Saul with his sonnes are slaine in battel. 7. The Philistijms possesse the place, and hang the dead bodies on a wal, 11. but valiant men of Iabes Galaad take them away, and burne them, burie their bones, and fast seuen dayes.
1And the Philistines fought against Israel, and the men of Israel fled from before the Philistines, and fell down slain in mount Gelboe.Ma i Filistei vennero a battaglia cogl'Israeliti: e gli uomini d'Israele fuggirono dal cospetto de' Filistei, e furono trucidati sul monte Gelboe.AND the Philistijms fought against Israel, and the men of Israel fled before the face of the Philistijms, and fel being slaine in mount Gelboe.Philisthiim autem pugnabant adversum Israël: et fugerunt viri Israël ante faciem Philisthiim, et ceciderunt interfecti in monte Gelboë. 2And the Philistines fell upon Saul, and upon his sons, and they slew Jonathan, and Abinadab, and Melchisua, the sons of Saul.E i Filistei si gettarono contro Saul: e contro i suoi figliuoli, e ammazzaron Gionata, e Abinadab, e Melchisua figliuoli di Saul,And the Philistijms fel vpon Saul, and vpon his sonnes, and they stroke Ionathas, and Abinadab, and Melchisua the sonnes of Saul,Irrueruntque Philisthiim in Saul et in filios ejus, et percusserunt Jonathan, et Abinadab, et Melchisua filios Saul: 3And the whole weight of the battle was turned upon Saul: and the archers overtook him, and he was grievously wounded by the archers.E tutto il forte della battaglia si volse contro di Saul, e lo inseguirono gli arcieri, ed ei restò gravemente ferito da loro.and the whole weight of the battel was turned vpon Saul: and the archers ouertooke him, and he was sore wounded of the archers.totumque pondus prælii versum est in Saul, et consecuti sunt eum viri sagittarii, et vulneratus est vehementer a sagittariis. 4Then Saul said to his armourbearer: Draw thy sword, and kill me: lest these uncircumcised come, and slay me, and mock at me. And his armourbearer would not: for he was struck with exceeding great fear. Then Saul took his sword, and fell upon it.E Saul disse al suo scudiere: Sfodera la tua spada, e uccidimi: affinchè sovraggiungendo forse questi incirconcisi, non mi tolgano essi la vita, e mi faccian insulti. E lo scudiere non volle (farlo): perocché era sbigottito sommamente: allora Saul die' di piglio alla spada, e gettovvisi sopra.And Saul sayd to his esquier: Drawe out thy sword, and strike me: lest perhaps these vncircumcised come, and kil me, mocking me. And his esquier would not: for he was frighted with exceding feare. Saul therefore caught his sword, and fel vpon it.Dixitque Saul ad armigerum suum: Evagina gladium tuum, et percute me: ne forte veniant incircumcisi isti, et interficiant me, illudentes mihi. Et noluit armiger ejus: fuerat enim nimio terrore perterritus. Arripuit itaque Saul gladium, et irruit super eum. 5And when his armourbearer saw this, to wit, that Saul was dead, he also fell upon his sword and died with him.La qual cosa veduta avendo il suo scudiere, cioè che Saul era morto, si gettò ancor egli sulla sua spada, e morì insieme con lui.Which when his esquier had seene, to wit that Saul was dead, himselfe also fel vpon his sword and died with him.Quod cum vidisset armiger ejus, videlicet quod mortuus esset Saul, irruit etiam ipse super gladium suum, et mortuus est cum eo.
