ver. 19); or, as other copies have it more closely from the Greek, “The word of the Lord fired him,” that he also might be reputed amongst those to whom it is said, “Receive ye praise in His holy Name.”

[«vers. 12.] Et crediderunt in verbis ejus.» Minus latina videtur locutio, quia non ait, Verbis ejus, vel, in verba ejus, sed, «in verbis ejus;» tamen Scripturis usitatissima. «Et laudaverunt laudem ejus.» Tales sunt locutiones, cum dicimus, Hanc servitutem servivit, talem vitam vixit. Laudem porro Dei notissimam illam commemorat, ubi dicitur: «Cantemus Domino; gloriose enim magnificatus est: equum et equitem projecit in mare» .

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13. “The king sent and loosed him, the prince of the peoples, and let him go free” (ver. 20). The “king” is the same as “the prince of the peoples:” he “loosed” him from his bonds “and let him go free” from his prison. “He made him lord also of his house: and ruler of all his substance” (ver. 21). “That he might inform his princes like unto himself, and teach his old men wisdom” (ver. 22). The Greek hath, “and teach his elders wisdom.” Which might altogether be rendered to the letter thus; “Might inform his princes like unto himself, and make his elders wise.” The word translated old men being presbyters or elders, not gerontas, old men: and to teach wisdom being from the Greek to sophize, which cannot be rendered by a single word in Latin, and is from the word sophia, wisdom, different from prudence, which is in Greek phronesis. Yet we do not read this in the high elevation of Joseph, as we read not of fetters in his low estate. But how could it happen that so great a man, the worshipper of the One True God, whilst in Egypt, should have been intent upon the nourishing of bodies, and the government of carnal matters only, and have felt no anxiety for souls, and how he could render them better? But those things are written in that history, which, according to the intention of the writer, in whom was the Holy Spirit, were judged sufficient for signifying future events in that narration.

[«vers. 13.] Cito fecerunt, obliti sunt operum ejus.» Alii codices intelligibilius habent, «Festinaverunt, obliti sunt operum ejus: non sustinuerunt consilium ejus.» Debuerunt enim cogitare tanta erga se opera Dei non esse inania, sed vocare ad aliquam sine fine felicitatem, quae per patientiam sustinenda est; sed festinaverunt beati fieri temporalibus rebus, quae ideo nemini conferunt veram felicitatem, quia non exstinguunt insatiabilem cupiditatem: «Qui» enim «biberit,» inquit, «ex hac aqua, sitiet iterum» .

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14. “Joseph also came into Egypt, and Jacob was a stranger in the land of Ham” (ver. 23). Israel is the same with Jacob, as is Egypt with the land of Ham. Here it is very plainly shown, that the Egyptian race sprang from the seed of Chain, the son of Noah, whose first-born was Canaan. So that in those copies wherein in this passage Canaan is read, we must alter the reading. It is better construed, “was a stranger,” than “dwelt,” as other copies have it: which would be the same as “was an inhabitant,” for it meaneth nothing different; the very same word is used in the Greek passage above, where it is said, “Very few, and they strangers in the land.” Moreover, the state of an incola or accola doth not signify a native, but a stranger. Behold how “they went from one nation to another.” What had been briefly proposed, hath been briefly explained in the narration. But from what kingdom they passed over to another people may well be asked. For they were not yet reigning in the land of Canaan, because the kingdom of the people of Israel had not yet been established there. How then can it be understood, except by anticipation, because the kingdom of their seed was destined there to exist?

[«vers.» 14.] Denique, «Et concupierunt concupiscentiam in deserto, et tentaverunt Deum in inaquoso.» Quod est, «in deserto;» hoc repetitum est, «in inaquoso,» id est, in loco sine aqua: quod vero, «concupierunt concupiscentiam;» hoc, «tentaverunt Deum.» Talis sane locutio est, «Concupierunt concupiscentiam;» qualis superior, «Laudaverunt laudem.»

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15. Next is related what happened in Egypt. “And He increased,” he saith, “His people exceedingly, and made them stronger than their enemies” (ver. 24). Even the whole of this is briefly set forth, in order that the manner in which it took place may be afterwards related. For the people of God was not made stronger than their enemies the Egyptians, at the time when their male offspring were slain, or when they were worn out with making bricks; but when by His powerful hand, by the signs and portents of the Lord their God, they became objects of fear and of honour, until the opposition of the hardened king was overcome, and the Red Sea overwhelmed the persecutor with his army.

