Dauid with a great retin•• goeth to the king of Moab 5. but by aduise of Gad the prophet, returneth into Iuda. 6. Saul lamenting that many conspire against him. 9. Doeg accuseth Achimelech, 14. who iustifieth both Dauid and himself. 16. He and al the Priestes with much people in Nobe are slaine by Sauls commandment, 20. onlie Abiathar escaping flieth to Dauid.
1David therefore went from thence, and fled to the cave of Odollam. And when his brethren, and all his father’s house, had heard of it, they went down to him thither.Davidde adunque andò via, e si rifuggì nella caverna di Odollam. La qual cosa essendo andata alle orecchie dei suoi fratelli, e di tutta la famiglia del padre suo, andaron colà a trovarlo.DAVID therefore went from thence, and fled to the caue of Odellam. Which when his brethren had heard, and a his fathers house, they went downe to him thither.Abiit ergo David inde, et fugit in speluncam Odollam. Quod cum audissent fratres ejus, et omnis domus patris ejus, descenderunt ad eum illuc. 2And all that were in distress, and oppressed with debt, and under affliction of mind, gathered themselves unto him: and he became their prince, and there were with him about four hundred men.E si raunarono presso di lui tutti quelli che si trovavano in angustie, ed erano oppressi da debiti, e afflitti di spinto: e diventò loro capo ed ebbe con se circa quattrocento uomini.And there were gathered vnto him, al that were in distresse, and oppressed with debt, and of a pensiue hart, and he was made their prince, and there were with him about foure hundred men.Et convenerunt ad eum omnes qui erant in angustia constituti, et oppressi ære alieno, et amaro animo: et factus est eorum princeps, fueruntque cum eo quasi quadringenti viri. 3And David departed from thence into Maspha of Moab: and he said to the king of Moab: Let my father and my mother tarry with you, I beseech thee, till I know what God will do for me.E partitosi da quel luogo andò David a Maspha di Moab, e disse al re di Moab: Resti, ti prego, il padre mio, e la mia madre con voi sino a tanto che io sappia quello che Dio disponga di me.And Dauid departed from thence into Maspha which is Moab: and he said to the king of Moab: Let my father and my mother tary with you, I besech thee, til I know what God wil doe to me.Et profectus est David inde in Maspha, quæ est Moab: et dixit ad regem Moab: Maneat, oro, pater meus et mater mea vobiscum, donec sciam quid faciat mihi Deus. 4And he left them under the eyes of the king of Moab, and they abode with him all the days that David was in the hold.E lasciogli presso al re di Moab: e ivi rimasero per tutto il tempo che David si stette in quella fortezza.And he left them before the face of the king of Moab, and they abode with him al the dayes that Dauid was in garrison.Et reliquit eos ante faciem regis Moab: manseruntque apud eum cunctis diebus quibus David fuit in præsidio.
5And Gad the prophet said to David: Abide not in the hold, depart, and go into the land of Juda. And David departed, and came into the forest of Haret.Ma Gad profeta disse a David: non istar più nella fortezza, ma parti, e va nella terra di Giuda. E Davidde partì, e andò nella selva di Haret.And Gad the prophet said to Dauid: Tary not in garrison, depart, and goe into the Land of Iuda. And Dauid departed, and came into the forest of Haret.Dixitque Gad propheta ad David: Noli manere in præsidio: proficiscere, et vade in terram Juda. Et profectus est David, et venit in saltum Haret. 6And Saul heard that David was seen, and the men that were with him. Now whilst Saul abode in Gabaa, and was in the wood, which is by Rama, having his spear in his hand, and all his servants were standing about him,E Saul seppe che David, e la gente che lo seguiva, erano comparsi. Or Saulle stando in Gabaa, ed essendo una volta nel bosco, che è a Rama, avendo in mano la lancia, e intorno a sè tutti i suoi servi,And Saul heard that Dauid had appeared, and the men that were with him. And Saul when he abode in Gabaa, and was in the wood, which is in Rama, holding a speare in his hand, and al his seruantes that stood about him,Et audivit Saul quod apparuisset David, et viri qui erant cum eo. Saul autem cum maneret in Gabaa, et esset in nemore quod est in Rama, hastam manu tenens, cunctique servi ejus circumstarent eum, 7He said to his servants that stood about him: Hear me now, ye sons of Jemini: will the son of Isai give every one of you fields, and vineyards, and make you all tribunes, and centurions:Disse a quelli che lo corteggiavano: Ascoltate adesso, figliuoli di Jemini: forse che il figliuolo d'Isai darà a voi tutti de' poderi, e delle vigne, e faravvi tutti tribuni e centurioni,he sayd to his seruantes that stoode about him: Heare me now ye children of Iemini: wil the sonne of Isai geue to al you fieldes, and vineyardes, and make al you tribunes, & centurions:ait ad servos suos qui assistebant ei: Audite nunc, filii Jemini: numquid omnibus vobis dabit filius Isai agros et vineas, et universos vos faciet tribunos et centuriones ? 8That all of you have conspired against me, and there is no one to inform me, especially when even my son hath entered into league with the son of Isai? There is not one of you that pitieth my case, nor that giveth me any information: because my son hath raised up my servant against me, plotting against me to this day.Che avete congiurato tutti contro di me, e non havvi chi mi rechi verun avviso, particolarmente dopo che il mio figliuolo ha fatto alleanza col figliuolo d'Isai? Non v'ha alcuno di voi che compiange la mia sorte, o mi dia consiglio: mentre il mio figliuolo ha animato contro di me il mio servo, il quale sino a quest'oggi mi tende insidie.because you haue al conspired against me, and there is none that telleth me, especially where my sonne also hath entred league with the sonne of Isai? There is none of you, that pitieth my case, neither is there that telleth me: for that my sonne hath raised vp my seruant against me, lying in waite for me vntil this day.quoniam conjurastis omnes adversum me, et non est qui mihi renuntiet, maxime cum et filius meus fœdus inierit cum filio Isai. Non est qui vicem meam doleat ex vobis, nec qui annuntiet mihi: eo quod suscitaverit filius meus servum meum adversum me, insidiantem mihi usque hodie.