6So Saul died, and his three sons, and his armourbearer, and all his men that same day together.Morì adunque Saul, e tre suoi figliuoli, e il suo scudiere, e parimente tutti i suoi in quel giorno.Saul therefore died, and his three sonnes, & his esquier, and al his men in that day together.Mortuus est ergo Saul, et tres filii ejus, et armiger illius, et universi viri ejus in die illa pariter. 7And the men of Israel, that were beyond the valley, and beyond the Jordan, seeing that the Israelites were fled, and that Saul was dead, and his sons, forsook their cities, and fled: and the Philistines came and dwelt there.Ma veggendo gli uomini d'Israele, che stavan di là dalla valle, e di là dal Giordano, come gl'Israeliti s'erano dati alla fuga, ed era morto Saul, e i suoi figliuoli, abbandonaron le loro città, e fuggirono: e i Filistei andarono, e le abitarono.And the children of Israel, that were beyond the valley, and beyond Iordan, seing that the men of Israel were fled, and that Saul was dead, and his sonnes, they left their cities, and fled: and the Philistijms came, and dwelt there.Videntes autem viri Israël qui erant trans vallem et trans Jordanem, quod fugissent viri Israëlitæ, et quod mortuus esset Saul et filii ejus, reliquerunt civitates suas, et fugerunt: veneruntque Philisthiim, et habitaverunt ibi. 8And on the morrow the Philistines came to strip the slain, and they found Saul and his three sons lying in mount Gelboe.E il dì seguente andarono i Filistei a spogliare i morti, e trovaron Saul, e i tre suoi figliuoli sul monte Gelboe.And when the next day was come, the Philistijms came to spoile them that were slaine, and they found Saul and his three sonnes, lying in mount Gelboe.Facta autem die altera, venerunt Philisthiim ut spoliarent interfectos, et invenerunt Saul et tres filios ejus jacentes in monte Gelboë. 9And they cut off Saul’s head, and stripped him of his armour, and sent into the land of the Philistines round about, to publish it in the temples of their idols and among their people.E troncarono il capo a Saul, e lo spogliarono delle sue armi, e mandarono all'intorno per tutto il paese dei Filistei ad annunziare tal nuova nel tempio degl'idoli, e a tutto il popolo.And they did cut of Saules head, and spoiled him of his armour, and sent into the land of the Philistians round about, that it should be declared in the temple of their Idols, and among their people.Et præciderunt caput Saul, et spoliaverunt eum armis: et miserunt in terram Philisthinorum per circuitum, ut annuntiaretur in templo idolorum, et in populis. 10And they put his armour in the temple of Astaroth, but his body they hung on the wall of Bethsan.E le armi di lui collocarono nel tempio di Astharoth; e appesero il suo corpo alle mura di Bethsan.And they did put his armour in the temple of Astaroth, but his bodie they hung on the wal of Bethsam.Et posuerunt arma ejus in templo Astaroth, corpus vero ejus suspenderunt in muro Bethsan.
11Now when the inhabitants of Jabes Galaad had heard all that the Philistines had done to Saul,Ma avendo udito gli abitanti di Jabes di Galaad tutto quello che i Filistei avean fatto a Saul,Which when the inhabiters of Iabes Galaad had heard whatsoeuer the Philistijms had done to Saul,Quod cum audissent habitatores Jabes Galaad, quæcumque fecerant Philisthiim Saul, 12All the most valiant men arose, and walked all the night, and took the body of Saul, and the bodies of his sons, from the wall of Bethsan: and they came to Jabes Galaad, and burnt them there.Si mossero tutti gli uomini più valorosi e camminaron tutta notte, e levarono il cadavero di Saul, e i cadaveri de' suoi figliuoli dalle mura di Bethsan, e se ne tornarono a Jabes di Galaad, e ivi li bruciarono.al the most valiant men arose, & walked al the night, and tooke the bodie of Saul, and the bodies of his sonnes, from the wal of Bethsam: and they came to Iabes Galaad, and burnt them there:surrexerunt omnes viri fortissimi, et ambulaverunt tota nocte, et tulerunt cadaver Saul, et cadavera filiorum ejus, de muro Bethsan: veneruntque Jabes Galaad, et combusserunt ea ibi: 13And they took their bones, and buried them in the wood of Jabes: and fasted seven days.E preser le loro ossa e le seppellirono nel bosco di Jabes, e digiunarono per sette giorni.and they tooke their bones, and buried them in the wood of Iabes, and fasted seuen daies.et tulerunt ossa eorum, et sepelierunt in nemore Jabes, et jejunaverunt septem diebus.
31:1
Year of the World 2949.
Haydock
Fled. They make but a feeble resistance, as God was not with them. (Haydock)
Calmet
The first onset was made by the archers, and Saul's three sons fell, while the king himself was dangerously wounded. (Calmet)
Menochius
The death of his sons would increase his anguish. (Menochius)
Haydock
He seems not to have told them of the divine decree, as he might deem it irrevocable and unavoidable, so that flight would have been of no service to them. (Haydock)
31:2
31:3
Haydock
Overtook. Hebrew, "attacked, found, or hit him." He was running away. (Haydock)
Wounded. Some translate Hebrew, "terrified," as they believe the words of the Amalecite, "my whole life is in me." But that wretch deserves no credit; and Saul would probably not take the desperate resolution of killing himself, till he saw there was no possibility of escaping. Septuagint, "the archers find him, and they wounded him in the lower belly." Theodotion, "in the part near the liver."