[«vers. 15.] Et dedit eis petitionem ipsorum:» id est, quod petitione petierunt. «Et misit saturitatem in animam eorum.» Nec ideo beatos fecit; quia non erat illa saturitas de qua dicitur: «Beati qui esuriunt et sitiunt justitiam, quoniam ipsi saturabuntur» . Itaque hoc loco animam non secundum id quod rationalis est, dixit, sed secundum id quod animans corpus animal facit. Ad cujus animalis sustentationem pertinet cibus et potus, secundum hoc quod in Evangelio dicitur, «Nonne anima plus est quam esca, et corpus plus quam vestimentum» ? tanquam ad animam pertineat vesci, ad corpus vestiri. Secundum hoc dicitur apud Isaiam: «Quid est quod jejunavimus, et non vidisti; defraudavimus animas nostras, et nescisti» ?

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16. “And He turned their heart so, that they hated His people, and dealt untruly with His servants” (ver. 25). Is it to be in any wise understood or believed, that God turneth man’s heart to do sin?…For they were not good before they hated His people; but being malignant and ungodly, they were such as would readily envy their prosperous sojourners. And so, in that He multiplied His own people, this bountiful act turned the wicked to envy. For envy is the hatred of another’s prosperity. In this sense, therefore, He turned their heart, so that through envy they hated His people, and dealt untruly with His servants. It was not then by making their hearts evil, but by doing good to His people, that He turned their hearts, that were evil of their own accord, to hatred. For He did not pervert a righteous heart, but turned one perverted of its own accord to the hatred of His people, while He was to make a good use of that evil; not by making them evil, but by lavishing blessings upon those, which the wicked might most readily envy.

[«vers. 16.] Et irritaverunt Moysen in castris, Aaron sanctum Domini.» Quam dicat irritationem, vel, sicut expressius alii interpretati sunt, amaricationem, consequentia satis indicant.

17. [«vers. 17.] Aperta est,» inquit, «et deglutivit Dathan, et superoperuit super congregationem Abiron.» Quod est, «deglutivit;» hoc est, «superoperuit.» Amborum autem, id est, Dathan et Abiron, una erat causa superbissimi et sacrilegi schismatis.

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17. The following verses, which are sung in praise of Him when Allelujah is chanted, show how He used this hatred of theirs, both for the trial of His own people, and for the glory of His Name, which is profitable for us. “He sent Moses His servant, and Aaron whom He had chosen him” (ver. 26). “Whom He had chosen,” would be sufficient; but there is no difficulty in the addition of “him.” It is a phrase of Scripture, as, “The land in which they shall dwell in it:” a phrase which the divine pages are full of.

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18. “He set forth in them the words of His tokens, and of His wonders in the land of Ham” (ver. 27). We ought not to understand by “the words of His tokens,” words literally, words with which the tokens and wonders were worked, that is, which they uttered, that these tokens and wonders might take place. For many were performed without words, either with a rod, or with outstretched hand, or by ashes sent towards heaven.…

[«vers. 18.] Et exarsit ignis in synagoga eorum. flamma combussit peccatores.» Non est hoc nomen in Scripturis usitatum eorum, qui licet juste ac laudabiliter vivant, non sunt sine peccato. Magis enim sicut interest inter irridentes et irrisores, inter murmurantes et murmuratores, inter scribentes et scriptores, et caetera similia; ita Scriptura peccatores appellare consuevit valde iniquos et grandibus peccatorum sarcinis oneratos.

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19. “He sent darkness, and made it dark” (ver. 28). This is also written among the plagues with which the Egyptians were smitten. But what followeth, is variously read in different copies. For some have, “and they provoked His words;” while others read, “and they provoked not His words;” but the reading first mentioned we have found in most; while, where the negative particle is added, we could hardly discover two copies. But perhaps the false reading has abounded owing to the easy sense; for what is easier understood than this, “They provoked His words,” that is, by their contumacious rebellions? We have endeavoured to explain the other reading also according to some true sense: and this for the present occurs: “They provoked not His words,” that is, in Moses and Aaron; because they most patiently bore with a very stiffnecked people, until all things which God had determined to work by them, were fulfilled in order.

