Many resort to David. Doeg accuseth Achimelech to Saul. He ordereth him and all the other priests of Nobe to be slain. Abiathar escapeth.
Dauid with a great retin•• goeth to the king of Moab 5. but by aduise of Gad the prophet, returneth into Iuda. 6. Saul lamenting that many conspire against him. 9. Doeg accuseth Achimelech, 14. who iustifieth both Dauid and himself. 16. He and al the Priestes with much people in Nobe are slaine by Sauls commandment, 20. onlie Abiathar escaping flieth to Dauid.
1David therefore went from thence, and fled to the cave of Odollam. And when his brethren, and all his father’s house, had heard of it, they went down to him thither.Davidde adunque andò via, e si rifuggì nella caverna di Odollam. La qual cosa essendo andata alle orecchie dei suoi fratelli, e di tutta la famiglia del padre suo, andaron colà a trovarlo.DAVID therefore went from thence, and fled to the caue of Odellam. Which when his brethren had heard, and a his fathers house, they went downe to him thither.Abiit ergo David inde, et fugit in speluncam Odollam. Quod cum audissent fratres ejus, et omnis domus patris ejus, descenderunt ad eum illuc. 2And all that were in distress, and oppressed with debt, and under affliction of mind, gathered themselves unto him: and he became their prince, and there were with him about four hundred men.E si raunarono presso di lui tutti quelli che si trovavano in angustie, ed erano oppressi da debiti, e afflitti di spinto: e diventò loro capo ed ebbe con se circa quattrocento uomini.And there were gathered vnto him, al that were in distresse, and oppressed with debt, and of a pensiue hart, and he was made their prince, and there were with him about foure hundred men.Et convenerunt ad eum omnes qui erant in angustia constituti, et oppressi ære alieno, et amaro animo: et factus est eorum princeps, fueruntque cum eo quasi quadringenti viri. 3And David departed from thence into Maspha of Moab: and he said to the king of Moab: Let my father and my mother tarry with you, I beseech thee, till I know what God will do for me.E partitosi da quel luogo andò David a Maspha di Moab, e disse al re di Moab: Resti, ti prego, il padre mio, e la mia madre con voi sino a tanto che io sappia quello che Dio disponga di me.And Dauid departed from thence into Maspha which is Moab: and he said to the king of Moab: Let my father and my mother tary with you, I besech thee, til I know what God wil doe to me.Et profectus est David inde in Maspha, quæ est Moab: et dixit ad regem Moab: Maneat, oro, pater meus et mater mea vobiscum, donec sciam quid faciat mihi Deus. 4And he left them under the eyes of the king of Moab, and they abode with him all the days that David was in the hold.E lasciogli presso al re di Moab: e ivi rimasero per tutto il tempo che David si stette in quella fortezza.And he left them before the face of the king of Moab, and they abode with him al the dayes that Dauid was in garrison.Et reliquit eos ante faciem regis Moab: manseruntque apud eum cunctis diebus quibus David fuit in præsidio.
5And Gad the prophet said to David: Abide not in the hold, depart, and go into the land of Juda. And David departed, and came into the forest of Haret.Ma Gad profeta disse a David: non istar più nella fortezza, ma parti, e va nella terra di Giuda. E Davidde partì, e andò nella selva di Haret.And Gad the prophet said to Dauid: Tary not in garrison, depart, and goe into the Land of Iuda. And Dauid departed, and came into the forest of Haret.Dixitque Gad propheta ad David: Noli manere in præsidio: proficiscere, et vade in terram Juda. Et profectus est David, et venit in saltum Haret. 6And Saul heard that David was seen, and the men that were with him. Now whilst Saul abode in Gabaa, and was in the wood, which is by Rama, having his spear in his hand, and all his servants were standing about him,E Saul seppe che David, e la gente che lo seguiva, erano comparsi. Or Saulle stando in Gabaa, ed essendo una volta nel bosco, che è a Rama, avendo in mano la lancia, e intorno a sè tutti i suoi servi,And Saul heard that Dauid had appeared, and the men that were with him. And Saul when he abode in Gabaa, and was in the wood, which is in Rama, holding a speare in his hand, and al his seruantes that stood about him,Et audivit Saul quod apparuisset David, et viri qui erant cum eo. Saul autem cum maneret in Gabaa, et esset in nemore quod est in Rama, hastam manu tenens, cunctique servi ejus circumstarent eum, 7He said to his servants that stood about him: Hear me now, ye sons of Jemini: will the son of Isai give every one of you fields, and vineyards, and make you all tribunes, and centurions:Disse a quelli che lo corteggiavano: Ascoltate adesso, figliuoli di Jemini: forse che il figliuolo d'Isai darà a voi tutti de' poderi, e delle vigne, e faravvi tutti tribuni e centurioni,he sayd to his seruantes that stoode about him: Heare me now ye children of Iemini: wil the sonne of Isai geue to al you fieldes, and vineyardes, and make al you tribunes, & centurions:ait ad servos suos qui assistebant ei: Audite nunc, filii Jemini: numquid omnibus vobis dabit filius Isai agros et vineas, et universos vos faciet tribunos et centuriones ? 8That all of you have conspired against me, and there is no one to inform me, especially when even my son hath entered into league with the son of Isai? There is not one of you that pitieth my case, nor that giveth me any information: because my son hath raised up my servant against me, plotting against me to this day.Che avete congiurato tutti contro di me, e non havvi chi mi rechi verun avviso, particolarmente dopo che il mio figliuolo ha fatto alleanza col figliuolo d'Isai? Non v'ha alcuno di voi che compiange la mia sorte, o mi dia consiglio: mentre il mio figliuolo ha animato contro di me il mio servo, il quale sino a quest'oggi mi tende insidie.because you haue al conspired against me, and there is none that telleth me, especially where my sonne also hath entred league with the sonne of Isai? There is none of you, that pitieth my case, neither is there that telleth me: for that my sonne hath raised vp my seruant against me, lying in waite for me vntil this day.quoniam conjurastis omnes adversum me, et non est qui mihi renuntiet, maxime cum et filius meus fœdus inierit cum filio Isai. Non est qui vicem meam doleat ex vobis, nec qui annuntiet mihi: eo quod suscitaverit filius meus servum meum adversum me, insidiantem mihi usque hodie.