31:4
Bearer. The Rabbins say he was Doeg. They were not yet come to a close engagement.
Calmet
Mock at me, as was then customary. See Josue 8:29., and Judges 1:7. He might recollect the treatment of Samson. (Calmet)
Homer
Fear. "To spill the royal blood's a direful thing." (Homer)
31:5
Haydock
With him. Thus to avoid a little shame and temporal punishment, they rushed into those which are inconceivably geat and eternal. (Haydock)
Josephus
The Jews in vain attempt to excuse Saul, as they deem suicide in such cases lawful, though in others they deprive those of burial, who have been guilty of it. (Josephus, Antiquities 6:14.)
Worthington
This author applauds the behaviour of Saul; and indeed, his courage called forth the praises of David. But even the pagans have deemed those no better than cowards, who have killed themselves to avoid misery. Rebus in adversis facile est contemnere mortem: Fortiter ille facit, qui miser esse potest. (Martial) The civil laws deny suicides the rites of burial, as they are also guilty of a crime against the state, which they deprive of their labours. They unjustly abandon what God has only committed to their care. Saul seems to have been afraid of receiving any insult himself, rather than to have been desirous of preventing the blasphemies of the infidels against God, as the Jews pretend. He gave no signs of repentance, and the spirit of God pronounces his condemnation. So Saul died for his iniquities, because he transgressed; (Calmet; Hebrew and Septuagint, in his iniquities, by which he prevaricated. Tirinus)...and moreover consulted also a witch, and trusted not in the Lord: therefore he slew him, 1 Paralipomenon 10:13, 14. Saul prefigured those, who having yielded to temptations, persist and die in their evil ways. (St. Gregory) (Worthington)
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Haydock
His men. 1 Paralipomenon 10:6., his house fell together. The hopes of his family were at an end, (Haydock) though Isboseth, Abner, and some few survived him, (Menochius) who had fled, (Calmet) or had not been in the engagement. (Haydock)
31:7
Menochius
Beyond, or about "the passage" or fords of the Jordan, as the Hebrew means. (Menochius)
The Philistines did not pursue after them, as God set bounds to their ambition. It might otherwise have proved very fatal to his people, who were now so much divided and terrified. In the parallel passage, in Chronicles, it is only said, When the men....that dwelt in the plains (of Jezrahel) saw this, they fled, 1 Paralipomenon 10:7. The Philistines seized the abandoned cities, particularly Bethsan, (ver. 10.; Haydock) which had been retained by the Chanaanites in the days of the judges, and which David took back, Judges 1:27., and 3 Kings 4:12.
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Head, as David had treated that of Goliath, 1 Kings 17:54.
31:10
Astaroth. The like custom was observed by the Hebrew, (chap. 21:9,) and by the Greeks and Romans, (Calmet) to acknowledge that victory was granted by God. The Philistines insulted Saul's body, and blasphemed the true God, as much as if they had taken the king alive. He only avoided the mortification of hearing them while he was forced to attend to the furies below.
Haydock
Body, with those of his three sons, ver. 12. (Haydock)
31:11
Calmet
Jabes, in gratitude for the deliverance which he had procured for them, 1 Kings 11:11. (Calmet)
Worthington
They are also deserving of praise for shewing mercy to the dead, as well as for their bravery. (Worthington)
31:12
Burnt them, or the flesh, reserving the ashes and bones to be buried, as was customary among the Greeks (Homer, ps.) and Romans: -----Sed caenam funeris hoeres Negliget iratus quod rem curtaveris; urnae Ossa inodora dabit. (Persius. vi.) See Amos 6:10. Jonathan insinuates, that they burnt over the bodies aromatic spices.
31:13
Wood. 1 Paralipomenon 10:12., under the oak.
Salien
Days, at their own option. David fasted one day, (Calmet) as he did for Abner. (Salien)
Calmet
There was no obligation of mourning for the kings, though it is probable that those near the royal city, would shew this mark of attention to the deceased monarch. See Jeremias 34:5., and 2 Paralipomenon 35:25. The usual term of mourning was seven days, Ecclesiasticus 22:13. (Calmet)
Haydock
It is very difficult to ascertain the length of Saul's reign. Sanctius and Tirinus allow him only 2 years; Petau 12; Calvisius 15; Salien 18; Bucholeer, and probably Josephus 20, though most copies of the latter have 38; St. Augustine, Serarius, Usher, etc., 40, which is the term mentioned [in] Acts 13:20. But most chronologers suppose that the time of Samuel's administration is there also included. (Haydock)
Sulpitius thinks that Saul only "reigned a very short time," as "the ark was brought to Cariathiarim before he appeared on the throne, and was removed by David, after it had been there twenty years."
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THE SECOND BOOK OF SAMUEL, OTHERWISE CALLED THE SECOND BOOK OF KINGS
This Book relates the transactions from the death of Saul until the end of David’s reign, being a history for the space of about forty-six years.
31:4
Saul killing himself after that he was wounded 〈◊〉 his enimies signifieth those that being ouercome by tentations desperatly persist, & wilfully die in their sinne. S. Greg. ••o 10
31:11
These men are cōmendable for gratitude towards Saul, who had deliuered them. ch. 11. for a vvorke of mercie in burying the dead: for pietie towards their king and princes, and for fortitude in atchiuing so heroical an act.
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2. PERCUSSERUNT JONATHAM ET ABINADAB, ET MELCHISUA FILIOS SAUL. — Id Dei consilio factum, ut, omnibus filiis Saulis occisis, Davidi viam ad regnum complanaret et sterneret: nam Isboseth quartus Saulis filius, domi desidens minus videbatur bellicosus, et regno tot bellis implicito inidoneus.
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4. ET IRRUIT SUPER EUM. — Hinc patet Saulem seipsum occidisse. Negat hoc Josephus et R. Levi; verum hae sunt fabulae in honorem Saulis confictae. Clare enim Hebraea, Septuaginta, Chaldaea et Latina aiunt Saulem irruendo in gladium mortuum fuisse. Justum fuit hoc Dei judicium, ut Saul gladium quem injuste strinxerat in Davidem, converteret in seipsum, uti fecit Nero eodem anno, quo SS. Petrum et Paulum occiderat, imo eodem mense junio recurrente occidens seipsum. «Gladio, inquit Hugo, quo Amalecitis contra praeceptum Domini pepercerat cap. xv, merito seipsum occidit; si qui potestate pro communi utilitate accepta, aut non utitur, aut abutitur suo se nimirum gladio confodit.» Unde et coram Amalecita cui pepercerat, occidit se, et Amalecites ipsi diadema abstulit, tulitque ad Davidem, ut dicetur cap. seq. Ita tropologice in hora mortis passiones et vitia, quae in vita occidere et mortificare negligis, te affligent, tibique decus, pacem vitamque praesentem et aeternam auferent; hi enim sunt nostri Amalecitae.
An Saul Peccaverit Se Occidendo? Quaeres, an Saul peccaverit se occidendo? Negant, imo Saulem ab animi magnitudine laudant Josephus et Rabbini. Sic Cato se occidit, ne victus in manus Julii Caesaris veniret, quem idcirco laudat Seneca. Verum hanc sententiam damnat fides orthodoxa, quin et melioris notae Philosophi, ut Plato in Phaedone, et Aristoteles. Ratio est, quia homo non est dominus vitae suae, sed Deus; ergo illam sibi, imo Deo eripere nequit. Secundo, quia Deus animam et vitam nobis dedit in custodiam, ut ejus usura ad Dei obsequium et laudem utamur. Tertio, quia Deus cuique statuit diem et modum tam nascendi, quam moriendi. Quarto, quia quinto Decalogi praecepto: «Non occides,» tam, imo magis vetatur ne quis occidat seipsum, quam alium. Quinto, quia occidens se facit injuriam Reipublicae. Vide S. Augustinum, lib. I De Civitate Dei: «Hoc dicimus, hoc asserimus: neminem spontaneam mortem sibi inferre debere velut fugiendo molestias temporales, ne incidat in perpetuas. Neminem propter aliena peccata. Neminem propter sua peccata praeterita, propter quae magis hac vita opus est, ut possint poenitendo sanari. Neminem velut desiderio vitae melioris, quae post mortem speratur, quia reos suae mortis, melior post mortem vita non suscipit.» Porro quod Saul, Cato et similes se occiderint ad vitandam servitutem vel infamiam, indicium fuit animi non fortis et magni, sed mollis et pusillanimis. Neque ignominiam Philistinorum evasit Saul; nam mortuo ejus cadaveri illuserunt, ut patet vers. 9 et 10; imo caput Saulis praecisum in templo Dagon quasi anathema suspenderunt.
An Saul Sit Damnatus? Quaeres, an Saul sit damnatus? Hebraei et Lyranus negant, censentque eum poenituisse et esse salvatum. Verum alii passim damnatum asserunt, ac nominatim Eucherius, Beda, Rupertus, Abulensis, Dionysius, Cajetanus, Serarius, Salianus, et S. Bernardus. Ratio est, quia mortuus est in peccato magiae, qua paulo ante conflictum Pythonissam consuluerat, imo in flagranti delicto quo seipsum occidit, ut paenitendi nec animum, nec tempus habuerit. Quare cum Achitophel et Juda damnatus videtur. Secus est de Jonatha, qui per omnem vitam praeclare se gessit, pugnando pro Israelitis, et Davidem contra Saulem tuendo, ac mortuus est in actu meritorio, praeliendo scilicet pro patria; unde salvatus videtur. Haec omnia confirmantur ex I Paralip. x, 13, ubi dicitur: «Mortuus est ergo Saul propter iniquitates suas, eo quod praevaricatus sit mandatum Domini, quod praeceperat, et non custodierit illud; sed insuper etiam Pythonissam consuluerit, nec speraverit in Domino; propter quod interfecit eum, et transtulit regnum ejus ad David filium Isai.» Pius et felix exstitit initio regni, sed impius et infelix in exitu; ut posteris esset in exemplum et speculum, quod omnes, sed praesertim reges et principes crebro intuerentur.
31:5
5. QUOD CUM VIDISSET ARMIGER EJUS. — Fabulantur Hebraei armigerum hunc Saulis fuisse Doeg Idumeum, de quo cap. xxii, 18.
31:11
11. QUOD CUM AUDISSENT HABITATORES JABES GALAAD, TULERUNT CADAVER SAUL. — Hoc fecerunt Sauli gratitudinis ergo: Saul enim eos liberarat a Naas rege Ammon, cap. xi, vers. 1.
31:12
ET COMBUSSERUNT EA. — Hebraei enim regum suorum cadavera comburebant, ne, dum pompa funeris regii multis diebus paratur, illa insepulta putrescerent. Hic ergo cadaver Saulis ante triduum occisi, ideoque foetentis, combusserunt, ac deinde ossa reliqua in nemore sepelierunt. Sic cadaver Asa regis cum aromatibus combusserunt, II Paralip. xvi, 14.
31:13
13. ET JEJUNAVERUNT SEPTEM DIEBUS — non tantum ob dolorem et luctum, sed etiam ut Saulis animae suffragarentur; nesciebant enim ipsum se occidisse et mortuum in peccato mortali, sed bene pieque de ejus salute sperabant. Ita Beda, qui et addit: «Hoc etiam modo pium Christianorum genus deflet eos qui, repugnantes daemonibus, labuntur in saeculo, quod est lubricum; Gelboe enim montes interpretantur lubrici montes.»
Synchronismus cum Historia Profana Quoad Synchronismum historiae profanae, sub Samuele et Saule regnavit Athenis Codrus, qui ex oraculo audiens Athenienses in praelio fore victores, si ipse in eo occumberet, pro patria se morti caedique obtulit, itaque victoriam et imperium sua morte sancivit; tunc quoque desiit regnum Sicionium et Mycenaeum, coepitque Corinthium. Ita Eusebius in Chronic. Mortuus est Saul biennio post Samuelem, ait Clemens Alexandrinus, Beda, Josephus, Abulensis, Salianus et alii.
31:1
IEZRAEL (« DIO SEMINA », ALLUSIONE ALLA FERTILITÀ DEL SUOLO)
IEZRAEL (« Dio semina », allusione alla fertilità del suolo). - Città del territorio di Issachar (Ios. 19, 18), munita di mura, torri e porte (II Reg. 9, 17; 10, 8) ai piedi del monte Gelboe e non lungi da Bethsan (I Sam. 31, 1, 10).
