Lectures or Tractates on the Gospel According to St. John 4
4 Chapter I. 19–33 PL 35, 1406
You have very often heard, holy brethren, and you know well, that John the Baptist, in proportion as he was greater than those born of women, and was more humble in his acknowledgment of the Lord, obtained the grace of being the friend of the Bridegroom; zealous for the Bridegroom, not for himself; not seeking his own honor, but that of his Judge, whom as a herald he preceded. Therefore, to the prophets who went before, it was granted to predict concerning Christ; but to this man, to point Him out with the finger. For as Christ was unknown by those who did not believe the prophets before He came, He remained unknown to them even when present. For He had come humbly and concealed from the first; the more concealed in proportion as He was more humble: but the people, despising in their pride the humility of God, crucified their Saviour, and made Him their condemner.
2. But will not He who at first came con cealed, because humble, come again manifested, because exalted? You have just listened to the Psalm: “God shall come manifestly, and our God shall not keep silence.” He was silent that He might be judged, He will not be silent when He begins to judge. It would not have been said, “He will come manifestly,” unless at first He had come concealed; nor would it have been said, “He shall not keep silence,” unless He had first kept silence. How was He silent? Interrogate Isaiah: “He was brought as a sheep to the slaughter, and as a lamb before his shearer was dumb, so He opened not His mouth.” “But He shall come manifestly, and shall not keep silence.” In what manner “manifestly”? “A fire shall go before Him, and round about Him a strong tempest.” That tempest has to carry away all the chaff from the floor, which is now being threshed; and the fire has to burn what the tempest carries away. But now He is silent; silent in judgment, but not silent in precept. For if Christ is silent, what is the purpose of these Gospels? what the purpose of the voices of the apostles, what of the canticles of the Psalms, what of the declarations of the prophets? In all these Christ is not silent. But now He is silent in not taking vengeance: He is not silent in not giving warning. But He will come in glory to take vengeance, and will manifest Himself even to all who do not believe on Him. But now, because when present He was concealed, it behoved that He should be despised. For unless He had been despised, He would not have been crucified; if He had not been crucified, He would not have shed His blood—the price by which He redeemed us. But that He might give a price for us, He was crucified; that He might be crucified, He was despised; that He might be despised, He appeared in humility.
3. Yet because He appeared as it were in the night, in a mortal body, He lighted for Himself a lamp by which He might be seen. That lamp was John, concerning whom you lately heard many things: and the present passage of the evangelist contains the words of John; in the first place, and it is the chief point, his confession that he was not the Christ. But so great was the excellence of John, that men might have believed him to be the Christ: and in this he gave a proof of his humility, that he said he was not when he might have been believed to have been the Christ; therefore, “This is the testimony of John, when the Jews sent priests and Levites to him from Jerusalem to ask him, Who art thou?” But they would not have sent unless they had been moved by the excellence of his authority who ventured to baptize. “And he confessed, and denied not.” What did he confess? “And he confessed, I am not the Christ.”
4. “And they asked him, What then? Art thou Elias?” For they knew that Elias was to precede Christ. For to no Jew was the name of Christ unknown. They did not think that he was the Christ; but they did not think that Christ would not come at all. When they were hoping that He would come, they were offended at Him when He was present, and stumbled at Him as on a low stone. For He was as yet a small stone, already indeed cut out of the mountain without hands; as saith Daniel the prophet, that he saw a stone cut out of the mountain without hands. But what follows? “And that stone,” saith he “grew and became a great mountain and filled the whole face of the earth.” Mark then, my beloved brethren, what I say: Christ, before the Jews, was already cut out from the mountain. The prophet wishes that by the mountain should be understood the Jewish kingdom. But the kingdom of the Jews had not filled the whole face of the earth. The stone was cut out from thence, because from thence was the Lord born on His advent among men. And wherefore without hands? Because without the cooperation of man did the Virgin bear Christ. Now then was that stone cut out without hands before the eyes of the Jews; but it was humble. Not without reason; because not yet had that stone increased and filled the whole earth: that He showed in His kingdom, which is the Church, with which He has filled the whole face of the earth. Because then it had not yet increased, they stumbled at Him as at a stone: and that happened in them which is written, “Whosoever shall fall upon that stone shall be broken; but on whomsoever that stone shall fall, it will grind them to powder.” At first they fell upon Him lowly: as the lofty One He shall come upon them; but that He may grind them to powder when He comes in His exaltation, He first broke them in His lowliness. They stumbled at Him, and were broken; they were not ground, but broken: He will come exalted and will grind them. But the Jews were to be pardoned because they stumbled at a stone which had not yet increased. What sort of persons are those who stumble at the mountain itself? Already you know who they are of whom I speak. Those who deny the Church diffused through the whole world, do not stumble at the lowly stone, but at the mountain itself: because this the stone became as it grew. The blind Jews did not see the lowly stone: but how great blindness not to see the mountain!
5. They saw Him then lowly, and did not know Him. He was pointed out to them by a lamp. For in the first place he, than whom no greater had arisen of those born of women, said, “I am not the Christ.” It was said to him, “Art thou Elias? He answered, I am not.” For Christ sends Elias before Him: and he said, “I am not,” and occasioned a question for us. For it is to be feared lest men, insufficiently understanding, think that John contradicted what Christ said. For in a certain place, when the Lord Jesus Christ said certain things in the Gospel regarding Himself, His disciples answered Him: “How then say the scribes,” that is, those skilled in the law, “that Elias must first come?” And the Lord said, “Elias is already come, and they have done unto him what they listed;” and, if you wish to know, John the Baptist is he. The Lord Jesus Christ said, “Elias is already come, and John the Baptist” is he; but John, being interrogated, confessed that he was not Elias, in the same manner that he confessed that he was not Christ. And as his confession that he was not Christ was true, so was his confession that he was not Elias. How then shall we compare the words of the herald with the words of the Judge? Away with the thought that the herald speaks falsehood; for that which he speaks he hears from the Judge. Wherefore then did he say, “I am not Elias;” and the Lord, “He is Elias”? Because the Lord Jesus Christ wished in him to prefigure His own advent, and to say that John was in the spirit of Elias. And what John was to the first advent, that will Elias be to the second advent. As there are two advents of the Judge, so are there two heralds. The Judge indeed was the same, but the heralds two, but not two judges. It was needful that in the first instance the Judge should come to be judged. He sent before Him His first herald; He called him Elias, because Elias will be in the second advent what John was in the first.