[«vers.» 19, 20.] «Et fecerunt vitulum in Horeb; et adoraverunt sculptile. Et mutaverunt gloriam suam in similitudine vituli comedentis fenum.» Non ait, in similitudinem, sed, «in similitudine.» Talis est locutio, qualis illa ubi ait, «Et crediderunt in verbis ejus.» Eleganter sane non ait, Et mutaverunt gloriam Dei, cum hoc fecerint; sicut etiam Apostolus loquitur, «Et immutaverunt gloriam incorruptibilis Dei in similitudinem imaginis corruptibilis hominis» : sed «gloriam suam» dixit. Deus enim erat gloria eorum, si ejus sustinerent consilium, et non festinarent; cui dicitur, «Gloria mea, et exaltans caput meum» . Istam «gloriam suam,» id est Deum, «mutaverunt in similitudine vituli comedentis fenum,» ut ab eo comederentur, a quo comeduntur qui sapiunt secundum carnem: «Omnis» enim «caro fenum» .

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20. “He turned their waters into blood, and slew their fish” (ver. 29). “He made their land frogs, yea, even in the king’s chambers” (ver. 30): as if he were to say, He turned their land into frogs. For there was so great a multitude of frogs, that this might well be said by hyperbole.

[«vers. 21, 22.] Obliti sunt Deum qui salvavit eos.» Quomodo salvavit eos? «Qui fecit magnalia in Aegypto, mirabilia in terra Cham, terribilia in mari Rubro.» Quae sunt mirabilia, ipsa sunt terribilia; nulla quippe admiratio est sine quadam formidine: quamvis ista etiam hinc terribilia dici potuerint, quod adversarios afflixerunt, et istis quid deberent timere, monstrarunt.

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21. “He spake the word, and there came all manner of flies, and lice in all their quarters” (ver. 31). If it be asked when He spake, it was in His Word before it took place; and there it was, without time, at what time it should take place: although even then He commanded it to be done, when it was to be done, through Angels, and through his servants Moses and Aaron.

[«vers. 23.] Et dixit ut disperderet eos.» Quia obliti sunt eum qui salvos fecit eos, faciens magnalia, et fecerunt et adoraverunt sculptile, hoc utique tam immani scelere et incredibili impietate, digni fuerant qui perirent. «Dixit» ergo «ut disperderet eos; si non Moyses electus ejus stetisset in confractione in conspectu ejus.» Non ita dixit stetisse «in confractione,» quasi ut frangeret iram Dei; sed «in confractione,» id est, in plaga qua erant illi feriendi: id est, nisi objecisset seipsum pro eis, dicens, «Si dimittis illis peccatum, dimitte; sin autem, dele me de libro tuo» . Ubi demonstratum est intercessio sanctorum quantum pro aliis valeat apud Deum. Securus enim Moyses de justitia Dei, qua eum delere non posset, impetravit misericordiam, ne illos quos juste posset, deleret. Ita stetit «in confractione in conspectu ejus, ut averteret iram ejus, ne disperderet eos.»

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22. He made their rains hail” (ver. 32). It is a similar expression to the former, “He made their land frogs;” except that the whole land was not actually turned into frogs, though the whole of the rain may have been turned into hail. “A burning fire in their land:” understand, “He sent.”

[«vers. 24.] Et pro nihilo habuerunt terram desiderabilem.» Sed numquid viderant eam? Quodmodo ergo pro nihilo, quam non viderant, habuerunt, nisi quomodo sequitur: «Nec crediderunt in verbis ejus?» Profecto nisi terra illa significaret aliquid magnum, quae terra dicebatur fluens lac et mel , per quod visibile sacramentum ad invisibilem gratiam regnumque coelorum duceret eos qui mirabilia ejus intelligebant; nullo modo isti culparentur, quia pro nihilo habuerunt illam terram, cujus temporale regnum etiam nos pro nihilo habere debemus, ut Jerusalem liberam matrem nostram, quae in coelis est , vere desiderabilem diligamus. Sed potius hic infidelitas merito redarguitur, quia in eo quod terram desiderabilem pro nihilo habuerunt, verbis Dei non crediderunt, per quaedam parva ducentis ad magna, et festinantes beari temporalibus rebus, quas secundum carnem sapiebant, «non sustinuerunt,» sicut supra dictum est, «consilium ejus.»