9And Doeg, the Edomite, who stood by, and was the chief among the servants of Saul, answering, said: I saw the son of Isai, in Nobe, with Achimelech, the son of Achitob, the priest.Rispose Doeg Idumeo, che era presente, e il primo tra' servi di Saul, e disse: Io vidi il figliuolo d'Isai a Nobe presso il sacerdote Achimelech, figliuolo di Achitob:And Doeg the Idumeite which stood by, and was the chief among the seruantes of Saul, answering, I sawe, quoth he, the sonne of Isai, in Nobe with Achimelech the sonne of Achitob the priest.Respondens autem Doëg Idumæus, qui assistebat, et erat primus inter servos Saul: Vidi, inquit, filium Isai in Nobe apud Achimelech filium Achitob sacerdotem. 10And he consulted the Lord for him, and gave him victuals, and gave him the sword of Goliath, the Philistine.Il quale consultò il Signore per lui, e gli diede dei viveri: e di più gli diede anche la spada di Goliath Filisteo.Who consulted our Lord for him, and gaue him victuals, yea and the sword of Goliath the Philistian he gaue to him.Qui consuluit pro eo Dominum, et cibaria dedit ei: sed et gladium Goliath Philisthæi dedit illi. 11Then the king sent to call for Achimelech, the priest, the son of Achitob, and all his father’s house, the priests that were in Nobe, and they came all of them to the king.Allora il re mandò a chiamare Achimelech sacerdote, figliuolo di Achitob, e tutti i sacerdoti della casa di lui, che erano in Nobe, i quali tutti si presentarono al re.The king therefore sent to cal for Achimelech the priest the sonne of Achitob, and al his fathers house, the priestes that were in Nobe, who came al to the king.Misit ergo rex ad accersendum Achimelech sacerdotem filium Achitob, et omnem domum patris ejus, sacerdotum qui erant in Nobe, qui universi venerunt ad regem. 12And Saul said to Achimelech: Hear, thou son of Achitob. He answered: Here I am, my lord.E Saul disse ad Achimelech: Ascolta, figliuolo di Achitob. Ed egli rispose: Son qui, o signore.And Saul said to Achimelec: Heare thou sonne of Achitob. Who answered: I am readie, my Lord.Et ait Saul ad Achimelech: Audi, fili Achitob. Qui respondit: Præsto sum, domine. 13And Saul said to him: Why have you conspired against me, thou, and the son of Isai, and thou hast given him bread and a sword, and hast consulted the Lord for him, that he should rise up against me, continuing a traitor to this day.E dissegli Saul: Per qual motivo avete congiurato contro di me tu, e il figliuolo d'Isai, e tu gli hai dato dei pani, e la spada, e hai consultato Dio per lui, affinchè si levasse egli a ribellione contro di me, e continuasse fino al dì d'oggi?And Saul said to him Why haue you conspired against me, thou, and the sonne of Isai, and hast geuen him bread and a sword, and hast consulted our Lord for him, that he might rise vp against me, continuing a traitour vntil this day?Dixitque ad eum Saul: Quare conjurastis adversum me, tu et filius Isai, et dedisti ei panes et gladium, et consuluisti pro eo Deum, ut consurgeret adversum me, insidiator usque hodie permanens ?