6. For mark, beloved brethren, how true it is what I say. When John was conceived, or rather when he was born, the Holy Spirit prophesied that this would be fulfilled in him: “And he shall be,” he said, “the forerunner of the Highest, in the spirit and power of Elias.” What signifieth “in the spirit and power of Elias”? In the same Holy Spirit in the room of Elias. Wherefore in room of Elias? Because what Elias will be to the second, that John was to the first advent. Rightly therefore, speaking literally, did John reply. For the Lord spoke figuratively, “Elias, the same is John:” but he, as I have said, spoke literally when he said, “I am not Elias.” Neither did John speak falsely, nor did the Lord speak falsely; neither was the word of the herald nor of the Judge false, if only thou understand. But who shall understand? He who shall have imitated the lowliness of the herald, and shall have acknowledged the loftiness of the Judge. For nothing was more lowly than the herald. My brethren, in nothing had John greater merit than in this humility, inasmuch as when he was able to deceive men, and to be thought Christ, and to have been received in the place of Christ (for so great were his grace and his excellency), nevertheless he openly confessed and said, “I am not the Christ.” “Art thou Elias?” If he had said I am Elias, it would have been as if Christ were already coming in His second advent to judge, not in His first to be judged. As if saying, Elias is yet to come, “I am not,” said he, “Elias.” But give heed to the lowly One before whom John came, that you may not feel the lofty One before whom Elias came. For thus also did the Lord complete the saying: “John the Baptist is he which is to come.” He came as a figure of that in which Elias is to come in his own person. Then Elias will in his own proper person be Elias, now in similitude he was John. Now John in his own proper person is John, in similitude Elias. The two heralds gave to each other their similitudes, and kept their own proper persons; but the Judge is one Lord, whether preceded by this herald or by that.
7. “And they asked him, What then? Art thou Elias? And he said, No. And they said unto him, Art thou a prophet? and he answered, No! They said therefore unto him, Who art thou? that we may give an answer to them that sent us. What sayest thou of thyself? He saith, I am the voice of one crying in the wilderness.” That said Isaiah. This prophecy was fulfilled in John, “I am the voice of one crying in the wilderness.” Crying what? “Prepare ye the way of the Lord, make straight the paths of our God.” Would it not have seemed to you that a herald would have cried, “Go away, make room.” Instead of the herald’s cry “Go away,” John says “Come.” The herald makes men stand back from the judge; to the Judge John calls. Yes, indeed, John calls men to the lowly One, that they may not experience what He will be as the exalted Judge. “I am the voice of one crying in the wilderness, Prepare ye the way of the Lord, as said the prophet Isaiah.” He did not say, I am John, I am Elias, I am a prophet. But what did he say? This I am called, “The voice of one crying in the wilderness, Prepare the way for the Lord: I am the prophecy itself.”
8. “And they which were sent were of the Pharisees,” that is, of the chief men among the Jews; “and they asked him and said unto him, Why baptizest thou then, if thou be not the Christ, nor Elias, nor a prophet?” As if it seemed to them audacity to baptize, as if they meant to inquire, in what character baptizest thou? We ask whether thou art the Christ; thou sayest that thou art not. We ask whether thou perchance art His precursor, for we know that before the advent of Christ, Elias will come; thou answerest that thou art not. We ask, if perchance thou art some herald come long before, that is, a prophet, and hast received that power, and thou sayest that thou art not a prophet. And John was not a prophet; he was greater than a prophet. The Lord gave such testimony concerning him: “What went ye out into the wilderness to see? A reed shaken with the wind?” Of course implying that he was not shaken by the wind; because John was not such an one as is moved by the wind; for he who is moved by the wind is blown upon by every seductive blast. “But what went ye out for to see? A man clothed in soft raiment?” For John was clothed in rough garments; that is, his tunic was of camel’s hair. “Behold, they who are clothed in soft raiment are in kings’ houses.” You did not then go out to see a man clothed in soft raiment. “But what went ye out for to see? A prophet? Yea, I say unto you, one greater than a prophet is here;” for the prophets prophesied of Christ a long time before, John pointed Him out as present.
9. “Why baptizest thou then, if thou be not the Christ, nor Elias, nor a prophet? John answered them, saying, I baptize with water; but there standeth One among you whom ye know not.” For, very truly, He was not seen, being humble, and therefore was the lamp lighted. Observe how John gives place, who might have been accounted other than he was. “He it is who cometh after me, who is made before me” (that is, as we have already said, is “preferred before me”), whose shoe’s latchet I am not worthy to unloose.” How greatly did he humble himself! And therefore he was greatly lifted up; for he that humbleth himself shall be exalted. Hence, holy brethren, you ought to note that if John so humbled himself as to say, “I am not worthy to unloose His shoe-latchet,” what need they have to be humbled who say, “We baptize; what we give is ours, and what is ours is holy.” He said, Not I, but He; they say, We. John is not worthy to unloose His shoe’s latchet; and if he had said he was worthy, how humble would he still have been! And if he had said he was worthy, and had spoken thus, “He came after me who is made before me, the latchet of whose shoe I am only worthy to unloose,” he would have greatly humbled himself. But when he says that he is not worthy even to do this, truly was he full of the Holy Spirit, who in such fashion as a servant acknowledged his Lord, and merited to be made a friend instead of a servant.