SAUL (EBR. ŠĀ'ŪL « OTTENUTO CON LA PREGHIERA »)
… l'ombra di Samuele, che predisse la sconfitta (ibid. 28, 8-23). Il giorno dopo Israele fu sgominato dai Filistei ad Aphec sul Gelboe, e con molti altri caddero 3 figli di S. (Gionata, Abinadab, Melchisua); S. si gettò sulla sua lancia (ibid. 29, 1; 31, 1-13). David lo pianse molto (II Sam. 1, 1-27). Un altro figlio di S. Isboseth (v.), sostenuto da Abner, regnerà poi due anni su Israele.
31:7
Nodo della strada che allacciavano gli Imperi di Oriente a quelli d'Occidente, essa fu sempre un campo preferito di battaglia, con i ricordi delle celebri vittorie di Thatmosia III, di Barac (Iud. 4, 5), di Gedeone (Iud. 7, 1), dei Filistei contro re Saul (I Sam. 31, 7),
31:8
BETHSAN (EBR. BETH-ŠĒ'AN O BETH-ŠĀN; SETTANTA ΒΑΤΘΆΓ, ΒΗΘΆΓ, ARABO BEJĀN)
Benché nel territorio di Issachar, fu assegnata alla tribù di Manasse (Jos. 17, 11), ma non poté essere espugnata (ibid. 17, 12, 16; Iudc. 1, 27). Alla morte di Saul sembra essere in mano ai Filistei, i quali appesero il cadavere di Saul e dei suoi tre figli alle mura di B. (I Sam. 31, 8-12; II Sam. 21, 12). Sotto Salomone appare annessa al regno d'Israele, e forma parte della quinta prefettura insieme a Megiddo e Ta'annak (I Reg. 4, 12). All'epoca ellenistica fu …
31:10
ASCALON (EBR. 'ALQELÔN; ASSIR. ASQALÂNA; EGIZ. ASQALNA; ODIERNO ARAB. HIRBET 'ASQALÂN)
… Era dedita al culto della divinità ittiomorfa Derceto (Atargatis) e di Astarte (Erodoto, I, 105); forse il tempio di Astarte, di cui si parla in I Sam. 31, 10, era ad A. Dopo la conquista di Alessandro, divenne centro di cultura ellenistica (da ricordare il filosofo Antioco, maestro di Cicerone). …
… Anche i Filistei resero culto alla dea, come dimostra il tempio di A. a Betan, nel quale furono collocate le armi di Saul ucciso nella battaglia di Gelboe (I Sam. 31, 10). Ebbe culto anche presso i Moabiti, come si rileva dalla colonna del re Mesa, nella quale (rigo 17) occorre il nome 'Aštart-Kemof. …
starte (cf. I Sam. 31, 10), e a Ascaron quello di Baalzebub (aram. …
31:11
… Eccezionale e dovuta ad influssi stranieri l'imbalanza (cf. per Giuseppe: Gen. 50, 25) e la cremazione dovuta a circostanze contingenti (cf. per Saulle e i suoi figli: I Sam. 31, 11-13; per una grave pestilenza: Am. 6, 10).
1. Città israelita transgiordanica, detta comunemente I.-Galaad (Iudc. 21, 8. 10. 12. 41; I Sam. 11, 1. 9; 31, 11; II Sam. 2, 4. 5; 21, 12; I Par. 10, 11), talora solo I. (I Sam. 11, 3. 5. 18 ecc.).
31:13
… gli abitanti di I. si fecero un dovere di ritirare sollecitamente il cadavere di quest'ultimo, decapitato e sospeso dai Filistei sulle mura di Bethsan, e poi di cremarlo e di seppellirlo insieme a quelli dei suoi figli, sotto un albero ben noto a I. (I Sam. 31, 13; I Par. 10, 12).
Douay-Rheims (Challoner) · Vulgata Clementina · Douay-Rheims originale (Douai 1609-10), trascrizione EEBO-TCP (CC0) · La Sacra Bibbia, tradotta dalla Volgata da Antonio Martini (1769-1781) (LaParola (laparola.net), Martini OSIS text, Public domain (LaParola's electronic edition marks it 'Dominio pubblico')). Pubblico dominio.