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23. “He smote their vines also and fig-trees; and brake every tree of their coasts” (ver. 33). This was done by the violence of the hail, and by lightnings; whence he spoke of the fire as “burning.”

[«vers. 25.] Et murmurarunt in tabernaculis suis; non exaudierunt vocem Domini:» vehementer eos a murmuratione prohibentis.

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24. “He spake the word, and the locust came, and the caterpillar, of which there was no number” (ver. 34). The locusts and the caterpillars are one plague: of which the one is the parent, the other the offspring.

«Et elevavit manum suam super eos, ut prosterneret eos in deserto: et ut dejiceret semen eorum in nationibus, et dispergeret eos in regionibus.»

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25. “And did eat up all the grass in their land, and devoured the fruit of the ground” (ver. 35). Even grass is fruit, as Scripture is wont to speak, which calleth even the ripe corn grass; but it wished these two things to harmonize in number with the two which it had spoken of before, that is, the locust and the caterpillar. But the whole of this doth belong to the variety of speech, which is a remedy for weariness, not to any difference of senses.

[«vers.» 28, 29.] Hic antequam diceret quod tantae indignationi Dei quisquam intercesserit, eumque aliquo modo placaverit, secutus adjunxit. «Et initiati sunt Beelphegor;» id est, idolo Gentium consecrati: «Et manducaverunt sacrificia» «mortuorum. Et irritaverunt eum in adinventionibus suis, et multiplicata est in eis ruina.» Tanquam ad hoc distulerit, quod levaverat manum super eos prosternendos in deserto, et dejiciendum semen eorum in nationibus, et dispergendos eos in regionibus, ut dati in reprobum sensum, etiam illud admitterent, in quo immaniore crimine evidenti justitia punirentur; quemadmodum dicit Apostolus: «Et sicut non probaverunt Deum habere in notitiam, tradidit illos Deus in reprobam mentem, ut faciant quae non conveniunt» .

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26. “He smote every first-born in their land: even the first-fruits of all their strength” (ver. 36). This is the last plague, excepting the death in the Red Sea. “The first-fruits of all their strength,” I imagine to be an expression derived from the first-born of cattle. These plagues are ten in number, but they are not all mentioned, nor in the same order in which they are there read to have happened. For praise-giving is free from the law which bindeth one who is relating or composing a history. And since the Holy Spirit is the Author and Dictator, through the Prophet, of this praise; by the very same authority with which He guided him who wrote that history, he doth both mention something to have taken place which is not there read, and passeth over what is there read.

[«vers.» 30.] Denique tantum fuit scelus eorum, quod consecrati sunt idolo, et comederunt sacrificia mortuorum (id est, quia mortuis hominibus tanquam diis sacrificabant Gentes), ut aliter se placari Deus nollet, nisi quomodo eum placavit Phinees sacerdos, qui masculum et feminam in complexu adulterino deprehensos pariter interemit . Quod si odio eorum, non dilectione fecisset, dum eum comederet zelus domus Dei, non ei reputaretur ad justitiam. Hoc enim facto, illum populum cujus futurus erat major interitus, tanquam unum hominem quasi virga percussit, ut animam ejus salvaret a morte. Leniorem quidem revelato Testamento Novo Dominus Christus esse voluit disciplinam; sed atrocior est comminatio gehennae, quam tunc in illis comminationibus Dei pro temporum dispensatione non legimus. «Multiplicata est» ergo «in eis ruina,» cum pro suis gravibus peccatis graviter vastarentur. «Et stetit Phinees, et placavit, et cessavit quassatio.» Breviter totum dixit, quia non hic nescientes docet, sed commemorat scientes. Quae autem hic posita est quassatio, haec superius confractio: nam in graeco unum verbum est.

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27. Now he addeth this also to the praises of God, that He led the Israelites out of Egypt enriched with silver and gold; because even they were then in such a condition, that they could not as yet despise the just and due, though temporal, reward of their toils.…“He brought them forth also in silver and gold” (ver. 37): this too is a Scripture idiom; for “in silver and gold” is said for the same as if it had been said “with silver and gold: there was not one feeble person among their tribes:” in body, not in mind. This also was a great blessing of God, that in this necessity of removal there was no infirm person.