10. “These things were done in Bethany, beyond Jordan, where John was baptizing. The next day John saw Jesus coming unto him, and saith, Behold the Lamb of God; behold Him who taketh away the sin of the world!” Let no one so arrogate to himself as to say that he taketh away the sin of the world. Give heed now to the proud men at whom John pointed the finger. The heretics were not yet born, but already were they pointed out; against them he then cried from the river, against whom he now cries from the Gospel. Jesus comes, and what says he? “Behold the Lamb of God!” If to be innocent is to be a lamb, then John was a lamb, for was not he innocent? But who is innocent? To what extent innocent? All come from that branch and shoot, concerning which David sings, even with groanings, “Behold, I was shapen in iniquity; and in sin did my mother conceive me.” Alone, then, was He, the Lamb who came, not so. For He was not conceived in iniquity, because not conceived of mortality; nor did His mother conceive Him in sin, whom the Virgin conceived, whom the Virgin brought forth; because by faith she conceived, and by faith received Him. Therefore, “Behold the Lamb of God.” He is not a branch derived from Adam: flesh only did he derive from Adam, Adam’s sin He did not assume. He who took not upon Him sin from our lump, He it is who taketh away our sin. “Behold the Lamb of God, who taketh away the sin of the world!”
11. You know that certain men say sometimes, We take away sin from men, we who are holy; for if he be not holy who baptizeth, how taketh he away the sin of another, when he is a man himself full of sin? In opposition to these disputations, let us not speak our own words, let us read what John says: “Behold the Lamb of God; behold Him who taketh away the sin of the world!” Let there not be presumptuous confidence of men upon men: let not the sparrow flee to the mountains, but let it trust in the Lord; and if it lift its eyes to the mountains, from whence cometh aid to it, let it understand that its aid is from the Lord who made heaven and earth. So great is the excellence of John, that to him it is said, “Art thou the Christ?” He says, No. Art thou Elias? He says, No. Art thou a prophet? He says, No. Wherefore then dost thou baptize? “Behold the Lamb of God; behold Him who taketh away the sin of the world! This is He of whom I spake, After me cometh a Man who was made before me; for He was before me.” “Cometh after me,” because He was born later; “was made before me,” because preferred before me; “He was before me,” because, “In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.”
12. “And I knew Him not,” he said; “but that He might be made manifest to Israel, therefore came I baptizing with water. And John bare record, saying, I saw the Spirit descending from heaven like a dove, and it abode upon Him. And I knew Him not: but He that sent me to baptize with water, the same said unto me, Upon whom thou shalt see the Spirit descending, and abiding upon Him, the same is He who baptizeth with the Holy Ghost. And I saw, and bare record that this is the Son of God.” Give heed for a little, beloved. When did John learn Christ? For he was sent to baptize with water. They asked, Wherefore? That He might be made manifest to Israel, he said. Of what profit was the baptism of John? My brethren, if it had profited in any respect, it would have remained now, and men would have been baptized with the baptism of John, and thus have come to the baptism of Christ. But what saith he? “That He might be made manifest to Israel,”—that is, to Israel itself, to the people Israel, so that Christ might be made manifest to it,—therefore he came baptizing with water. John received the ministry of baptism, that by the water of repentance he might prepare the way for the Lord, not being himself the Lord; but where the Lord was known, it was superfluous to prepare for Him the way, for to those who knew Him He became Himself the way; therefore the baptism of John did not last long. But how was the Lord pointed out? Lowly, that John might so receive a baptism in which the Lord Himself should be baptized.
13. And was it needful for the Lord to be baptized? I instantly reply to any one who asks this question: Was it needful for the Lord to be born? Was it needful for the Lord to be crucified? Was it needful for the Lord to die? Was it needful for the Lord to be buried? If He undertook for us so great humiliation, might He not also receive baptism? And what profit was there that he received the baptism of a servant? That thou mightest not disdain to receive the baptism of the Lord. Give heed, beloved brethren. Certain catechumens were to arise in the Church of higher grace. It sometimes comes to pass that you see a catechumen who practises continence, bids farewell to the world, renounces all his possessions, distributing them to the poor; and although but a catechumen, instructed in the saving doctrine better, perhaps, than many of the faithful. It is to be feared regarding such an one that he may say to himself about holy baptism, whereby sins are remitted, What more shall I receive? Behold, I am better than this faithful man, and this,—having in his mind those among the faithful who are either married, or who are perhaps ignorant, or who keep possession of their property, while he has given his to the poor,—and considering himself better than those who have been already baptized, he deigns not to come to baptism, saying, Am I to receive what this man has, and this thinking of persons whom he despises, and, as it were, considers it an indignity to receive that which inferiors have received, because he appears to himself to be already better than they; and, nevertheless, all his sins are upon him, and without coming to saving baptism, wherein all sins are remitted, he cannot, with all his excellence, enter into the kingdom of heaven. But the Lord, in order to invite such excellence to his baptism, that sins might be remitted, Himself came to the baptism of His servant; and although He had no sin to be remitted, nor was there anything in Him that needed to be washed, He received baptism from a servant; and by so doing, addressed Himself to the son carrying himself proudly, and exalting himself, and disdaining, perhaps, to receive along with the ignorant that from which salvation comes to him, and said to him: How dost thou extend thyself? How dost thou exalt thyself? How great is thy excellence? How great is thy grace? Can it be greater than mine? If I come to the servant, dost thou disdain to come to the Lord? If I have received the baptism of the servant, dost thou disdain to be baptized by the Lord?