9And Doeg, the Edomite, who stood by, and was the chief among the servants of Saul, answering, said: I saw the son of Isai, in Nobe, with Achimelech, the son of Achitob, the priest.Rispose Doeg Idumeo, che era presente, e il primo tra' servi di Saul, e disse: Io vidi il figliuolo d'Isai a Nobe presso il sacerdote Achimelech, figliuolo di Achitob:And Doeg the Idumeite which stood by, and was the chief among the seruantes of Saul, answering, I sawe, quoth he, the sonne of Isai, in Nobe with Achimelech the sonne of Achitob the priest.Respondens autem Doëg Idumæus, qui assistebat, et erat primus inter servos Saul: Vidi, inquit, filium Isai in Nobe apud Achimelech filium Achitob sacerdotem. 10And he consulted the Lord for him, and gave him victuals, and gave him the sword of Goliath, the Philistine.Il quale consultò il Signore per lui, e gli diede dei viveri: e di più gli diede anche la spada di Goliath Filisteo.Who consulted our Lord for him, and gaue him victuals, yea and the sword of Goliath the Philistian he gaue to him.Qui consuluit pro eo Dominum, et cibaria dedit ei: sed et gladium Goliath Philisthæi dedit illi. 11Then the king sent to call for Achimelech, the priest, the son of Achitob, and all his father’s house, the priests that were in Nobe, and they came all of them to the king.Allora il re mandò a chiamare Achimelech sacerdote, figliuolo di Achitob, e tutti i sacerdoti della casa di lui, che erano in Nobe, i quali tutti si presentarono al re.The king therefore sent to cal for Achimelech the priest the sonne of Achitob, and al his fathers house, the priestes that were in Nobe, who came al to the king.Misit ergo rex ad accersendum Achimelech sacerdotem filium Achitob, et omnem domum patris ejus, sacerdotum qui erant in Nobe, qui universi venerunt ad regem. 12And Saul said to Achimelech: Hear, thou son of Achitob. He answered: Here I am, my lord.E Saul disse ad Achimelech: Ascolta, figliuolo di Achitob. Ed egli rispose: Son qui, o signore.And Saul said to Achimelec: Heare thou sonne of Achitob. Who answered: I am readie, my Lord.Et ait Saul ad Achimelech: Audi, fili Achitob. Qui respondit: Præsto sum, domine. 13And Saul said to him: Why have you conspired against me, thou, and the son of Isai, and thou hast given him bread and a sword, and hast consulted the Lord for him, that he should rise up against me, continuing a traitor to this day.E dissegli Saul: Per qual motivo avete congiurato contro di me tu, e il figliuolo d'Isai, e tu gli hai dato dei pani, e la spada, e hai consultato Dio per lui, affinchè si levasse egli a ribellione contro di me, e continuasse fino al dì d'oggi?And Saul said to him Why haue you conspired against me, thou, and the sonne of Isai, and hast geuen him bread and a sword, and hast consulted our Lord for him, that he might rise vp against me, continuing a traitour vntil this day?Dixitque ad eum Saul: Quare conjurastis adversum me, tu et filius Isai, et dedisti ei panes et gladium, et consuluisti pro eo Deum, ut consurgeret adversum me, insidiator usque hodie permanens ?