[«vers. 31.] Et reputatum est ei in justitiam, in generationem et generationem usque in sempiternum.» Deus hoc reputavit sacerdoti suo in justitiam, non solum quamdiu generatio est, sed «usque in sempiternum;» qui cor scrutatur, et novit appendere quanta id factum sit populi charitate.

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28. “Egypt was glad at their departing: for their fear fell upon them” (ver. 38); that is, the fear of the Hebrews upon the Egyptians. For “their fear” is not that with which the Hebrews feared, but that with which they were feared. Some one will say, how then were the Egyptians unwilling to dismiss them? why did they let them go as if they expected them to return? why did they lend them gold and silver, as to men who were to return, and to repay them, if “Egypt was glad at their departing”? But we must understand, after that final destruction of the Egyptians, and the terrible overthrow of the mighty pursuing army in the Red Sea, that the rest of the Egyptians feared lest the Hebrews should return, and with great ease crush the relics of them: illustrating what he had stated, that He made His people stronger than their enemies.

[«vers.» 32, 33.] «Et irritaverunt eum ad aquam contradictionis, et vexatus est Moyses propter eos; quia exacerbaverunt spiritum ejus. Et distinxit in labiis suis.» Quid est, «distinxit?» Quasi illud non posset Deus facere, qui tanta jam fecerat, ut aqua de petra proflueret. Dubitanter enim petram virga percussit, et ideo hoc miraculum distinxit a caeteris miraculis, in quibus non dubitaverat. Hinc offendit, hinc audire meruit ut moreretur, ne intraret in terram promissionis . Perturbatus enim murmure populi infidelis, non tenuit fiduciam qualem debuit. Cui tamen Deus tanquam electo suo, etiam post mortem ejus bonum perhibet testimonium, ut intelligamus illam fidei ejus titubationem hac sola poena fuisse correptam, quod in eam terram, quo populum ipse ducebat, non est permissus intrare. Absit autem ut eum credamus alienatum a regno gratiae Dei, quod significabat illa terra promissionis, unde lac et mel defluere dicebatur. Hoc est enim potius testamentum aeternum quod disposuit ad Abraham, non secundum carnem patrem nostrum, sed secundum fidem.

105.29 PL 36, 1414

29. He now proceedeth to the divine blessings which were conferred upon them as they wandered in the desert. “He spread out a cloud to be their covering: and fire to give them light in the night season” (ver. 39). This is as clear as it is well known.

[«vers.» 34, 36.] Illi autem de quorum iniquitatibus iste loquitur psalmus, cum in illam temporalem terram promissionis intrassent, «Non disperdiderunt Gentes, quas dixit Dominus illis. Et commixti sunt inter Gentes, et didicerunt opera eorum, et servierunt sculptilibus eorum; et factum est illis in scandalum.» Illud quod eas non disperdiderunt, sed eis commixti sunt, factum est illis in scandalum.

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30. “They asked, and the quail came” (ver. 40). They did not desire quails, but flesh. But since the quail is flesh, and in this Psalm he speaketh not of the provocation of those who did not please God, but of the faith of the elect, the true seed of Abraham; they are to be understood to have desired that that might come which might crush the murmurs of those who provoked. Then in the next line, “And He filled them with the bread of heaven,” he has not indeed named manna, but it is obscure to none who hath read those records.

[«vers.» 37, 40.] «Et immolaverunt filios suos et filias suas daemoniis: et effuderunt sanguinem innocentem, sanguinem filiorum suorum et filiarum suarum, quas sacrificaverunt sculptilibus Chanaan.» Immolasse filios suos et filias suas daemoniis et idolis, non eos illa narrat historia; sed neque iste psalmus mentiri potest, neque Prophetae, qui hoc dicunt multis increpationum suarum locis. Habuisse vero istam consuetudinem Gentes, nec earum litterae tacuerunt.

105.31 PL 36, 1414

31. “He opened the rock of stone, and the waters flowed out: so that rivers ran in the dry places” (ver. 41). This fact too is understood as soon as read.