14And Achimelech answering the king, said: And who amongst all thy servants is so faithful as David, who is the king’s son in law, and goeth forth at thy bidding, and is honourable in thy house?E Achimelech rispose al re, e disse: E chi vi ha tra tutti i tuoi servi fedele, come David genero del re, e pronto al tuo comando e rispettato nella tua casa?And Achimelech answering the king, said: And who amongst al thy seruantes faithful as Dauid, and the kings sonne in lawe, and going fourth at thy commandmēt, and glorious in thy house?Respondensque Achimelech regi, ait: Et quis in omnibus servis tuis sicut David, fidelis, et gener regis, et pergens ad imperium tuum, et gloriosus in domo tua ? 15Did I begin to day to consult the Lord for him? far be this from me: let not the king suspect such a thing against his servant, or any one in all my father’s house: for thy servant knew nothing of this matter, either little or great.Ho io forse principiato adesso a consultare Dio per lui? Lungi da me tal cosa: e tu o re, non sospettar di tal cosa riguardo al tuo servo, nè riguardo a tutta la casa del padre mio: imperocché nulla ha saputo il tuo servo di queste cose nè poco, nè molto.Did I beginne this day to consult our Lord for him? farre be this from me: let not the king suspect such a thing against his seruant, in al the house of my father: for thy seruant knew not any thing concerning this busines, either litle or great.num hodie cœpi pro eo consulere Deum ? absit hoc a me: ne suspicetur rex adversus servum suum rem hujuscemodi, in universa domo patris mei: non enim scivit servus tuus quidquam super hoc negotio, vel modicum vel grande. 16And the king said: Dying thou shalt die, Achimelech, thou and all thy father’s house.E il re disse: Tu morrai senz'altro, Achimelech, tu e tutta la casa del padre tuo.And the king saidy: Ding thou shalt dye Achimelec, thou, and al thy fathers house.Dixitque rex: Morte morieris Achimelech, tu et omnis domus patris tui. 17And the king said to the messengers that stood about him: Turn, and kill the priests of the Lord, for their hand is with David, because they knew that he was fled, and they told it not to me. And the king’s servants would not put forth their hands against the priests of the Lord.E il re disse alle guardie, che gli erano d'intorno: Circondate, e uccidete i sacerdoti del Signore; perocché sono d'accordo con Davidde, e sapevano che egli era fuggito, e non me ne han dato parte. Ma i servi del re non vollero stender le loro mani contro i sacerdoti del Signore.And the king said to the curriers, that stood about him: Turne your selues, and kil the priests of our Lord, for their hand is with Dauid, knowing that he was fled, and they told me not. And the kings seruantes would not extend their handes vpon the priests of our Lord.Et ait rex emissariis qui circumstabant eum: Convertimini, et interficite sacerdotes Domini, nam manus eorum cum David est: scientes quod fugisset, et non indicaverunt mihi. Noluerunt autem servi regis extendere manus suas in sacerdotes Domini.
18And the king said to Doeg: Turn thou, and fall upon the priests. And Doeg, the Edomite, turned, and fell upon the priests, and slew in that day eighty-five men that wore the linen ephod.E il re disse a Doeg: Va tu, e gettati sopra i sacerdoti. E Doeg Idumeo andò, e si gettò sopra i sacerdoti, e trucidò in quel giorno ottantacinque uomini che portavano l'Ephod di lino.And the king said to Doeg: Turne thou, and runne vpon the priests. And Doeg the Idumeite being turned, tanne vpon the priests, and murdered in that day eightie fiue men reuested with an ephod of linnen.Et ait rex ad Doëg: Convertere tu, et irrue in sacerdotes. Conversusque Doëg Idumæus, irruit in sacerdotes, et trucidavit in die illa octoginta quinque viros vestitos ephod lineo. 19And Nobe, the city of the priests, he smote with the edge of the sword, both men and women, children and sucklings, and ox, and ass, and sheep, with the edge of the sword.E in Nobe città dei sacerdoti mise a fil di spada uomini, e donne, fanciulli, e bambini di latte, i bovi eziandio, e gli asini, e le pecore.And Nobe the citie of the priests, he stroke in the edge of the sword, men and wemen, and children, and sucklinges, and oxe and asse, and shepe in the edge of the sword.Nobe autem civitatem sacerdotum percussit in ore gladii, viros et mulieres, et parvulos et lactentes, bovemque, et asinum, et ovem in ore gladii. 20But one of the sons of Achimelech, the son of Achitob, whose name was Abiathar, escaped, and fled to David,Ma un figliuolo di Achimelech, figliuolo di Achitob, che avea nome Abiathar, si rifuggì presso a Davidde,But one sonne of Achimelech the sonne of Achitob, escaping, whose name was Abiathar, fled to Dauid,Evadens autem unus filius Achimelech filii Achitob, cujus nomen erat Abiathar, fugit ad David, 21And told him that Saul had slain the priests of the Lord.E portogli la nuova che Saul avea uccisi i sacerdoti del Signore.and told him that Saul had slaine the priestes of our Lord.et annuntiavit ei quod occidisset Saul sacerdotes Domini. 22And David said to Abiathar: I knew that day when Doeg, the Edomite, was there, that without doubt he would tell Saul: I have been the occasion of the death of all the souls of thy father’s house.E disse David ad Abiathar: Io sapeva in quel dì, che essendo ivi Doeg Idumeo, avrebbe senza dubbio avvertito Saul: io son reo della morte di tutta la casa del padre tuo.And Dauid said to Abiathar: I knew in that day when Doeg the Idumeit was there, without doubt he would tel Saul, I am giltie of al the soules of thy father.Et ait David ad Abiathar: Sciebam in die illa quod cum ibi esset Doëg Idumæus, procul dubio annuntiaret Sauli: ego sum reus omnium animarum patris tui.