14And Achimelech answering the king, said: And who amongst all thy servants is so faithful as David, who is the king’s son in law, and goeth forth at thy bidding, and is honourable in thy house?E Achimelech rispose al re, e disse: E chi vi ha tra tutti i tuoi servi fedele, come David genero del re, e pronto al tuo comando e rispettato nella tua casa?And Achimelech answering the king, said: And who amongst al thy seruantes faithful as Dauid, and the kings sonne in lawe, and going fourth at thy commandmēt, and glorious in thy house?Respondensque Achimelech regi, ait: Et quis in omnibus servis tuis sicut David, fidelis, et gener regis, et pergens ad imperium tuum, et gloriosus in domo tua ? 15Did I begin to day to consult the Lord for him? far be this from me: let not the king suspect such a thing against his servant, or any one in all my father’s house: for thy servant knew nothing of this matter, either little or great.Ho io forse principiato adesso a consultare Dio per lui? Lungi da me tal cosa: e tu o re, non sospettar di tal cosa riguardo al tuo servo, nè riguardo a tutta la casa del padre mio: imperocché nulla ha saputo il tuo servo di queste cose nè poco, nè molto.Did I beginne this day to consult our Lord for him? farre be this from me: let not the king suspect such a thing against his seruant, in al the house of my father: for thy seruant knew not any thing concerning this busines, either litle or great.num hodie cœpi pro eo consulere Deum ? absit hoc a me: ne suspicetur rex adversus servum suum rem hujuscemodi, in universa domo patris mei: non enim scivit servus tuus quidquam super hoc negotio, vel modicum vel grande. 16And the king said: Dying thou shalt die, Achimelech, thou and all thy father’s house.E il re disse: Tu morrai senz'altro, Achimelech, tu e tutta la casa del padre tuo.And the king saidy: Ding thou shalt dye Achimelec, thou, and al thy fathers house.Dixitque rex: Morte morieris Achimelech, tu et omnis domus patris tui. 17And the king said to the messengers that stood about him: Turn, and kill the priests of the Lord, for their hand is with David, because they knew that he was fled, and they told it not to me. And the king’s servants would not put forth their hands against the priests of the Lord.E il re disse alle guardie, che gli erano d'intorno: Circondate, e uccidete i sacerdoti del Signore; perocché sono d'accordo con Davidde, e sapevano che egli era fuggito, e non me ne han dato parte. Ma i servi del re non vollero stender le loro mani contro i sacerdoti del Signore.And the king said to the curriers, that stood about him: Turne your selues, and kil the priests of our Lord, for their hand is with Dauid, knowing that he was fled, and they told me not. And the kings seruantes would not extend their handes vpon the priests of our Lord.Et ait rex emissariis qui circumstabant eum: Convertimini, et interficite sacerdotes Domini, nam manus eorum cum David est: scientes quod fugisset, et non indicaverunt mihi. Noluerunt autem servi regis extendere manus suas in sacerdotes Domini.
18And the king said to Doeg: Turn thou, and fall upon the priests. And Doeg, the Edomite, turned, and fell upon the priests, and slew in that day eighty-five men that wore the linen ephod.E il re disse a Doeg: Va tu, e gettati sopra i sacerdoti. E Doeg Idumeo andò, e si gettò sopra i sacerdoti, e trucidò in quel giorno ottantacinque uomini che portavano l'Ephod di lino.And the king said to Doeg: Turne thou, and runne vpon the priests. And Doeg the Idumeite being turned, tanne vpon the priests, and murdered in that day eightie fiue men reuested with an ephod of linnen.Et ait rex ad Doëg: Convertere tu, et irrue in sacerdotes. Conversusque Doëg Idumæus, irruit in sacerdotes, et trucidavit in die illa octoginta quinque viros vestitos ephod lineo. 19And Nobe, the city of the priests, he smote with the edge of the sword, both men and women, children and sucklings, and ox, and ass, and sheep, with the edge of the sword.E in Nobe città dei sacerdoti mise a fil di spada uomini, e donne, fanciulli, e bambini di latte, i bovi eziandio, e gli asini, e le pecore.And Nobe the citie of the priests, he stroke in the edge of the sword, men and wemen, and children, and sucklinges, and oxe and asse, and shepe in the edge of the sword.Nobe autem civitatem sacerdotum percussit in ore gladii, viros et mulieres, et parvulos et lactentes, bovemque, et asinum, et ovem in ore gladii. 20But one of the sons of Achimelech, the son of Achitob, whose name was Abiathar, escaped, and fled to David,Ma un figliuolo di Achimelech, figliuolo di Achitob, che avea nome Abiathar, si rifuggì presso a Davidde,But one sonne of Achimelech the sonne of Achitob, escaping, whose name was Abiathar, fled to Dauid,Evadens autem unus filius Achimelech filii Achitob, cujus nomen erat Abiathar, fugit ad David, 21And told him that Saul had slain the priests of the Lord.E portogli la nuova che Saul avea uccisi i sacerdoti del Signore.and told him that Saul had slaine the priestes of our Lord.et annuntiavit ei quod occidisset Saul sacerdotes Domini. 22And David said to Abiathar: I knew that day when Doeg, the Edomite, was there, that without doubt he would tell Saul: I have been the occasion of the death of all the souls of thy father’s house.E disse David ad Abiathar: Io sapeva in quel dì, che essendo ivi Doeg Idumeo, avrebbe senza dubbio avvertito Saul: io son reo della morte di tutta la casa del padre tuo.And Dauid said to Abiathar: I knew in that day when Doeg the Idumeit was there, without doubt he would tel Saul, I am giltie of al the soules of thy father.Et ait David ad Abiathar: Sciebam in die illa quod cum ibi esset Doëg Idumæus, procul dubio annuntiaret Sauli: ego sum reus omnium animarum patris tui.
23Abide thou with me, fear not: for he that seeketh my life, seeketh thy life also, and with me thou shalt be saved.Restati meco: non temere: chi cercherà la mia vita, cercherà anche la tua, e meco pure avrai salute.Abide with me, feare not: if any man shal seeke my life, he shal seeke thy life also, and with me thou shal be preserued.Mane mecum: ne timeas: si quis quæsierit animam meam, quæret et animam tuam, mecumque servaberis.
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Year of the World 2944.
Calmet
Odollam, about two days' journey from Geth, (Salien) nine miles east of Eleutheropolis, in the tribe of Juda. (Eusebius) (Calmet)
Menochius
Josue 12:15., and 2 Machabees 12:38. (Menochius)
Salien
Thither, to avoid the fury of Saul, which fell so heavy upon the priests, ver. 16. The most warlike sons of Gad came hither also, to join David, 1 Paralipomenon 12:8. (Abulensis) (Salien, the year of the world 2973.)