14. But that you may know, my brethren, that not from a necessity of any chain of sin did the Lord come to this John, as the other evangelists say when the Lord came to him to be baptized, John himself said, “Comest Thou to me? I have need to be baptized of Thee.” What did He reply to him? “Suffer it to be so now: let all righteousness be fulfilled?” What meaneth this, “let all righteousness be fulfilled”? I came to die for men, have I not to be baptized for men? What meaneth “let all righteousness be fulfilled”? Let all humility be fulfilled. What then? Was not He to accept baptism from a good servant who accepted suffering at the hands of evil servants? Give heed then. The Lord being baptized, if John for this end baptized, that by means of his baptism the Lord might manifest His humility, should no one else have been baptized with the baptism of John? But many were baptized with the baptism of John. When the Lord was baptized with the baptism of John, the baptism of John ceased. John was forthwith cast into prison. Afterwards we do not find that any one is baptized with that baptism. If, then, John came baptizing for this end, that the humility of the Lord might be made manifest to us, in order that we might not disdain to receive from the Lord that which the Lord had received from a servant, should John have baptized the Lord alone? But if John had baptized the Lord alone, some would have thought that the baptism of John was more holy than that of Christ: as if Christ alone had been found worthy to be baptized with the baptism of John, but the human race with that of Christ. Give heed, beloved brethren. With the baptism of Christ we have been baptized, and not only we, but the whole world, and this will continue to the end. Which of us can in any respect be compared with Christ, whose shoe’s latchet John declared himself unworthy to unloose? If, then, the Christ, a man of such excellence, a man who is God, had been alone baptized with the baptism of John, what were men likely to say? What a baptism was that of John! His was a great baptism, an ineffable sacrament; behold, Christ alone deserved to be baptized with the baptism of John. And thus the baptism of the servant would appear greater than the baptism of the Lord. Others were also baptized with the baptism of John, that the baptism of John might not appear better than the baptism of Christ; but baptized also was the Lord, that through the Lord receiving the baptism of the servant, other servants might not disdain to receive the baptism of the Lord: for this end, then, was John sent.
15. But did he know Christ, or did he not know Him? If he did not know Him, wherefore did He say, when Christ came to the river, “I have need to be baptized of Thee”? that is to say, I know who Thou art. If, then, he already knew Him, assuredly he knew Him when he saw the dove descending. It is evident that the dove did not descend upon the Lord until after He went up out of the water of baptism. “The Lord having been baptized, went up out of the water, and the heavens were opened, and he saw a dove descending on Him.” If, then, the dove descended after the baptism, and if, before the Lord was baptized, John said to Him, “Comest Thou to me? I have need to be baptized of Thee;” that is to say, before he knew Him to whom he said, “Comest Thou to me? I have need to be baptized of Thee;”—how then said he, “And I knew Him not: but He who sent me to baptize with water, the same said to me, Upon whom thou seest the Spirit descending as a dove, and abiding upon Him, the same is He which baptizeth with the Holy Ghost?” It is not an insignificant question, my brethren. If you have seen the question, you have seen not a little; it remains that the Lord give the solution of it. This, however, I say, if you have seen the question, it is no small matter. Behold, John is placed before your eyes, standing beside the river. Behold John the Baptist. Behold, the Lord comes, as yet to be baptized, not yet baptized. Hear the voice of John, “Comest Thou to me? I have need to be baptized of Thee.” Behold, already he knew the Lord, by whom He wishes to be baptized. The Lord, having been baptized, goes up out of the water; the heavens are opened, the Spirit descends; then John knows Him. If then for the first time he knew Him, why did he say before, “I have need to be baptized of Thee”? But if he did not then recognize Him for the first time, because he knew Him already, what is the meaning of what he said, “I knew Him not: but He that sent me to baptize with water, the same said unto me, Upon whom thou shalt see the Spirit descending, and abiding upon Him, as a dove, the same is He which baptizeth with the Holy Ghost”?
16. My brethren, this question if solved today would oppress you, I do not doubt, for already have I spoken many words. But know that the question is of such a character that alone it is able to extinguish the party of Donatus. I have said thus much, my beloved, in order to gain your attention, as is my wont; and also in order that you may pray for us, that the Lord may grant to us to speak what is suitable, and that you may be found worthy to receive what is suitable. In the meantime, be pleased to defer the question for to-day. But in the meantime, I say this briefly, until I give a fuller solution: Inquire peacefully, without quarreling, without contention, without altercations, without enmities; both seek by yourselves, and inquire of others, and say, “This question our bishop proposed to us to-day, and he will resolve it at a future time, if the Lord will.” But whether it be resolved or not, reckon that I have propounded what appears to me of importance; for it does seem of considerable importance. John says, “I have need to be baptized of Thee,” as if he knew Christ. For if he did not know Him by whom he wished to be baptized, he spoke rashly when he said, “I have need to be baptized of Thee.” Therefore he knew Him. If he knew Him, what is the meaning of the saying, “I knew Him not: but He that sent me to baptize with water, the same said unto me, Upon whom thou shalt see the Spirit descending, and abiding upon Him, as a dove, the same is He which baptizeth with the Holy Ghost”? What shall we say? That we do not know when the dove came? Lest perchance they take refuge in this, let the other evangelists be read, who have spoken of this matter more plainly, and we find most evidently that the dove then descended when the Lord came up out of the water. Upon Him baptized the heavens opened, and He saw the Spirit descending. If it was when He was already baptized that John knew Him, how saith he to Him, coming to baptism, “I have need to be baptized of Thee”? Ponder this in the meantime with yourselves, confer upon it, treat of it, one with another. The Lord our God grant that before you hear it from me, the explanation may be revealed to some of you first. Nevertheless, brethren, know this, that by means of the solution of this question, the allegation of the party of Donatus, if they have any sense of shame, will be silenced, and their mouths will be shut regarding the grace of baptism, a matter about which they raise mists to confuse the uninstructed, and spread nets for flying birds.
Saepissime audivit Sanctitas vestra, et optime nostis, quoniam Joannes Baptista quanto praeclarior erat in natis mulierum, et quanto humilior ad cognoscendum Dominum, tanto meruit esse amicus sponsi; sponso zelans, non sibi; non suum honorem quaerens, sed judicis sui, quem tanquam praeco praeibat. Itaque Prophetis praecedentibus praenuntiare de Christo futura concessum est; huic autem digito ostendere. Sicut enim ignorabatur Christus ab his qui Prophetis non crediderunt antequam veniret, sic ab eis ignorabatur et praesens. Venerat enim humiliter primo et occultus; tanto occultior, quanto humilior: populi autem spernentes per superbiam suam humilitatem Dei, crucifixerunt Salvatorem suum, et fecerunt damnatorem suum.