Sed quid est quod sequitur? «Et interfecta est terra in sanguinibus.» Putaremus enim scriptoris errorem, eumque diceremus pro eo quod est «infecta,» fecisse «interfecta,» nisi haberemus beneficium Dei, qui Scripturas suas in multis linguis esse voluit; atque ita esse scriptum, «Interfecta est terra in sanguinibus.» inspectis graecis codicibus videremus. Quid est ergo, «Interfecta est terra,» nisi hoc referatur ad homines qui habitabant in terra, tropica locutione, qua significatur per id quod continet, id quod continetur, sicut dicimus malam domum, in qua mali habitant, et bonam in qua boni? Ipsi namque interficiebant animas suas immolando filios suos, et effundendo sanguinem parvulorum a consensione illius sceleris alienorum: unde dictum est, «Effuderunt sanguinem innocentem.» Ergo, «Interfecta est terra in sanguinibus, et contaminata est in operibus eorum,» cum ipsi interfecti sunt in anima, et contaminati in operibus suis. «Et fornicati sunt in adinventionibus suis.» Has dicit adinventiones, quas Graeci ἐπιτηδεύματα appellant: nam hoc verbum est in codicibus graecis et hoc loco, et superius, ubi dictum est, «Irritaverunt eum in adinventionibus suis;» cum et illic et hic eas dicat adinventiones, in quibus alios imitati sunt. Non itaque sic dictas arbitremur adinventiones, quasi ab ipsis institutas, nullo in aliis praecedente quod imitarentur exemplo. Unde alii interpretes nostri, non adinventiones, sed studia; alii vero affectiones, vel affectationes, alii voluptates dicere maluerunt: et iidem ipsi qui dixerunt adinventiones, alio loco studia posuerunt. Hoc commemorare volui, ne quaestionem faceret nomen adinventionis in ea re, quam non a seipsis excogitaverunt, sed alios imitati sunt.

105.32 PL 36, 1415

32. But in all these blessings of His, God doth commend in Abraham the merit of faith. For the Psalmist goeth on to say, “For why? He remembered His holy promise, which He made to Abraham His servant” (ver. 42). “And He brought forth His people with joy, and His chosen with gladness” (ver. 43). What he said, “His people,” he has repeated in, “His chosen.” So also what he said, “with joy,” he has repeated in, “with gladness.” “And gave them the lands of the heathen: and they took the labours of the people in possession” (ver. 44). “The lands of the heathen,” and “the labours of the people,” are the same; and the words, “He gave,” are repeated in these, “they took in possession.”

[«vers. 40, 43.] Et iratus est furore Dominus in populum suum.» Noluerunt quidam interpretes nostri iram ponere, in eo quod graecus habet θυμὸς: sed quidam posuerunt mentem; quidam vero indignationem, quidam animum interpretati sunt. Quodlibet autem horum dicatur, perturbatio non cadit in Deum; sed de consuetudine translatum, potentia vindicandi hoc nomen accepit.

105.33 PL 36, 1415

33. …“That they may keep His statutes, and seek out His law” (ver. 45). Lastly, since by the seed of Abraham he wished those to be understood here, who were truly the seed of Abraham, such as were not wanting even in that people; as the Apostle Paul clearly showeth, when he saith, “But not in all of them was God well pleased;” for if He was not pleased with all, surely there were some in whom He was well pleased: since then this Psalm praiseth such men as this, he hath said nothing here of the iniquities and provocations and bitterness of those with whom God was not well pleased. But since not only the justice but also the mercy of Almighty God, the merciful, was shown even unto the wicked; concerning these attributes the rest of the Psalm pursueth the praises of God. And yet both sorts were in one people: nor did the latter pollute the good with the contagion of their iniquities. For “the Lord knoweth who are His;” and if he cannot separate in this world from wicked men, yet, “let every one that nameth the name of Christ depart from iniquity.”…

«Et abominatus est haereditatem suam. Et tradidit eos in manus Gentium, et dominati sunt eorum qui oderant eos: et tribulaverunt eos inimici eorum, et humiliati sunt sub manibus eorum.» Quando eos haereditatem Dei vocavit, manifestum est quod non ad perditionem, sed ad disciplinam eos abominatus est, et tradidit in manus inimicorum. Denique sequitur: «Saepe liberavit eos.»

Philip Schaff (ed.), Buffalo/New York: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1886-1889. Public domain: English translation first published 1885-1900 (Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, First Series). Latin: Migne, Patrologia Latina (1844-1855), public domain; transcription from Corpus Corporum (University of Zurich).

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