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Calmet
Men. His title to the crown was incontestable, so that he might justly make war, particularly in his own defence, and receive those who flocked to him to screen themselves from the persecution of Saul, and from their debtors, whom they would thus enable themselves to repay in time, by the plunder which they would take from the enemy. David maintained the strictest discipline, and withheld his men from making any disturbance, always manifesting the greatest respect for the person of the king. (Calmet)
Haydock
The soldiers of Jephte were of the same description as these of David, Judges 11:3. (Haydock)
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Calmet
Of Moab, to distinguish it from the city of Benjamin, where Samuel had assembled the people; (Menochius) and perhaps also from the birth-place of Jephte, unless the Moabites had taken possession again of that part of Galaad. (Calmet)
Salien
Saul had made war upon this king, so that he was more ready to protect David, who departing soon after, by the admonition of Gad, (ver. 5.; Calmet) left those who could not follow him under his care. In the mean time he lived on plunder, taken from the surrounding enemies, (Tostat) and was joined by 200 men from the tribes of Benjamin and of Juda, (1 Paralipomenon 12:16,) with Amasai, his nephew, by his sister Abigail, at their head. (Salien, the year before Christ 1079.)
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Challoner
The hold. The strong hold, or fortress of Maspha. (Challoner)
Haydock
It signifies "a watch-tower." (Haydock)
Salien
In this place the parents of David probably finished their days, as we find no farther mention of them. (Salien)
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Menochius
Haret, west of Jerusalem. Septuagint read "the town of Haret," (Eusebius) or "Sarec." (Menochius)
Calmet
Rama, "the height," in Gabaa. (Calmet)
Menochius
God would not suffer David and his followers to continue long among the infidels, for fear of danger. (Menochius)
Salien
The hero shews his ready obedience to the word of the unknown prophet, and is willing again to expose himself in the midst of Saul's dominions. (Salien)
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Calmet
Jemini. Benjamites, my countrymen. Saul approaches them with being too little concerned about his interests, and falsely accuses his own son, who, it seems, had retired from court, after his father had attempted to kill him. But he shewed no signs of disloyalty. (Calmet)
Menochius
The king mentions the league between Jonathan and David, on suspicion, 1 Kings 20:23. (Menochius)
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Haydock
Servants, or herdsmen, 1 Kings 21:7. Septuagint, "the Syrian, who was set over the mules of Saul." (Haydock)
Informers are a set of men destructive to the public," says Tacitius, Hist. 1:4.
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Hugo
Consulted. Some think this was a falsehood, as it is not mentioned before. (Hugo)
Calmet
but Achimelech does not deny the fact, ver. 15. (Calmet)
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Menochius
Achitob. He gives him no honourable title, no more than David, (ver. 7, etc.) out of disrespect. (Menochius)
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Calmet
For him? We might read without an interrogation, "I have to-day begun...." (Chaldean) never suspecting that it would be disagreeable to the king. (Calmet)
Haydock
His character and his declarations, led me to conclude quite the contrary, so that I cannot lawfully be accused of any conspiracy. (Haydock)
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Haydock
Messengers. Hebrew, "runners." These officers remained at court and were people of great account, (Calmet) like the king's guards, 2 Kings 15:1., and 3 Kings 1:5. (Haydock)
Menochius
Lord, out of reverence, and being convinced of their innocence. (Menochius)
Calmet
The obedience which we owe to superiors is subordinate to that which we must always shew towards God and justice. (Calmet)
Worthington
Saul unjustly condemned them as the abettors of his competitor. (Worthington)
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Five. Josephus read "385." Septuagint, "305."
Calmet
Ephod. They all appeared in this dress, as they were priests. (Calmet)
Abulensis
It was different from the sacred ephod. (Abulensis)
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Sword. Saul, now abandoned God, acts against all law. He probably, on this occasion, destroyed the inhabitants of Gabaon, to make place for the tabernacle, which was removed hither. (Calmet) See 1 Kings 27:12.
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Menochius
Escaped. He had perhaps remained at Nobe, to do duty. (Menochius)
Haydock
God was pleased to reserve him, (Calmet) to convey the sacred ornaments of the high priest to David. (Haydock)
Tirinus
St. Bachiarius looks upon the slaughtered priests as martyrs. (Tirinus)
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Haydock
House. Literally, "I am guilty," etc. (Haydock)
St. Gregory
"Good people acknowledge a fault, where there is none." (St. Gregory)
Haydock
David was aware of the malicious temper of Doeg, but he could not prevent its evil effects, as he had applied to the high priest without perceiving that he was there. (Haydock)
He received Abiathar at Ceila, which he had protected against the Philistines, (chap. 23.)
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Salien
Saved. We will be as one soul. On this occasion David composed the 51st Psalm, Quid gloriaris, to reprobate the conduct of Doeg. (Salien)
Haydock
We may consider David as the fourth in order of the sacred writers, as he appears after Moses, Josue, and Samuel. (Haydock)
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The hold.... The strong hold, or fortress of Maspha.
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Saul vniustly condemning Dauid, condemned also al those that iustified him.
Seing so manifest iniustice and crueltie they obeyed God, rather then m••.