23Abide thou with me, fear not: for he that seeketh my life, seeketh thy life also, and with me thou shalt be saved.Restati meco: non temere: chi cercherà la mia vita, cercherà anche la tua, e meco pure avrai salute.Abide with me, feare not: if any man shal seeke my life, he shal seeke thy life also, and with me thou shal be preserued.Mane mecum: ne timeas: si quis quæsierit animam meam, quæret et animam tuam, mecumque servaberis.
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Year of the World 2944.
Calmet
Odollam, about two days' journey from Geth, (Salien) nine miles east of Eleutheropolis, in the tribe of Juda. (Eusebius) (Calmet)
Menochius
Josue 12:15., and 2 Machabees 12:38. (Menochius)
Salien
Thither, to avoid the fury of Saul, which fell so heavy upon the priests, ver. 16. The most warlike sons of Gad came hither also, to join David, 1 Paralipomenon 12:8. (Abulensis) (Salien, the year of the world 2973.)
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Calmet
Men. His title to the crown was incontestable, so that he might justly make war, particularly in his own defence, and receive those who flocked to him to screen themselves from the persecution of Saul, and from their debtors, whom they would thus enable themselves to repay in time, by the plunder which they would take from the enemy. David maintained the strictest discipline, and withheld his men from making any disturbance, always manifesting the greatest respect for the person of the king. (Calmet)
Haydock
The soldiers of Jephte were of the same description as these of David, Judges 11:3. (Haydock)
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Calmet
Of Moab, to distinguish it from the city of Benjamin, where Samuel had assembled the people; (Menochius) and perhaps also from the birth-place of Jephte, unless the Moabites had taken possession again of that part of Galaad. (Calmet)
Salien
Saul had made war upon this king, so that he was more ready to protect David, who departing soon after, by the admonition of Gad, (ver. 5.; Calmet) left those who could not follow him under his care. In the mean time he lived on plunder, taken from the surrounding enemies, (Tostat) and was joined by 200 men from the tribes of Benjamin and of Juda, (1 Paralipomenon 12:16,) with Amasai, his nephew, by his sister Abigail, at their head. (Salien, the year before Christ 1079.)
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Challoner
The hold. The strong hold, or fortress of Maspha. (Challoner)
Haydock
It signifies "a watch-tower." (Haydock)
Salien
In this place the parents of David probably finished their days, as we find no farther mention of them. (Salien)
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Menochius
Haret, west of Jerusalem. Septuagint read "the town of Haret," (Eusebius) or "Sarec." (Menochius)
Calmet
Rama, "the height," in Gabaa. (Calmet)
Menochius
God would not suffer David and his followers to continue long among the infidels, for fear of danger. (Menochius)
Salien
The hero shews his ready obedience to the word of the unknown prophet, and is willing again to expose himself in the midst of Saul's dominions. (Salien)
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Calmet
Jemini. Benjamites, my countrymen. Saul approaches them with being too little concerned about his interests, and falsely accuses his own son, who, it seems, had retired from court, after his father had attempted to kill him. But he shewed no signs of disloyalty. (Calmet)
Menochius
The king mentions the league between Jonathan and David, on suspicion, 1 Kings 20:23. (Menochius)
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Haydock
Servants, or herdsmen, 1 Kings 21:7. Septuagint, "the Syrian, who was set over the mules of Saul." (Haydock)
Informers are a set of men destructive to the public," says Tacitius, Hist. 1:4.
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Hugo
Consulted. Some think this was a falsehood, as it is not mentioned before. (Hugo)
Calmet
but Achimelech does not deny the fact, ver. 15. (Calmet)
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Menochius
Achitob. He gives him no honourable title, no more than David, (ver. 7, etc.) out of disrespect. (Menochius)
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Calmet
For him? We might read without an interrogation, "I have to-day begun...." (Chaldean) never suspecting that it would be disagreeable to the king. (Calmet)
Haydock
His character and his declarations, led me to conclude quite the contrary, so that I cannot lawfully be accused of any conspiracy. (Haydock)
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Haydock
Messengers. Hebrew, "runners." These officers remained at court and were people of great account, (Calmet) like the king's guards, 2 Kings 15:1., and 3 Kings 1:5. (Haydock)
Menochius
Lord, out of reverence, and being convinced of their innocence. (Menochius)
Calmet
The obedience which we owe to superiors is subordinate to that which we must always shew towards God and justice. (Calmet)
Worthington
Saul unjustly condemned them as the abettors of his competitor. (Worthington)
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Five. Josephus read "385." Septuagint, "305."
Calmet
Ephod. They all appeared in this dress, as they were priests. (Calmet)
Abulensis
It was different from the sacred ephod. (Abulensis)
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Sword. Saul, now abandoned God, acts against all law. He probably, on this occasion, destroyed the inhabitants of Gabaon, to make place for the tabernacle, which was removed hither. (Calmet) See 1 Kings 27:12.