Sed qui primo venit occultus, quia venit humilis, numquid deinceps non est venturus manifestus, quia excelsus? Audistis modo Psalmum: Deus manifestus veniet, Deus noster et non silebit. Siluit ut judicaretur, non silebit cum coeperit judicare. Non diceretur, manifestus veniet, nisi primo venisset occultus; nec diceretur, non silebit, nisi quia primo siluit. Quomodo siluit? Interroga Isaiam: Sicut ovis ad occisionem ductus est, et sicut agnus coram eo qui se tonderet, fuit sine voce, sic non aperuit os suum . Veniet autem manifestus, et non silebit. Quomodo manifestus? ignis ante eum praeibit, et in circuitu ejus tempestas valida . Tempestas illa tollere habet totam paleam de area, quae modo trituratur; et ignis incendere quod tempestas abstulerit. Modo autem tacet: tacet judicio, sed non tacet praecepto. Si enim tacet Christus, quid sibi volunt haec Evangelia? quid sibi volunt voces apostolicae, quid cantica Psalmorum, quid eloquia Prophetarum? In his enim omnibus Christus non tacet. Sed tacet modo, ut non vindicet: non tacet, ut non moneat. Veniet autem praeclarus in vindictam, et apparebit omnibus, et qui in eum non credunt. Modo vero quia et praesens occultus erat, oportebat ut contemneretur. Nisi enim contemneretur, non crucifigeretur: si non crucifigeretur, non funderet sanguinem, quo pretio nos redemit. Ut autem daret pretium pro nobis, crucifixus est; ut crucifigeretur, contemptus est; ut contemneretur, humilis apparuit.
Tamen quia quasi in nocte apparuit in corpore mortali, lucernam sibi accendit unde videretur. Ipsa lucerna Joannes erat , de quo jam multa audivistis: et praesens lectio Evangelii, verba Joannis continet, primo, quod praecipuum est, confitentis quia non ipse erat Christus. Tanta autem excellentia erat in Joanne, ut posset credi Christus: et in eo probata est humilitas ejus, quia dixit se non esse, cum posset credi esse. Ergo, Hoc est testimonium Joannis, quando miserunt Judaei ab Jerosolymis sacerdotes et Levitas ad eum, ut interrogarent eum, Tu quis es? Non autem mitterent, nisi moverentur excellentia auctoritatis ejus, quia ausus est baptizare. Et confessus est, et non negavit. Quid confessus est? Et confessus est, Quia non sum ego Christus.
Et interrogaverunt eum, Quid ergo? Elias es tu? Noverant enim quia praecessurus erat Elias Christum. Non enim alicui incognitum erat nomen Christi apud Judaeos. Istum non putaverunt esse Christum: non omnino Christum non esse venturum. Cum sperarent venturum, sic offenderunt in praesentem, offenderunt tanquam in humilem lapidem. Lapis enim ille adhuc parvus erat, jam quidem praecisus de monte sine manibus: sicut dicit Daniel propheta, vidisse se lapidem praecisum de monte sine manibus. Sed quid sequitur? Et crevit, inquit, lapis ille, et factus est mons magnus, et implevit universam faciem terrae . Videat ergo Charitas vestra quod dico: Christus ante Judaeos jam praecisus erat de monte. Montem regnum vult intelligi Judaeorum. Sed regnum Judaeorum non impleverat universam faciem terrae. Inde praecisus est ille lapis, quia inde natus est in praesentia Dominus. Et quare sine manibus? Quia sine opere virili Virgo peperit Christum. Jam ergo erat lapis ille praecisus sine manibus, ante oculos Judaeorum: sed humilis erat. Non immerito; quia nondum creverat lapis ille, et impleverat orbem terrarum: quod ostendit in regno suo, quod est Ecclesia, qua implevit totam faciem terrae. Quia ergo nondum creverat, offenderunt in illum tanquam in lapidem: et factum est in eis quod scriptum est, Qui ceciderit super lapidem istum, conquassabitur; et super quos ceciderit lapis ille, conteret eos . Primo super humilem ceciderunt; excelsus super illos venturus est: sed ut eos venturus excelsus conterat, primo eos humilis quassavit. Offenderunt in eum, et quassati sunt; non contriti, sed quassati: veniet excelsus, et conteret eos. Sed ignoscendum est Judaeis, quia offenderunt in lapidem qui nondum creverat. Quales sunt illi qui in ipsum montem offenderunt? Jam de quibus dicam cognoscitis. Qui negant Ecclesiam toto orbe diffusam, non in humilem lapidem, sed in ipsum montem offendunt: quod factus est ille lapis dum cresceret. Caeci Judaei non viderunt humilem lapidem: quanta caecitas est non videre montem?
Ergo viderunt humilem, et non cognoverunt. Demonstrabatur illis per lucernam. Nam primo ille, quo major nemo surrexerat in natis mulierum, dixit, Non sum ego Christus. Dictumque illi est, Numquid tu es Elias? Respondit, non sum. Christus enim praemittit ante se Eliam: et dixit, Non sum, et fecit nobis quaestionem. Timendum est enim ne minus intelligentes, contraria putent Joannem dixisse quam Christus dixit. Quodam enim loco, cum Dominus Jesus Christus in Evangelio quaedam diceret de se, responderunt illi discipuli: Quomodo ergo dicunt Scribae, id est periti Legis, quia Eliam oportet primum venire? Et ait Dominus: Elias jam venit, et fecerunt ei quae voluerunt; et si vultis scire, ipse est Joannes Baptista . Dominus Jesus Christus dixit, Elias jam venit, et ipse est Joannes Baptista: Joannes autem interrogatus sic se confessus est Eliam non esse, quomodo nec Christum esse. Et utique sicut verum confessus est Christum se non esse, sic verum confessus est nec Eliam se esse. Quomodo ergo comparabimus dicta praeconis cum dictis judicis? Absit ut praeco mentiatur: hoc enim loquitur quod audit a judice. Quare ergo ille, Non sum Elias: et Dominus, Ipse est Elias? Quia in eo Dominus Jesus Christus praefigurare voluit futurum adventum suum, et hoc dicere, quia in spiritu Eliae erat Joannes. Et quod erat Joannes ad primum adventum, hoc erit Elias ad secundum adventum. Quomodo duo adventus judicis, sic duo praecones. Judex quidem ipse, praecones autem duo: non duo judices. Oportebat enim judicem primo venire judicandum. Misit ante se primum praeconem, vocavit illum Eliam; quia hoc erit in secundo adventu Elias, quod in primo Joannes.