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sant'Atanasio di Alessandria † 373 d.C. Defence of His Flight. (Apologia de Fuga.) 8
… For no man flees from the gentle and the humane, but from the cruel and the evil- minded. ‘Every one that was in distress, and every one that was in debt
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Giovanni Cassiano † 435 d.C. The Conferences of John Cassian 17.20
… that all of you have conspired against me, and there is no one to inform me,” did Doeg the Edomite say anything but the truth, when he told him: “I saw the son of Jesse in Nob, with Abimelech the son of Ahitub the priest, who consulted the Lord for him, and gave him victuals, and gave him also the sword of Goliath the Philistine?”
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sant'Atanasio di Alessandria † 373 d.C. Apology to the Emperor. (Apologia Ad Constantium.) 20
… Perhaps they think that by frequent repetition of their charges, they will at last exasperate you against me. But you ought to turn away from such persons, and to hate them; for such as themselves are, such also they imagine those to be who listen to them; and they think that their calumnies will prevail even before you. The accusation of Doeg
sant'Ambrogio † 397 d.C. On the Duties of the Clergy 3.11
… Thus that man drunk with the wine of wickedness brought death on the high priest Ahimelech,
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san Girolamo † 420 d.C. The Letters of St. Jerome 57.9
… highpriest, and did eat the shew-bread which is not lawful to eat but for the priests?” Now let us turn to the books of Samuel, or, as they are commonly called, of Kings, and we shall find there that the highpriest’s name was not Abiathar but Ahimelech, the same that was afterwards put to death with the rest of the priests by Doeg at the command of Saul.
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sant'Ambrogio † 397 d.C. On the Duties of the Clergy 3.21
… It is not wont to be preferred to virtue indeed, but to follow after it. So it was with Jonathan, who for his affection’s sake avoided not his father’s displeasure nor the danger to his own safety. So, too, it was with Ahimelech, who, to preserve the duties of hospitality, thought he must endure death rather than betray his friend when fleeing.
san Girolamo † 420 d.C. The Letters of St. Jerome 108.8
… Not far from this are Arimathæa, the village of Joseph who buried the Lord, and Nob, once a city of priests but now the tomb in which their slain bodies rest.
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sant'Atanasio di Alessandria † 373 d.C. Persecution in Egypt 1
… He for its sake has earnestly endeavoured to emulate Saul in savage cruelty. For when the priests gave victuals to David, Saul commanded, and they were all destroyed, in number three hundred and five
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1. ABIIT ERGO DAVID INDE, ET FUGIT IN SPELUNCAM ODOLLAM. — «Odollam» erat vicus in tribu Juda ad dexteram euntibus ex Jerusalem in Hebron. Audi ex S. Hieronymo, Guilielmo Tyrio et aliis Adrichomium in tribu Juda, num. 201: «Spelunca Odollam, in ipsa petra, fuit locus natura tutus, communitus. In quam cum David fugisset a facie Saul, ibique multos angustia et aere alieno oppressos ad se confugientes susciperet, factus est princeps quadringentorum virorum. Habuit eumdem usum spelunca haec tempore Christianorum: nam Turcae, cum ad ea loca populabundi devenissent, fugerant habitatores vicinorum locorum, et sese cum uxoribus, liberis, armentis et gregibus huc contulerunt.» Unde apposite «Odollam,» vel ut Hebraice est Adullam, idem est quod congregatio, transitus vel praeda eorum, ait Pagninus in Nomin. Hebr. Symbolice Angelomus et Eucherius: Spelunca haec, inquiunt, repraesentat carnem Christi in qua quasi in spelunca abscondita delituit divinitas Christi; aut sepulcrum Christi, quod testimonium (hoc enim Hebraice significat Odollam, ait Beda) fuit Christum esse Deum, cum ipse tertio die ex illo corpus suum redivivum et gloriosum suscitavit.
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2. ET CONVENERUNT AD EUM OMNES QUI ERANT IN ANGUSTIA CONSTITUTI, ET OPPRESSI AERE ALIENO. — Dices: Quomodo illos admisit David in praejudicium creditorum? Respondet Cajetanus illos cessisse bonis, vel impotentes fuisse ad solvendum: unde ipsa impotentia excusabantur a solvendo, usque dum ad pinguiorem fortunam evaderent, quod futurum erat per societatem et prudentiam Davidis, qui hostium spoliis omnes suos ditavit, ut patet II Reg. cap. ii et xv. Quod enim David omnes ad se confugientes optime ad omnem justitiam et honestatem instruxerit, patet ex Psal. xxxiii, quem tum composuit. Hic enim psalmus ad litteram continet doctrinam quam David ibidem dedit suis sociis et militibus; unde eos alloquens vers. 12, ait: «Venite, filii, audite me, timorem Domini docebo vos.» Item ex eo quod David secum habebat Gad prophetam et virum sanctum. Allegorice, David fuit typus Christi, ad quem confugiebant omnes aegri, afflicti, poenitentes; unde ipse eos advocans ait: «Venite ad me, omnes qui laboratis et onerati estis, et ego reficiam vos,» Matth. cap. xi. Ita Angelomus.
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3. ET PROFECTUS EST DAVID IN MASPHA, QUAE EST MOAB, id est quae est urbs regionis Moabitidis ad Moabitas, non ad Judaeos pertinens. Fugit enim David ex Judaea, utpote Sauli subdita, in terram Moab, in quam nil poterat Saul. Porro alia erat «Maspha» in Judaea, ubi Samuel conventum populi egit cap. vii, vers. 6. MANEAT, ORO, PATER MEUS ET MATER MEA VOBISCUM. — Hinc collige Saulem non solum Davidem, sed et ejus parentes et cognatos persecutum fuisse; vel certe illos persecutionem Saulis metuentes extra Judaeam in Moabitidem profugisse.
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4. QUIBUS DAVID FUIT IN PRAESIDIO, id est in arce vel loco munito terrae Moab. Hunc enim significat Hebraice metsuda.
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5. DIXITQUE GAD PROPHETA, etc.: VADE IN TERRAM JUDA, quia mansio Davidis in Juda multis fuit utilis, et plurimum Davidi attulit auctoritatis, ut ad regnum illico a tribu Juda promoveretur, uti reipsa evenisse audiemus in sequenti. Ita Cajetanus. ET VENIT IN SALTUM HARET, qui locus desertus erat, invius et incultus, non nisi sentibus et vepribus perhorrescens. «Nihilominus, inquit Rabbi Salomon, divina virtute factus est idem locus abundans fructibus, et animalibus, et irriguus fontibus, ut Davidem et viros ejus non solum sustentaret, sed etiam mirifice recrearet.» Quo alludens David: «Dominus regit me» — ceu ut est in Hebraeo, pascit me; «in loco pascuae ibi me collocavit: super aquam refectionis educavit me,» Psal. xxii, 1, ubi vides aridas et spinosas vias amantibus commutari in floridas et amoenas.
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7. AUDITE NUNC, FILII JEMINI, id est filii Benjamin, contribules et cognati mei, agite, certate pro me aeque ac pro vobis, ne regnum a me vestraque tribu ad tribum Juda et Davidem transferatur.
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10. QUI CONSULUIT PRO EO DOMINUM, per Ephod in quo erant Urim et Tummim, de quibus dixi Exodi cap. xxviii, vers. 30. Hinc patet Achimelech pro Davide petiisse et accepisse a Deo oraculum, qua via pergere, et quid agere deberet David, et quis rerum suarum futurus esset exitus — prosper, an adversus — licet Hugo putet Doeg id fingere et mentiri ut majorem iram Sauli contra Davidem et Achimelech concitet.
Reflexio Moralis: Persecutiones Davidis Moraliter: Nota hic varias, continuas et acres persecutiones, errores, fugas, pericula quibus per decem annos assidue a Saule exagitatus fuit David: idque ob suam virtutem qua Goliath occiderat, et Israelem liberarat. Nam primo, Saul Davidem bis lancea configere voluit, cap. xviii, vers. 11; cap. xix, vers. 10; secundo, eumdem contra Philisteos misit, ut ab eis occideretur, ibidem vers. 17 et 25; tertio, submisit satellites ut Davidem domi caperent ad necem, sed Michol eum per fenestram dimisit, cap. xix, vers. 11; quarto, fugit David ad Samuelem in Ramatha, ibidem vers. 18; quinto, cap. xx, adiit Jonatham, qui eum Sauli reconciliare conatus est, sed frustra; sexto, fugit in Nobe ad Achimelech Pontificem, cap. xxi, vers. 2; septimo, inde fugit in Geth ad Achis regem, ibidem vers. 10; octavo, delituit in spelunca Odollam, cap. xxii, vers. 1; nono, inde secessit in Maspha, urbem Moab, ibidem vers. 3; decimo, inde transiit in saltum Haret, ibidem vers. 5; undecimo, adiit Ceilam eamque a Philisteis liberavit, cap. xxiii, vers. 1; duodecimo, delituit in colle Ziph, in colle Hachila, et in deserto Maon, cap. xxiii, vers. 19 et 24; tertiodecimo, delituit in deserto Engaddi, cap. xxiv, vers. 1, ubi oram chlamydis Saulis praescidit, eo illibato relicto; quartodecimo, delituit in deserto Ziph, ubi hastam et scyphum Sauli dormienti abstulit, eo intacto relicto, cap. xxvi, vers. 2; quintodecimo, fugit ad Achis regem Geth, cap. xxvii, vers. 2. Verum has omnes invicta sua patientia et magnanimitate toleravit et superavit David; ideoque ex singulis fortior et gloriosior evasit; itaque per omnes illas quasi per totidem gradus ascendit ad apicem gloriae et regni. Allegorice ergo David repraesentavit Christum, qui praedicans, hominesque a morbis animae et corporis liberans, Scribarum, Pharisaeorum et Pontificum assiduas persecutiones, contradictiones, injurias et blasphemias, invicta constantia et benevolentia sustinuit, usque ad mortem crucis; ideoque gloriam regnumque aeternum in coelis obtinuit, non sibi tantum, sed et omnibus suis fidelibus et sanctis. Tropologice, Christum et Davidem imitetur Christianus, sibique persuadeat eadem via, scilicet persecutionis et crucis sibi esse ambulandum, si ad apicem sanctitatis, gloriae et aeternae felicitatis pervenire cupiat. Lex enim Dei aeterna est: «Omnes qui pie volunt vivere in Christo Jesu, persecutionem patientur,» II Tim. cap. iii, 12. Si ergo ob fidem, pietatem et virtutem pateris, te Davidem esse puta, et cum eo ne demittas, sed erigas animum, sciens Saulem tuum, persecutorem tuum, tibi fabricare coronam gloriae et diadema regni aeterni. Si es Abel innocentia, Cain invidus illam probet et exerceat. Si es Jacob simplicitate, Esau pilosus te stimulet. Si es Joseph castitate, impudens hera te tentet. Si es Moses mansuetudine et nobilitate, Pharao tuus te vexet, exaltet et perficiat.
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15. NUM HODIE COEPI PRO EO CONSULERE DEUM? — Quasi dicat: Jam ante saepe pro eo, tuo consensu et jussu, Dominum consului — scilicet cum David tuum exercitum in praelium ducturus esset, an foelix vel infoelix futurus esset eventus. Non ergo nunc primum coepi pro Davide, nunc tibi suspecto et exoso, ut ex tuis verbis colligo, Dominum consulere, q. d. Nesciebam te iram et odium contra Davidem, qui nuper tibi tam amicus et fidelis servus erat, concepisse. Ne ergo imputes ut culpam et poenam mihi et domui meae quod dedi ei panes et gladium; illa enim ei dedi tantum ut eis in tuo servitio uteretur (quod ipse se exsequi praetendebat). Offensam enim tuam contra eum hactenus penitus ignoravi, nec modicum nec grande.
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16. DIXITQUE REX: MORTE MORIERIS, ACHIMELECH, TU ET OMNIS DOMUS PATRIS TUI. — Vide hic summam crudelitatem, impietatem, et barbariem Saulis contra innocentem Pontificem et sacerdotes; imo contra omnes Nobitas, quos cum omnibus pueris, mulieribus et jumentis trucidari jussit, vers. 19. Haec Saulis caedes, ait Theodoretus Quaest. 53, et Cedrenus, fuit impiissima prae omnibus ejus sceleribus. Quare Saul fuit hic typus et praecursor Herodis, occidentis parvulos in Bethlehem propter Christum. Hic impletum est oraculum Dei contra Heli prolatum, cap. ii, vers. 33. Omnes enim hi sacerdotes erant posteri vel cognati Heli.
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17. ET AIT REX EMISSARIIS, id est cursoribus, qui quasi satellites Saulis Achimelech et sacerdotes e Nobe ad Saulem in Gabaa acciverant. NAM MANUS EORUM CUM DAVID EST, q. d. Fovent juvantque Davidem meum hostem et regni aemulum. NOLUERUNT AUTEM SERVI. — Laudandi sunt hi servi, quod Sauli obedire, et manus suas sanguine sacerdotum polluere noluerunt. Ita Theodoretus. S. Chrysostomus tamen in Psal. 124, eos reprehendit quod Saulem non positive et efficaciter revocaverint a caede sacerdotum.
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18. CONVERSUSQUE DOEG (Doeg Hebraice idem est quod sollicitans — scilicet Saulem ad necem Davidis et sacerdotum) IDUMAEUS, IRRUIT IN SACERDOTES, ET TRUCIDAVIT IN DIE ILLA OCTOGINTA QUINQUE VIROS VESTITOS EPHOD LINEO, id est sacerdotes et Levitas; hi enim gestabant Ephod lineum, cum Pontifex gestaret Ephod gemmeum et acupictum. Ecce Doeg accusator et calumniator Davidis et Achimelech in scelere profecit, fitque ejus et sacerdotum sacrilegus carnifex et percussor, ut scelus quod coeperat compleret. Sic impius de scelere in scelus, de minore in majus delabitur. Hinc Doeg, ait Eucherius et Angelomus, fuit typus et praecursor tum Judae proditoris, tum Antichristi, qui sacerdotes Christi acerrime persequetur, et ad martyrium adiget. Verius, Heli ejusque filii scelerosi in hisce suis nepotibus innoxiis puniti sunt, hicque impletum est oraculum Dei contra eos prolatum, cap. ii, vers. 33: «Magna pars domus tuae morietur cum ad virilem aetatem venerit.» Hi enim sacerdotes et Levitae a Saule per Doeg occisi, videntur martyres facti, quia occisi sunt ob virtutem misericordiae et caritatis, quam exhibuerant sancto sed misero, fugienti et famelico Davidi, dando ei panes. Sic enim ut propter castitatem quis occisus martyr fit, ita propter caritatem et ceteras virtutes occisus est martyr.
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19. NOBE AUTEM CIVITATEM SACERDOTUM PERCUSSIT IN ORE GLADII — VIROS ET MULIERES ET PARVULOS ET LACTENTES, BOVEMQUE ET ASINUM ET OVEM. Anathemati ergo eam devovit, eo quod eam penitus perditioni et excidio devoverit — actu furoris et irae in Davidem, qua spiritus malignus, id est diabolus, a quo obsessus et gubernatus erat, eum impellebat.
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20. EVADENS AUTEM UNUS FILIUS ACHIMELECH, etc., CUJUS NOMEN ERAT ABIATHAR, FUGIT AD DAVID. — Hic «Abiathar» successit patri suo Achimelech in Pontificatu, quem tenuit toto tempore Davidis; sed eo privatus est a Salomone, eo quod Adoniae regnum affectanti favisset. Quare Salomon ab Abiathar, qui erat de familia et posteris Heli et Ithamar, transtulit Pontificatum ad Sadoc, qui erat de posteris Eleazari, III Reg. cap. ii.
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22. EGO SUM REUS OMNIUM ANIMARUM PATRIS TUI, q. d. Ego non causa, sed occasio (ita Chaldaeus, Hebraeus et Septuaginta) fui mortis filiorum et cognatorum patris tui; cujusque enim anima, id est vita, a Saule ablata est. Occasio, inquam, sed involuntaria et praeter intentionem meam, ideoque sine culpa mea: tutatus enim sum eos et eorum vitam quantum potui, fingens coram eis me non esse fugitivum, sed a Saule missum. Unde, licet scirem Doeg id Sauli nuntiaturum, probabiliter tamen credebam vel sperabam Saulem sacerdotibus innocentibus non irasciturum, aut certe non tam crudele facinus caedem sacerdotum esse tentaturum. Reus ergo erat David non formaliter sed materialiter: quia Sauli dedit materiam et occasionem eos occidendi, sed praeter, imo contra suam intentionem, necessitate famis coactus. Propria enim et directa eorum mortis causa fuit impietas Saulis. Denique vide hic quantum malum sit invidia, quae Saulem assidue torsit et in tot caedes et scelera impulit, ut tandem mortem sibi conscisceret. Audi S. Cyprianum mala et damna omnis invidi recensentem, sermone De Zelo et Livore: «Zelus ambitionem excitat, quando quis videtur in honoribus plus promotum; zelus sensus nostros excaecat, et menti secreta dominatu subjugat. Contemnitur timor Dei, magisterium Christi negligitur, dies judicii non providetur. Inflat superbia, saevit crudelitas, perfidia transgreditur, impatientia concutitur, discordia furit, ira fervescit — nec cohibere se jam vel regere potest qui factus est potestati alienae subjectus.»
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ODOLLAM (EBR. 'ADHULLĀM; CF. ARABO 'ADULA «METTERSI AL SICURO»)
… moltissime caverne per la più parte naturali (corrosione delle acque), talora di considerevole ampiezza (quella di Harejtūn è lunga 220 m.). In una di queste si rifugiò David durante la persecuzione di Saul, e qui lo raggiunsero i genitori ed i primi gregari (I Sam. 22, 1-5). Gli servi di rifugio anche più tardi quando, eletto re da tutto Israele dopo aver regnato 7 anni in Hebron, i Filistei mossero in cerca di lui (II Sam. 5, 17; 23, 13).
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… Il fatto che David porta in salvo la famiglia dall'ira di Saul, presso il re di Moab (I Sam. 22, 3), fa supporre che esistessero particolari relazioni di David con Moab e aggiunge una forte presunzione in favore della storicità di R. Infine, l'idillio e i particolari trovano esattamente …
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… 2,27); Samuele (v.), dopo il quale, dati i gravi pericoli dello jahwismo e le connesse vicende della nazione, il messaggio profetico si sussegue ininterrottamente come ministero costante (I Sam. 3,1; Act. 3,24; Hebr. 11,32). Al tempo di David: Gad (I Sam. 22,5; ecc.) e Nathan (II Sam. 7,2; ecc.); sotto Salomone: Ahia (I Reg. 11,20; ecc.); Semeia sotto Roboam; un « uomo di Dio » sotto Ieroboam; Iehu sotto Baasa (ibid. 12,22; 13; 16,1); …
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3. G. di Beniamin (I Sam. 13, 2; 23, 20), distrutta per vendicare l'oltraggio dei Beniaminiti alla concubina del levita d'Ephraim (Iudc. 19, 14; 20, 4). Fu, dopo la riedificazione, detta «G. di Saul», in ricordo della nascita e residenza del re (I Sam. 10, 16; 22, 6). Oggi Tell el-Fal, a 6 km. a nord di Gerusalemme. …
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… Assassinò poi di sua mano, rifiutandosi gli altri servi del re, il pontefice e 85 sacerdoti di Nob, di cui sterminò anche tutti gli abitanti (I Sam. 22, 9, 18-22). Ps. 51, 2 lo definisce « eroe di sciagura, linguaccia, fabbricatore d'inganni », e gli predice « lo sradicamento dalla terra dei viventi ». Gino Bressa
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DOEG (ebr. Dō'ēgh « triste »). - Capo dei pastori di Saul, edomita (forse arameo, secondo i Settanta e la forma irramizzante Dō'ēgh in I Sam. 22, 18, 22 ebr.). …
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… Samuele e David portavano un e. di lino (e. badh), e così pure (secondo il testo masoretico) i sacerdoti di Nob (I Sam. 22, 19). Per l'e. connesso ad immagini sacre cf. Jude. 18, 14; Os. 3, 4. Per 'ūrim in I Reg. 14, 41, cf. i Settanta e la Volgata. …
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… Ora, mentre Abiathar seguiva David sin dalla persecuzione di Saul (I Sam. 22, 20-23), S. con i suoi serviva il veneratissimo santuario di Gabaon (v.), ove si custodivano il tabernacolo e l'altare degli olocausti costruiti da Mosè (cf. I Par. 16, 39 sg.; II Par. 1, 3. 5. 13).
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… quest'uso barbaro presso Israele è un argomento convincente dell'esistenza del medesimo presso i Cananei; da questi era passato agli Israeliti come tanti altri usi religiosi immorali e inumani, p. es., la prostituzione « sacra » (cf. I Sam. 14, 24; 15, 12; 22, 47; II Sam. 23, 7).
Douay-Rheims (Challoner) · Vulgata Clementina · Douay-Rheims originale (Douai 1609-10), trascrizione EEBO-TCP (CC0) · La Sacra Bibbia, tradotta dalla Volgata da Antonio Martini (1769-1781) (LaParola (laparola.net), Martini OSIS text, Public domain (LaParola's electronic edition marks it 'Dominio pubblico')). Pubblico dominio.