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Menochius
Escaped. He had perhaps remained at Nobe, to do duty. (Menochius)
Haydock
God was pleased to reserve him, (Calmet) to convey the sacred ornaments of the high priest to David. (Haydock)
Tirinus
St. Bachiarius looks upon the slaughtered priests as martyrs. (Tirinus)
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Haydock
House. Literally, "I am guilty," etc. (Haydock)
St. Gregory
"Good people acknowledge a fault, where there is none." (St. Gregory)
Haydock
David was aware of the malicious temper of Doeg, but he could not prevent its evil effects, as he had applied to the high priest without perceiving that he was there. (Haydock)
He received Abiathar at Ceila, which he had protected against the Philistines, (chap. 23.)
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Salien
Saved. We will be as one soul. On this occasion David composed the 51st Psalm, Quid gloriaris, to reprobate the conduct of Doeg. (Salien)
Haydock
We may consider David as the fourth in order of the sacred writers, as he appears after Moses, Josue, and Samuel. (Haydock)
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The hold.... The strong hold, or fortress of Maspha.
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Saul vniustly condemning Dauid, condemned also al those that iustified him.
Seing so manifest iniustice and crueltie they obeyed God, rather then m••.
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St Athanasius of Alexandria † AD 373 Defence of His Flight. (Apologia de Fuga.) 8
… For no man flees from the gentle and the humane, but from the cruel and the evil- minded. ‘Every one that was in distress, and every one that was in debt
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John Cassian † AD 435 The Conferences of John Cassian 17.20
… that all of you have conspired against me, and there is no one to inform me,” did Doeg the Edomite say anything but the truth, when he told him: “I saw the son of Jesse in Nob, with Abimelech the son of Ahitub the priest, who consulted the Lord for him, and gave him victuals, and gave him also the sword of Goliath the Philistine?”
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St Athanasius of Alexandria † AD 373 Apology to the Emperor. (Apologia Ad Constantium.) 20
… Perhaps they think that by frequent repetition of their charges, they will at last exasperate you against me. But you ought to turn away from such persons, and to hate them; for such as themselves are, such also they imagine those to be who listen to them; and they think that their calumnies will prevail even before you. The accusation of Doeg
St Ambrose of Milan † AD 397 On the Duties of the Clergy 3.11
… Thus that man drunk with the wine of wickedness brought death on the high priest Ahimelech,
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St Jerome † AD 420 The Letters of St. Jerome 57.9
… highpriest, and did eat the shew-bread which is not lawful to eat but for the priests?” Now let us turn to the books of Samuel, or, as they are commonly called, of Kings, and we shall find there that the highpriest’s name was not Abiathar but Ahimelech, the same that was afterwards put to death with the rest of the priests by Doeg at the command of Saul.
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St Ambrose of Milan † AD 397 On the Duties of the Clergy 3.21
… It is not wont to be preferred to virtue indeed, but to follow after it. So it was with Jonathan, who for his affection’s sake avoided not his father’s displeasure nor the danger to his own safety. So, too, it was with Ahimelech, who, to preserve the duties of hospitality, thought he must endure death rather than betray his friend when fleeing.
St Jerome † AD 420 The Letters of St. Jerome 108.8
… Not far from this are Arimathæa, the village of Joseph who buried the Lord, and Nob, once a city of priests but now the tomb in which their slain bodies rest.
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St Athanasius of Alexandria † AD 373 Persecution in Egypt 1
… He for its sake has earnestly endeavoured to emulate Saul in savage cruelty. For when the priests gave victuals to David, Saul commanded, and they were all destroyed, in number three hundred and five
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1. DAVID THEREFORE DEPARTED THENCE, AND FLED INTO THE CAVE OF ODOLLAM. — "Odollam" was a village in the tribe of Juda on the right hand going from Jerusalem to Hebron. Hear from St. Jerome, William of Tyre and others Adrichomius in the tribe of Juda, no. 201: "The cave of Odollam, in the very rock, was a place naturally safe and fortified. Into which when David had fled from the face of Saul, and there received many pressed by distress and burdened by debt who fled to him, he became the prince of four hundred men. This cave had the same use in the time of Christians: for when the Turks came to those places laying waste, the inhabitants of the neighboring places fled, and betook themselves with their wives, children, herds and flocks hither." Whence aptly "Odollam," or as it is in Hebrew Adullam, is the same as congregation, passage or prey of them, says Pagninus in Nomin. Hebr. Symbolically Angelomus and Eucherius: This cave, they say, represents the flesh of Christ in which as in a hidden cave the divinity of Christ lay concealed; or the sepulcher of Christ, which was a testimony (for this is what Odollam signifies in Hebrew, says Bede) that Christ is God, when he himself on the third day raised up his body from it renewed and glorious.
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2. AND THERE WERE GATHERED TOGETHER TO HIM ALL THAT WERE IN DISTRESS, AND OPPRESSED WITH DEBT. — You will say: How did David admit them to the prejudice of creditors? Cajetan answers that they had ceded their goods, or were unable to pay: whence this very inability excused them from paying, until they should come to a more prosperous fortune, which was to happen through the partnership and prudence of David, who enriched all his men with the spoils of enemies, as is evident from II Kings, chapter ii and xv. That David indeed instructed all who fled to him most excellently in all justice and honesty is evident from Psalm xxxiii, which he then composed. For this psalm literally contains the doctrine which David gave there to his companions and soldiers; whence addressing them at verse 12, he says: "Come, children, hear me, I will teach you the fear of the Lord." Also from the fact that David had with him Gad the prophet and a holy man. Allegorically, David was a type of Christ, to whom all the sick, afflicted, and penitent fled; whence he himself, calling them, says: "Come to me, all you that labour and are burdened, and I will refresh you," Matthew, chapter xi. Thus Angelomus.