Namque intendat Charitas vestra quam verum dicam. Quando conceptus est Joannes, vel potius quando natus est, Spiritus sanctus hoc de illo homine implendum prophetavit: Et erit, inquit, praecursor Altissimi, in spiritu et virtute Eliae . Non ergo Elias, sed in spiritu et virtute Eliae. Quid est, in spiritu et virtute Eliae? In eodem Spiritu sancto vice Eliae. Quare vice Eliae? Quia quod Elias secundo, hoc Joannes primo adventui fuit. Recte ergo modo Joannes proprie respondit. Nam Dominus figurate, Elias ipse est Joannes: iste autem, ut dixi, proprie, Non sum ego Elias. Si figuram praecursionis advertas, Joannes ipse est Elias: quod enim ille ad primum adventum, hoc ille ad secundum erit. Si proprietatem personae interroges, Joannes Joannes, Elias Elias; Dominus ergo ad praefigurationem recte, Ipse est Elias: Joannes autem recte ad proprietatem, Non sum Elias. Nec Joannes falsum, nec Dominus falsum: nec praeco falsum, nec Judex falsum; sed si intelligas. Quis autem intelliget? Qui imitatus fuerit humilitatem praeconis, et cognoverit celsitudinem judicis. Nihil enim humilius ipso praecone. Fratres mei, nullum tantum meritum Joannes habuit quam de ista humilitate, quod cum posset fallere homines, et putari Christus, et haberi pro Christo (tantae enim gratiae tantaeque excellentiae fuit), confessus est tamen aperte, et dixit, Non sum ego Christus. Numquid tu Elias es? Jam si diceret, Elias sum; ergo jam in secundo adventu adveniens Christus judicaret, non adhuc in primo judicaretur. Tanquam dicens, Venturus est et Elias; Non sum, inquit, Elias. Sed observate humilem, ante quem venit Joannes, ne sentiatis excelsum ante quem venturus est Elias. Nam et Dominus ita complevit: Ipse est Joannes Baptista qui venturus est. Ipsa praefiguratione venit iste, qua proprietate venturus est Elias. Tunc Elias per proprietatem Elias erit, nunc per similitudinem Joannes erat. Modo Joannes per proprietatem Joannes, per similitudinem Elias est. Ambo praecones sibi dederunt similitudines suas, et tenuerunt proprietates suas: unus autem Dominus judex, sive illo praecone praecedente, sive illo.
Et interrogaverunt eum: Quid ergo? Elias es tu? Et dixit: Non. Et dixerunt ei: Propheta es tu? Et respondit? Non. Dixerunt ergo ei: Quis es tu? ut responsum demus his qui miseruut nos. Quid dicis de teipso? Ait: Ego vox clamantis in deserto. Isaias illud dixit In Joanne prophetia ista impleta est, Ego vox clamantis in deserto. Quid clamantis? Dirigite viam Domini, rectas facite semitas Dei nostri. Non vobis videtur praeconis esse dicere, Exite, facite viam? Nisi quod praeco Exite dicit: Joannes dicit, Venite. A judice repellit praeco, ad judicem vocat Joannes. Imo vocat Joannes ad humilem, ne judex sentiatur excelsus. Ego vox clamantis in deserto, dirigite viam Domini, sicut dixit Isaias propheta. Non dixit, Ego sum Joannes, ego sum Elias, Ego sum propheta. Sed quid dixit? Hoc vocor, Vox clamantis in deserto, Dirigite viam Domino: ego sum ipsa prophetia.
Et qui missi fuerant, erant ex Pharisaeis: id est, ex principibus Judaeorum. Et interrogaverunt, et dixerunt ei: Quid ergo baptizas, si tu non es Christus, neque Elias, neque propheta? Quasi audaciae videbatur esse baptizare, quasi, In qua persona? Quaerimus utrum tu sis Christus; tu dicis te non esse: quaerimus ne forte praecursor illius sis, quia novimus ante Christi adventum venturum esse Eliam; negas te esse: quaerimus ne forte aliquis multum praeveniens praeco es, id est propheta, et accepisti hanc potestatem; nec prophetam te esse dicis. Et non erat propheta Joannes: major erat quam propheta. Dominus de illo tale testimonium dedit: Quid existis in desertum videre? Arundinem vento agitari. Utique, Non vento agitari, subaudis; quia non hoc erat Joannes, quasi qui a vento moveretur: qui enim a vento movetur, circumflatur omni spiritu seductorio. Sed quid existis videre? Hominem mollibus vestitum? Vestiebatur enim Joannes asperis, id est, tunica facta de pilis cameli. Ecce qui mollibus vestiuntur, in domibus regum sunt. Non ergo existis videre hominem mollibus vestitum. Sed quid existis videre? Prophetam? Ita dico vobis, major quam propheta hic : quia prophetae longe ante praenuntiaverunt, Joannes praesentem demonstrabat.
Quid ergo tu baptizas, si tu non es Christus, neque Elias, neque propheta? Respondit eis Joannes, et dixit: Ego baptizo in aqua; medius autem vestrum stetit quem vos nescitis. Humilis enim non videbatur, et propterea lucerna accensa est. Videte quomodo dat locum, qui aliud posset putari. Ipse est qui post me venit, qui ante me factus est. Sicut jam diximus, id est, antepositus est mihi. Cujus ego non sum dignus ut solvam corrigiam calceamenti ejus. Quantum se abjecit? Et ideo multum elevatus est; quoniam qui se humiliat, exaltabitur . Unde debet videre Sanctitas vestra, quia si Joannes sic se humiliavit, ut diceret, Non sum ego dignus corrigiam solvere; quomodo habent humiliari, qui dicunt: Nos baptizamus, nos quod damus nostrum est, et quod nostrum est, sanctum est. Ille dicit, Non ego, sed ille: illi dicunt, Nos. Non est dignus Joannes solvere corrigiam calceamenti ejus: quod si dignum se diceret, quam humilis esset? Et si dignum se diceret, et sic diceret, Ille venit post me, qui ante me factus est, cujus tantummodo corrigiam calceamenti dignus sum solvere; multum se humiliasset. Quando autem nec ad hoc dignum se dicit, vere plenus Spiritu sancto erat, qui sic servus Dominum agnovit, et ex servo amicus fieri meruit.
Haec in Bethania facta sunt trans Jordanem, ubi erat Joannes baptizans. Altera die vidit Joannes Jesum venientem ad se, et ait: Ecce Agnus Dei, ecce qui tollit peccatum mundi. Nemo sibi arroget, et dicat quia ipse auferat peccatum mundi. Jam intendite, contra quos superbos intendebat digitum Joannes. Nondum erant nati haeretici, et jam ostendebantur: contra illos clamabat tunc a fluvio, contra quos modo clamat ex Evangelio. Venit Jesus; et quid dicit ille? Ecce Agnus Dei. Si agnus innocens, et Joannes agnus. An non et ipse innocens? Sed quis innocens? quantum innocens? Omnes ex illa traduce veniunt et ex illa propagine, de qua cantat gemens David: Ego in iniquitate conceptus sum, et in peccatis mater mea in utero me aluit . Solus ergo ille Agnus, qui non sic venit. Non enim in iniquitate conceptus est; quia non de mortalitate conceptus est: nec eum in peccatis mater ejus in utero aluit, quem virgo concepit, virgo peperit; quia fide concepit, et fide suscepit. Ergo ecce Agnus Dei. Non habet iste traducem de Adam: carnem tantum sumpsit de Adam, peccatum non assumpsit. Qui non assumpsit de nostra massa peccatum, ipse est qui tollit nostrum peccatum. Ecce Agnus Dei, ecce qui tollit peccatum mundi.
Nostis quia quidam homines dicunt aliquando: Nos tollimus peccata hominibus, qui sancti sumus: si enim non fuerit sanctus qui baptizat, quomodo tollit peccatum alterius, cum sit homo ipse plenus peccato? Contra istas disputationes verba nostra non dicamus, hunc legamus: Ecce Agnus Dei, ecce qui tollit peccatum mundi. Non sit praesumptio hominibus in homines: non transmigret passer in montes, in Domino confidat ; et si levat oculos in montes, unde veniet auxilium ei, intelligat quia auxilium ejus a Domino, qui fecit coelum et terram . Tantae excellentiae Joannes, dicitur ei, Tu es Christus? Dicit, Non. Tu es Elias? Dicit, Non. Tu es propheta? Dicit, Non. Quare ergo baptizas? Ecce Agnus Dei, ecce qui tollit peccatum mundi: hic est de quo dixi, Post me venit vir qui ante me factus est, quia prior me erat. Post me venit, quia posterius natus est: ante me factus est, quia praelatus est mihi: prior me erat, quia in principio erat Verbum, et Verbum erat apud Deum, et Deus erat Verbum.
« Et ego nesciebam eum, dixit: sed ut manifestaretur Israeli, propterea veni ego in aqua baptizans. Et testimonium perhibuit Joannes, dicens, Quia vidi Spiritum de coelo descendentem quasi columbam, et mansit super eum: et ego nesciebam eum, sed qui me misit baptizare in aqua, ille mihi dixit, Super quem videris Spiritum descendentem et manentem super eum, hic est qui baptizat in Spiritu sancto: et ego vidi, et testimonium perhibui quia hic est Filius Dei. » Intendat modicum Charitas vestra: Joannes quando didicit Christum? Missus est enim ut baptizaret in aqua. Quaesitum est quare? Ut manifestaretur Israeli, dixit. Quid profuit baptismus Joannis? Fratres mei, si profuit aliquid, et modo maneret, et baptizarentur homines baptismo Joannis; et sic venirent ad baptismum Christi. Sed quid ait? Ut manifestaretur Israeli: id est, ipsi Israel, populo Israel ut manifestaretur Christus, venit baptizare in aqua. Accepit ministerium baptismatis Joannes, in aqua poenitentiae parare viam Domino, non existens Dominus: at ubi cognitus est Dominus, superfluo ei via parabatur; quia cognoscentibus se ipse factus est via: itaque non duravit diu baptismus Joannis. Sed quomodo demonstratus est Dominus? Humilis; ut ideo acciperet baptisma Joannes, in quo baptizaretur ipse Dominus.
Et opus erat Domino baptizari? Et ego interrogans cito respondeo: Opus erat Domino nasci? opus erat Domino crucifigi? opus erat Domino mori? opus erat Domino sepeliri? Si ergo tantam suscepit pro nobis humilitatem, baptismum non erat suscepturus? Et quid profuit quia suscepit baptismum servi? Ut tu non dedignareris suscipere baptismum Domini. Intendat Charitas vestra. Futuri erant aliqui in Ecclesia excelsioris gratiae catechumeni. Fit enim aliquando ut videas catechumenum abstinentem ab omni concubitu, valefacientem saeculo, renuntiantem omnibus quae possidebat, distribuentem pauperibus; et catechumenus est, instructus etiam forte doctrina salutari supra multos fideles. Timendum est huic ne dicat apud semetipsum de Baptismate sancto quo peccata dimittuntur: Quid plus accepturus sum? Ecce ego melior sum illo fideli et illo fideli: cogitans fideles aut conjugatos, aut forte idiotas, aut habentes et possidentes res suas, quas ipse distribuit jam pauperibus, et meliorem se esse arbitrans quam ille qui jam baptizatus est, dedignetur venire ad Baptismum, dicens, Hoc sum accepturus quod habet ille et ille; et proponat sibi illos quos contemnit, et quasi sordeat illi hoc accipere quod acceperunt inferiores, quia jam videtur ipse sibi melior: et tamen omnia peccata super illum sunt, et nisi venerit ad salutarem Baptismum, ubi peccata solvuntur, cum omni excellentia sua non potest intrare in regnum coelorum. Sed ut illam excellentiam invitaret. Dominus ad baptismum suum, ut peccata illi dimitterentur, venit ipse ad baptismum servi sui; et cum ipse non haberet quod ei dimitteretur, nec quod in illo lavaretur, suscepit a servo baptismum; et tanquam allocutus est filium superbientem et extollentem se, ac dedignantem forte accipere cum idiotis unde ei possit salus venire, et quasi dicens: Quantum te extendis? quantum extollis? quanta est excellentia tua? quanta gratia tua? major potest esse quam mea? si ego veni ad servum, tu dedignaris venire ad Dominum? si ego suscepi baptismum servi, tu dedignaris a Domino baptizari?
Nam ut noveritis, fratres mei, quia non ex necessitate alicujus vinculi peccati Dominus veniebat ad ipsum Joannem; sicut dicunt alii evangelistae, cum ad illum veniret baptizandus Dominus, ait ipse Joannes: Tu ad me venis? ego a te debeo baptizari. Et quid ei ipse respondit? Sine modo; impleatur omnis justitia . Quid est, impleatur omnis justitia? Mori veni pro hominibus, baptizari non habeo pro hominibus? Quid est, impleatur omnis justitia? Impleatur omnis humilitas. Quid ergo? non erat suscepturus baptismum a bono servo, qui passionem suscepit a servis malis? Intendite ergo. Baptizato Domino, si propterea baptizavit Joannes, ut in ejus baptismo Dominus ostenderet humilitatem, nemo alius baptizaretur baptismo Joannis? Multi autem baptizati sunt baptismo Joannis; baptizatus est Dominus baptismo Joannis, et cessavit baptismum Joannis: inde jam missus est in carcerem Joannes; deinceps nemo baptizatus invenitur illo baptismate. Si ergo propterea venit et Joannes baptizans, ut Domini humilitas nobis demonstraretur, ut quia ille suscepit a servo, nos non dedignaremur suscipere a Domino; Dominum solum Joannes baptizaret? Sed si solum Dominum Joannex baptizaret, non deessent qui putarent sanctius fuisse baptisma Joannis quam Christi: quasi baptismate Joannis solus Christus meruisset baptizari, baptismate autem Christi genus humanum. Intendat Charitas vestra. Baptismate Christi baptizati sumus, non tantum nos, sed et universus orbis terrarum, et baptizatur usque in finem. Quis nostrum potest ex aliqua parte comparari Christo, cujus se Joannes dixit indignum solvere corrigiam calceamenti? Si ergo ille Christus tantae excellentiae homo Deus, solus baptizaretur baptismo Joannis, quid dicturi erant homines? Qualem baptismum habuit Joannes? Magnum baptismum habuit, ineffabile sacramentum: vide, quia solus Christus meruit baptizari Joannis baptismo. Atque ita major videretur baptismus servi, quam baptismus Domini. Baptizati sunt et alii baptismo Joannis, ne melior baptismus videretur Joannis quam Christi; baptizatus autem et Dominus, ut Domino suscipiente baptismum servi, non dedignarentur alii servi suscipere baptismum Domini: ad hoc ergo missus erat Joannes.
Sed noverat Christum, an non noverat? Si non noverat, quare dicebat quando venit ad fluvium Christus: Ego a te debeo baptizari? hoc est, Scio qui sis. Si ergo jam noverat, certe tunc cognovit quando vidit columbam descendentem. Manifestum est quia columba non descendit super Dominum, nisi posteaquam ascendit ab aqua baptismi. Dominus baptizatus ascendit ab aqua, aperti sunt coeli, et vidit super eum columbam. Si ergo post baptismum descendit columba, et antequam baptizaretur Dominus, dixit illi Joannes, Tu ad me venis? ego a te debeo baptizari? ante, illum noverat, cui dixit, Tu ad me venis? ego a te debeo baptizari? quomodo ergo dixit, « Et ego nesciebam eum; sed qui me misit baptizare in aqua, ille mihi dixit, Super quem videris Spiritum descendentem sicut columbam, et manentem super eum, ipse est qui baptizat in Spiritu sancto? » Non parva quaestio est, fratres mei. Si vidistis quaestionem, non parum vidistis: superest ut ipsius solutionem Dominus det. Tamen illud dico, si vidistis quaestionem, non est parum. Ecce positus est Joannes ante oculos vestros, stans ad fluvium Joannes Baptista; ecce venit Dominus adhuc baptizandus, nondum baptizatus: audi vocem Joannis, Tu ad me venis? ego a te debeo baptizari; ecce jam cognoscit Dominum, a quo vult baptizari. Baptizatus Dominus ascendit ab aqua, aperiuntur coeli, descendit Spiritus, modo illum cognoscit Joannes: si modo illum cognoscit, quid dixit antea, Ego a te debeo baptizari? Si autem non eum modo cognoscit, quia jam noverat eum, quid est quod dixit, « Non noveram eum; sed qui me misit baptizare in aqua, ille mihi dixit, Super quem videris Spiritum descendentem, et manentem super eum sicut columbam, ipse est qui baptizat in Spiritu sancto? »
Fratres, ista quaestio si hodie solvatur, gravat vos, non dubito, quia jam multa dicta sunt. Sciatis autem talem istam quaestionem esse, ut haec sola perimat partem Donati. Ad hoc dixi Charitati vestrae, ut intentos vos facerem, similiter ut soleo; simul ut oretis pro nobis et vobis, ut et nobis det Dominus digna loqui, et vos digna capere mereamini. Interim hodie dignamini differre. Sed hoc breviter dico interim, donec solvatur: interrogate pacifice, sine rixa, sine contentione, sine altercationibus, sine inimicitiis; et vobiscum quaerite, et alios interrogate, et dicite, Hanc quaestionem proposuit nobis hodie episcopus noster, aliquando si Dominus concesserit, soluturus eam. Sed sive solvatur sive non solvatur, putate me proposuisse quod me movet: moveor enim multum. Dicit Joannes, Ego a te debeo baptizari; tanquam Christo cognito. