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Muhammad(MAOMETTO)Vol. VII, p. 1184 MAOMETTO. — Founder of Islām, born at Mecca in an uncertain year, between A.D. 570 and 580, into the distinguished, though no longer wealthy and powerful,…
Muis, Siméon Marotte deVol. VIII, p. 896 MUIS, SIMÉON MAROTTE de. - Hebraist, b. at Orléans in 1587, d. at Paris in 1644. Archdeacon of Soissons, he held the chair of Hebrew at the «Collège de France»…
Mukachevo (Munkács), Diocese of(MUCAČEVO (MUNKÁCS), DIOCESI DI)Vol. VIII, p. 895 MUCAČEVO (MUNKÁCS), DIOCESE of. - Ruthenian-Greek (Catholic), located in Hungary, passing in 1920 to Czechoslovakia and in 1945 to Soviet Russia. The first…
Mullingar, Diocese of(MULLINGAR, DIOCESI DI)Vol. VIII, p. 897 MULLINGAR, DIOCESI di: v. MEATH, DIOCESI di.
MultaVol. VIII, p. 897 MULTA. – Among the various penalties common to the CIC and the Italian Penal Code, the fine still exists today. It may be defined, at least in general terms,…
Multa PraeclareVol. VIII, p. 898 «MULTA PRAECLARE». – Brief of Gregory XVI, dated 24 April 1838, concerning the dioceses of the Portuguese Patronage in India. The expulsion of the Jesuits from…
Multan, Diocese of(MULTAN, DIOCESI DI)Vol. VIII, p. 898 MULTAN, DIOCESE OF. — The mission of M. owes its origin to the Capuchin missionaries, who during and after the British occupation of the Punjab founded several…
MultatuliVol. VIII, p. 898 MULTATULI. - Pseudonym of Eduard Douwes Dekker, writer, b. in Amsterdam on March 2, 1820, d. in Nieder-Inghelheim on Feb. 19, 1887. A brilliant prose writer…
Multiplication of Penalties(MOLTIPLICAZIONE DI PENE)Vol. VIII, p. 744 MOLTIPLICAZIONE DI PENE : v. CONCORSO di REATI e di PENE.
Multiplication of the Loaves(MOLTIPLICAZIONE DEI PANI)Vol. VIII, p. 743 MOLTIPLICAZIONE DEI PANI. - The depiction of the miracle of the multiplication of the loaves and fishes recounted by the four Evangelists (Mt. 14, 13-21; Mc.…
Multscher, HansVol. VIII, p. 899 MULTSCHER, HANS. - Sculptor and painter, born shortly before 1400 at Reichenhofen in the Allgäu, died in the first months of 1467 at Ulm. Having moved to the…
Mun, Albert deVol. VIII, p. 899 MUN, ALBERT de. — Social organizer and politician, b. at Lumigny on 23 Feb. 1841, d. at Bordeaux on 6 Oct. 1914. Taken prisoner during the Franco-Prussian War…
Munari, PellegrinoVol. VIII, p. 899 MUNARI, PELLEGRINO. — Painter, born at Modena ca. 1465 and died there, murdered in a brawl, in December 1523. In 1509 he painted in his native city an…
Muncunill y Parellada, JuanVol. VIII, p. 900 MUNCUNILL Y PARELLADA, JUAN. — Jesuit and theologian, born at Fals (Barcelona) on 10 September 1848, died at Barcelona on 23 January 1928. He entered the…
MundusVol. VIII, p. 900 MUNDUS. - By this term there was designated at Rome a small pit, dug on the Palatine, with a vaulted ceiling “in likeness of the world above us” (Cato, in…
Munich (München) and Freising, Archdiocese of(MONACO (MÜNCHEN) E FRISINGA (FREISING), ARCIDIOCESI DI)Vol. VIII, p. 760 MONACO (MUNICH) and FREISING, ARCHDIOCESE OF. — In Bavaria, covering an area of 11,972 sq km; it has 2,057,220 inhabitants, of whom 1,744,574 are Catholic. It…
Munichie (Μουηχία)Vol. VIII, p. 900 MUNICHIE (Μουηχία). — Festivals celebrated in Attica on the 16th of Munichion in honor of Artemis Munichia, on the peninsula of the same name at Piraeus. They…
Munificentissimus DeusVol. VIII, p. 900 « MUNIFICENTISSIMUS DEUS ». - Opening words of the apostolic constitution with which Pius XII defined (1 Nov. 1950) the dogma of the bodily Assumption of the…
Muntz, Eugène(MÜNTZ, EUGÈNE)Vol. VIII, p. 902 MÜNTZ, EUGÈNE. — Archaeologist and art historian, born on 11 June 1845 at Soultz-sous-Förets near Strasbourg, died on 30 October 1902 in Paris. He was a member…
Murano, School of Art of(MURANO, SCUOLA ARTISTICA DI)Vol. VIII, p. 903 MURANO, ARTISTIC SCHOOL of. — M., during the course of the fifteenth century, gave birth to a considerable number of artists who, without forming a school of…
Muratori, Ludovico AntonioVol. VIII, p. 906 MURATORI, LUDOVICO ANTONIO — Autograph reply to the letter of the anonymous Florentine concerning the edition of the Cronache del Villani, published by…
Muratorian Canon(CANONE MURATORIANO)Vol. III, p. 343 CANONE MURATORIANO: v. MURATORIANO, CANONE.
Muratorian Canon(MURATORIANO, CANONE)Vol. VIII, p. 906 MURATORIANO, CANONE. – A fragment discovered by L. A. Muratori in an eighth-century Latin codex from Bobbio, preserved in the Biblioteca Ambrosiana of Milan (I…
Muravev, Andrei Nikolaevich(MURAVEV, ANDREA NICOLAEVIĆ)Vol. VIII, p. 907 MURAVEV, ANDREA NICOLAEVIĆ. - Russian writer and theologian, b. in 1806, d. in 1874. The account of his pilgrimage to the Holy Land (St Petersburg, 1832) drew…
Murcia, Diocese of(MURCIA, DIOCESI DI)Vol. VIII, p. 907 MURCIA, DIOCESI di: v. CARTAGENA, DIOCESI di.
Murialdo, Leonardo, Servant of God(MURIALDO, LEONARDO, SERVO DI DIO)Vol. VIII, p. 907 MURIALDO, LEONARDO, Servant of God. — Founder of the Pious Turin Society of S. Giuseppe (Giuseppini), b. in Turin on 26 October 1828, d. there on 30 May 1900.…
Murillo, Bartolomé EstebanVol. VIII, p. 907 MURILLO, BARTOLOMÉ ESTEBAN. — Painter, born in Seville on 31 December 1617, died there on 3 April 1682. His father, Gaspare Esteban, was also a painter; but…
Muris, Johannes deVol. VIII, p. 908 MURIS, JOHANNES de. - Astronomer, mathematician, philosopher, and music theorist, born in Normandy before 1300 and died in 1351. He was at the Sorbonne in…
Murmellius, JohannesVol. VIII, p. 908 MURMELLIUS, JOHANNES. - Dutch humanist, b. at Roermond in 1480, d. in Oct. 1517. Around 1493 he was at the school of the Brethren of the Common Life in…
Murner, ThomasVol. VIII, p. 908 MURNER, THOMAS. – Theologian and anti-Lutheran polemicist, of the Friars Minor Conventual, b. at Oberchnheim (Obernai), in Alsace, on 24 December 1475, d.…
Muro Lucano, Diocese of(MURO LUCANO, DIOCESI DI)Vol. VIII, p. 909 MURO LUCANO, DIOCESE of. — Town and diocese in the province of Potenza. Over an area of 510.38 sq. km., it has a population of 35,000 inhabitants, all…
Murri, RomoloVol. VIII, p. 909 MURRI, ROMOLO. — Priest and sociologist, b. at Montesampietrangeli (province of Ascoli Piceno, diocese of Fermo) on 27 Aug. 1870, d. at Rome on 12 March 1944.…
Museum and Museology(MUSEO E MUSEOLOGIA)Vol. VIII, p. 914 MUSEUM and MUSEOLOGY. — The term museum denotes a collection of works of art or of objects from a particular historical period and milieu, or scientific…
Museum of Marseille(MUSEO DI MARSIGLIA)Vol. VIII, p. 914 MUSEO OF MARSEILLES. — According to Gennadius (De vir. ill., 79), he wrote a Lectionary (« excerptit ex S. Scripturis lectionum totius anni festivis apta…
Music(MUSICA)Vol. VIII, p. 915 MUSIC. - The philosophical concept of music, which among the ancients had a predominantly ethical character and among moderns falls within the vast framework…
Musical Confraternities(CONFRATERNITE MUSICALI)Vol. IV, p. 170 MUSICAL CONFRATERNITIES. – Associations of music enthusiasts and professionals (teachers, singers, organists and organ builders, instrumentalists and…
Musical Instruments(STRUMENTI MUSICALI)Vol. XI, p. 875 MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. - I. IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. Among the Hebrews, music was practiced chiefly in religious manifestations by the priestly class, in the Temple…
Musical Notation(NOTAZIONE MUSICALE)Vol. VIII, p. 1144 NOTAZIONE MUSICALE : v. PALEOGRAFIA. NOTE DELLA CHIESA : v. CHIESA.
Musical Paleography(PALEOGRAFIA MUSICALE)Vol. IX, p. 366 MUSICAL PALEOGRAPHY. - It is the science of ancient notations, of the systems used to translate music into the visual field. In the broadest sense, its subject…
Musil, AloisVol. VIII, p. 927 MUSIL, ALOIS. – Czech Orientalist and explorer, born at Rychtárov (Moravia) on 30 June 1868, died at Otryby on 12 April 1946. Ordained a priest at Olomouc in…
Musitano, CarloVol. VIII, p. 927 MUSITANO, CARLO. – Priest and physician, born at Castrovillari on 6 January 1635, died at Naples in 1714. He studied literature, philosophy, and theology at…
Muslim Art(MUSULMANA, ARTE)Vol. VIII, p. 931 MUSULMANA, ARTE. — As the Arabs extended their religious and political occupation over the territories of North Africa and the Middle East, they appropriated…
Musoma, Apostolic Prefecture of(MUSOMA, PREFETTURA APOSTOLICA DI)Vol. VIII, p. 927 MUSOMA, APOSTOLIC PREFECTURE of. - It is situated in the north-western part of the territory of Tanganyika, on the south-eastern shore of Lake Victoria; it is…
MuspilliVol. VIII, p. 927 MUSPILLI. — Title of a poetic fragment of 105 alliterative verses, in the Bavarian dialect of the 9th century, originating from the monastery of S. Emmerano in…
Mussato, AlbertinoVol. VIII, p. 928 MUSSATO, ALBERTINO. - Man of letters, born in Padova in 1261, probably to Alberto Mussio; died at Chioggia on 31 May 1329. He was a skilful diplomat, a…
Musset, Alfred deVol. VIII, p. 928 MUSSET, ALFRED de. — French Romantic poet, born on 11 December 1810 in Paris, where he died on 1 May 1857. He identified the ideal of life and poetry with love…
Mussini, Augusto, Fra' PaoloVol. VIII, p. 928 MUSSINI, AUGUSTO, FRA' PAOLO. - Painter, born at Reggio Emilia on 20 January 1870, died at Rome on 1 November 1918. Having soon become known as the author of…
Mussini, LuigiVol. VIII, p. 928 MUSSINI, LUIGI. – Painter, born in Berlin on 19 December 1813, died in Siena on 18 June 1888. A pupil of Bezzuoli at the Florentine Academy, he took part in…
Musso, CornelioVol. VIII, p. 928 MUSSO, CORNELIO. — Preacher and theologian of the Conventual Friars Minor, born in Piacenza on 16 April 1511, died in Rome on 9 January 1574. He was preacher…
Mussolini, BenitoVol. VIII, p. 929 MUSSOLINI, BENITO. — Italian political figure, “duce of fascism,” born at Predappio (Forlì) on 29 July 1883, killed at Giulino di Mezzegra (Como) on 28 April…
Mustafà, DomenicoVol. VIII, p. 930 MUSTAFÀ, DOMENICO. - Musician, born at Sellano (Foligno) on 16 April 1829, died at Montefalco on 14 March 1912. Endowed with a fine soprano voice, in 1848 he…
Mustiola, Saint, Martyr(MUSTIOLA, SANTA, MARTIRE)Vol. VIII, p. 931 MUSTIOLA, saint, martyr. - She is commemorated in the Martyrologium Hieronymianum on 23 November, whereas in the Roman Martyrology, in agreement with the…
Mutation(MUTAZIONE)Vol. VIII, p. 932 MUTATION. — This term commonly denotes the abrupt appearance of a new hereditary character, and it was introduced in this sense by the botanist De Vries. Today…
Mutel, Gustave-Charles-MarieVol. VIII, p. 933 MUTEL, GUSTAVE-CHARLES-MARIE. — Born on 8 March 1854 at Blumeray, in the diocese of Langres, and died at Seoul on 23 January 1933. On 11 October 1873 he…
Mutilation(MUTILAZIONE)Vol. VIII, p. 933 MUTILATION. – By m. is understood the cutting off or removal (here also any equivalent action, e.g., complete and total atrophy) by which an organ properly so…
Mutual Teaching(MUTUO INSEGNAMENTO)Vol. VIII, p. 935 MUTUO INSEGNAMENTO. — A teaching method consisting in reciprocal instruction, whereby the more advanced pupils act as teachers and guides to their less…
Mutuality(MUTUALITÀ)Vol. VIII, p. 934 MUTUALITÀ. — The concept of m. is closely connected with those of social provision and insurance. By m. is in fact understood, in the technical sense, the…
MutuoVol. VIII, p. 934 MUTUO. — It is the contract by which one party (the lender) delivers to the other (the borrower) a specified quantity of money or other fungible things, and…
Muzalon, Theodore(MUZALON, TEODORO)Vol. VIII, p. 936 MUZALON, TEODORO. - Byzantine statesman, orator, and writer of the thirteenth century (d. 1295). He rapidly succeeded in gaining the confidence of the emperors…
Muzio, GirolamoVol. VIII, p. 936 MUZIO, GIROLAMO. — A man of letters and polemicist, who proclaimed himself Giustinopolitan after his place of origin (Capodistria), b. in Padua on 12 March…
Muzzarelli, AlfonsoVol. VIII, p. 936 MUZZARELLI, ALFONSO. - Jesuit, theologian, and writer, born at Ferrara on 22 Aug. 1749, died at Paris on 25 May 1813. Having entered the Society of Jesus in…
Muzzarelli, Carlo Emanuele dei ContiVol. VIII, p. 937 MUZZARELLI, CARLO EMANUELE dei conti. — A man of letters and politician, born in Bologna to a noble Ferrarese family on 3 April 1797, died on 10 April 1856. At…
Mühlbacher, EngelbertVol. VIII, p. 896 MÜHLBACHER, ENGELBERT. - Austrian historian, b. 4 Oct. 1843 at Gresten (Austria), d. 17 July 1903 at Vienna. In 1862 he entered the abbey of S. Floriano, to…
Müllener, JohannVol. VIII, p. 896 MÜLLENER, JOHANN. — Missionary, born in Bremen (Germany) on 4 October 1673, died in Szechwan on 17 December 1742. He studied in Rome as a student of Propaganda…
Müller, Ernst MariaVol. VIII, p. 896 MÜLLER, ERNST MARIA. - Moral theologian, b. at Irritz (southern Moravia) on 30 Feb. 1822, d. at Linz on 28 Sept. 1888. A priest, in 1846 he became professor of…
Müller, Friedrich Maximilian (Max Müller)Vol. VIII, p. 896 MÜLLER, FRIEDRICH MAXIMILIAN (MAX MÜLLER). – Philologist and mythologist, born in Dessau on 6 December 1823, professor at Oxford, where he died on 28 October…
Müller, JohannesVol. VIII, p. 897 MÜLLER, JOHANNES. - Historian, b. at Schaffhausen on 3 Jan. 1752, d. at Kassel on 11 May 1809. He was among the first historians who, overcoming Enlightenment…
Münster, Diocese of(MÜNSTER, DIOCESI DI)Vol. VIII, p. 901 MÜNSTER, DIOCESI di. — City and diocese in Westphalia (Germany). The diocese has an area of 15,128 sq. km., with 3,606,669 inhabitants, of whom 2,075,795 are…
Münster, SebastianVol. VIII, p. 902 MÜNSTER, SEBASTIAN. — Geographer, cosmographer, and Orientalist, born at Nieder-Ingelheim in 1489, died at Basel on 26 May 1552. In 1505 he donned the…