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3. AND DAVID WENT FORTH INTO MASPHA, WHICH IS MOAB, that is, which is a city of the region of the Moabites, belonging to the Moabites, not to the Jews. For David fled from Judaea, as being subject to Saul, into the land of Moab, into which Saul could do nothing. Moreover, there was another "Maspha" in Judaea, where Samuel held a gathering of the people, chapter vii, verse 6. LET MY FATHER AND MOTHER, I PRAY, REMAIN WITH YOU. — From this gather that Saul persecuted not only David, but also his parents and kinsmen; or certainly that they, fearing Saul's persecution, fled out of Judaea into the Moabite land.
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4. TO WHOM DAVID WAS IN A STRONGHOLD, that is in a fortress or fortified place of the land of Moab. For this is what it signifies in Hebrew, metsuda.
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5. AND GAD THE PROPHET SAID, etc.: GO INTO THE LAND OF JUDA, because the dwelling of David in Juda was useful to many, and brought David much authority, so that he would be promoted to the kingdom immediately by the tribe of Juda, as we shall hear actually happened in what follows. Thus Cajetan. AND HE CAME INTO THE FOREST OF HARET, which place was a desert, impassable and uncultivated, dreaded only for thorns and brambles. "Nevertheless," says Rabbi Solomon, "by divine power the same place became abounding in fruits and animals, and watered by fountains, so that it not only sustained David and his men, but also wonderfully refreshed them." To which David alludes: "The Lord ruleth me" — as it is in the Hebrew, feedeth me; "in a place of pasture there he hath placed me: over the water of refreshment he hath brought me," Psalm xxii, 1, where you see dry and thorny ways changed into flowery and pleasant ones for those who love him.
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7. HEAR NOW, YE SONS OF JEMINI, that is sons of Benjamin, my fellow-tribesmen and kinsmen, act, strive for me as much as for yourselves, lest the kingdom be transferred from me and your tribe to the tribe of Juda and David.
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10. WHO CONSULTED THE LORD FOR HIM, through the Ephod in which were the Urim and Thummim, concerning which I have spoken in Exodus, chapter xxviii, verse 30. Hence it is evident that Achimelech sought for David and received from God an oracle, by what way he should go, and what David should do, and what would be the outcome of his affairs — prosperous or adverse — although Hugh thinks that Doeg feigns and lies in this so as to stir up greater wrath in Saul against David and Achimelech.
Moral Reflection: The Persecutions of David Morally: Note here the various, continuous and severe persecutions, errors, flights, dangers by which David was harassed continuously for ten years by Saul: and this on account of his virtue by which he had slain Goliath and had freed Israel. For first, Saul wished to pierce David with a spear twice, cap. xviii, vers. 11; cap. xix, vers. 10; second, he sent him against the Philistines, that he might be slain by them, ibidem vers. 17 and 25; third, he sent assassins to seize David in his house unto death, but Michol let him down through a window, cap. xix, vers. 11; fourth, David fled to Samuel in Ramatha, ibidem vers. 18; fifth, cap. xx, he went to Jonathan, who attempted to reconcile him to Saul, but in vain; sixth, he fled to Nobe to Achimelech the High Priest, cap. xxi, vers. 2; seventh, thence he fled to Geth to Achis the king, ibidem vers. 10; eighth, he hid in the cave of Odollam, cap. xxii, vers. 1; ninth, thence he withdrew to Maspha, a city of Moab, ibidem vers. 3; tenth, thence he passed into the forest of Haret, ibidem vers. 5; eleventh, he went to Ceila and freed it from the Philistines, cap. xxiii, vers. 1; twelfth, he hid in the hill of Ziph, in the hill of Hachila, and in the desert of Maon, cap. xxiii, vers. 19 and 24; thirteenth, he hid in the desert of Engaddi, cap. xxiv, vers. 1, where he cut off the edge of Saul's cloak, leaving him unharmed; fourteenth, he hid in the desert of Ziph, where he took away the spear and cup of the sleeping Saul, leaving him untouched, cap. xxvi, vers. 2; fifteenth, he fled to Achis the king of Geth, cap. xxvii, vers. 2. But David endured and overcame all these with his invincible patience and magnanimity; and therefore from each one he came forth stronger and more glorious; thus through all those as through so many steps he ascended to the apex of glory and kingdom. Allegorically therefore David represented Christ, who preaching and freeing men from the diseases of soul and body, endured the continuous persecutions, contradictions, injuries and blasphemies of the Scribes, Pharisees and High Priests with invincible constancy and benevolence, even unto the death of the cross; and therefore he obtained glory and eternal kingdom in the heavens, not for himself alone, but also for all his faithful and saints. Tropologically, let the Christian imitate Christ and David, and let him persuade himself that he must walk the same way, namely that of persecution and the cross, if he wishes to arrive at the apex of holiness, glory and eternal happiness. For the eternal law of God is: "All who wish to live piously in Christ Jesus will suffer persecution," II Tim. cap. iii, 12. If therefore you suffer on account of faith, piety and virtue, consider yourself to be David, and do not lower your spirit with him, but raise it, knowing that your Saul, your persecutor, is fashioning for you a crown of glory and a diadem of eternal kingdom. If you are Abel in innocence, let envious Cain prove and exercise it. If you are Jacob in simplicity, let hairy Esau goad you. If you are Joseph in chastity, let the shameless mistress tempt you. If you are Moses in meekness and nobility, let your Pharaoh vex, exalt and perfect you.
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15. DID I BEGIN TODAY TO CONSULT GOD FOR HIM? — As if to say: Already before, often for him, with your consent and command, I consulted the Lord — namely when David was about to lead your army into battle, whether the outcome would be fortunate or unfortunate. Therefore I did not begin now for the first time to consult the Lord for David, now suspect and hateful to you, as I gather from your words, as if to say: I did not know that you had conceived anger and hatred against David, who recently was so friendly and faithful a servant to you. Do not therefore impute it as a fault and punishment to me and my house that I gave him bread and a sword; for I gave those to him only that he might use them in your service (which he himself claimed to be carrying out). For I have been completely ignorant of your offense against him up to now, neither small nor great.
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16. AND THE KING SAID: THOU SHALT SURELY DIE, ACHIMELECH, THOU AND ALL THY FATHER'S HOUSE. — See here the utmost cruelty, impiety, and barbarism of Saul against the innocent High Priest and priests; indeed against all the inhabitants of Nobe, whom he ordered to be slaughtered together with all the boys, women and beasts, vers. 19. This slaughter of Saul, says Theodoret Quaest. 53, and Cedrenus, was the most impious of all his crimes. Wherefore Saul was here a type and precursor of Herod, who slew the infants in Bethlehem on account of Christ. Here was fulfilled the oracle of God pronounced against Heli, cap. ii, vers. 33. For all these priests were descendants or relatives of Heli.
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17. AND THE KING SAID TO THE MESSENGERS, that is to the runners, who as satellites of Saul had summoned Achimelech and the priests from Nobe to Saul in Gabaa. FOR THEIR HAND IS WITH DAVID, as if to say: They favor and aid David my enemy and rival of the kingdom. BUT THE SERVANTS WOULD NOT. — These servants are to be praised, because they were unwilling to obey Saul and to stain their hands with the blood of priests. Thus Theodoret. St. Chrysostom however in Psal. 124, reproves them because they did not positively and effectively recall Saul from the slaughter of the priests.
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18. AND DOEG TURNED (Doeg in Hebrew means the same as one who urges on — namely Saul to the death of David and the priests) THE IDUMEAN, RUSHED UPON THE PRIESTS, AND SLEW IN THAT DAY EIGHTY-FIVE MEN CLOTHED WITH A LINEN EPHOD, that is, priests and Levites; for these wore a linen Ephod, whereas the High Priest wore a gemmed and embroidered Ephod. Behold Doeg the accuser and calumniator of David and Achimelech advanced in wickedness, and became the sacrilegious executioner and slayer of him and the priests, so that he might complete the crime which he had begun. Thus the impious man slides from crime to crime, from lesser to greater. Hence Doeg, say Eucherius and Angelomus, was a type and precursor both of Judas the traitor and of Antichrist, who will most fiercely persecute the priests of Christ and drive them to martyrdom. More truly, Heli and his wicked sons were punished in these innocent nephews of theirs, and here was fulfilled the oracle of God pronounced against them, cap. ii, vers. 33: "A great part of thy house shall die when they come to man's estate." For these priests and Levites slain by Saul through Doeg appear to have been made martyrs, because they were slain on account of the virtue of mercy and charity, which they had shown to the holy but wretched, fleeing and hungry David, by giving him bread. For just as one slain on account of chastity becomes a martyr, so one slain on account of charity and other virtues is a martyr.
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19. AND NOBE THE CITY OF THE PRIESTS HE SMOTE WITH THE EDGE OF THE SWORD — MEN AND WOMEN AND CHILDREN AND SUCKLINGS, AND OX AND ASS AND SHEEP. He devoted it therefore to anathema, in that he devoted it utterly to destruction and ruin — in an act of fury and wrath against David, by which the evil spirit, that is the devil, by whom he was possessed and governed, impelled him.
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20. AND ONE OF THE SONS OF ACHIMELECH ESCAPED, etc., WHOSE NAME WAS ABIATHAR, AND FLED TO DAVID. — This "Abiathar" succeeded his father Achimelech in the High Priesthood, which he held throughout the time of David; but he was deprived of it by Solomon, because he had favored Adonias in seeking the kingdom. Wherefore Solomon transferred the High Priesthood from Abiathar, who was of the family and descendants of Heli and Ithamar, to Sadoc, who was of the descendants of Eleazar, III Reg. cap. ii.
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22. I AM GUILTY OF THE LIVES OF ALL THE SONS OF THY FATHER, that is to say, I was not the cause, but the occasion (thus the Chaldean, Hebrew and Septuagint) of the death of the sons and kinsmen of thy father; for the life of each, that is the life, was taken away by Saul. The occasion, I say, but an involuntary one and contrary to my intention, and therefore without fault on my part: for I protected them and their lives as much as I could, pretending before them that I was not a fugitive, but sent by Saul. Whence, although I knew that Doeg would report this to Saul, yet I reasonably believed or hoped that Saul would not be angry with the innocent priests, or certainly would not attempt so cruel a deed as the slaughter of priests. David therefore was guilty not formally but materially: because he gave Saul the matter and occasion to slay them, but beyond, nay against his intention, forced by the necessity of hunger. For the proper and direct cause of their death was the impiety of Saul. Finally, see here how great an evil envy is, which tormented Saul continually and impelled him to so many slaughters and crimes, that at last he took his own life. Hear St. Cyprian recounting the evils and damages of all envy, in his discourse On Zeal and Malice: "Zeal stirs up ambition, when one is seen to be promoted more in honors; zeal blinds our senses, and subjects the mind to secret dominion. The fear of God is despised, the teaching of Christ is neglected, the day of judgment is not foreseen. Pride inflates, cruelty rages, perfidy transgresses, impatience is shaken, discord rages, anger burns — nor can he now restrain or govern himself who has become subject to the power of another."
Machine translation from the Latin, not reviewed.
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Odollam (Hebrew 'Adhullām; cf. Arabic 'Adula, "To Take Refuge")
… In one of these David took refuge during Saul's persecution, and here his parents and his first followers reached him (1 Sam. 22:1-5). They served as a refuge even later when, after he had reigned 7 years in Hebron and was elected king by all Israel, the Philistines set out in search of him (2 Sam. 5:17; 23:13).
22:3
… The fact that David brings his family to safety from the wrath of Saul, with the king of Moab (I Sam. 22, 3), suggests that particular relations existed between David and Moab and adds a strong presumption in favor of the historicity of R. Finally, the idyll and its details find their exact …
22:5
… 2:27); Samuel (v.), after whom, given the grave dangers of Yahwism and the related vicissitudes of the nation, the prophetic message follows uninterruptedly as a constant ministry (I Sam. 3:1; Act. 3:24; Hebr. 11:32). In the time of David: Gad (I Sam. 22:5; etc.) and Nathan (II Sam. 7:2; etc.); under Solomon: Ahijah (I Reg. 11:20; etc.); Shemaiah under Rehoboam; a "man of God" under Jeroboam; Jehu under Baasa (ibid. 12:22; 13; …
22:6
3. G. of Benjamin (I Sam. 13, 2; 23, 20), destroyed to avenge the outrage of the Benjaminites against the concubine of the Levite of Ephraim (Judg. 19, 14; 20, 4). After its rebuilding it was called "G. of Saul," in memory of the birth and residence of the king (I Sam. 10, 16; 22, 6). Today Tell el-Ful, 6 km north of Jerusalem. …
22:9
… He then murdered with his own hand, when the king's other servants refused, the high priest and 85 priests of Nob, whose inhabitants he also exterminated (1 Sam. 22:9, 18-22). Ps. 51:2 calls him "hero of disaster, slanderous tongue, fabricator of deceits," and foretells for him "uprooting from the land of the living." Gino Bressa
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DOEG (Hebrew Dō'ēgh, "Sad"). - Chief of Saul's herdsmen, an Edomite (perhaps an Aramean, according to the Septuagint and the non-Hebraized form Dō'ēgh in 1 Sam. 22:18, 22 Heb.). …
22:19
… Samuel and David wore an e. of linen (e. badh), and so too (according to the Masoretic text) the priests of Nob (1 Sam. 22:19). For the e. connected with sacred images cf. Judg. 18:14; Hos. 3:4. For 'ūrim in 1 Sam. 14:41, cf. the Septuagint and the Vulgate. …
22:20
… Now, while Abiathar followed David since the persecution of Saul (1 Sam. 22:20-23), S. with his own served the greatly venerated sanctuary of Gibeon (v.), where the tabernacle and the altar of holocausts built by Moses were kept (cf. 1 Chron. 16:39 ff.; 2 Chron. 1:3, 5, 13).
22:47
… among Israel is a convincing argument for its existence among the Canaanites as well; from these it had passed to the Israelites, as had so many other immoral and inhuman religious practices, for example, "sacred" prostitution (cf. 1 Sam. 14:24; 15:12; 22:47; 2 Sam. 23:7).
Douay-Rheims (Challoner) · Vulgata Clementina · original Douay-Rheims (Douay 1609-10), transcription by EEBO-TCP (CC0) · La Sacra Bibbia, tradotta dalla Volgata da Antonio Martini (1769-1781) (LaParola (laparola.net), Martini OSIS text, Public domain (LaParola's electronic edition marks it 'Dominio pubblico')). Public domain.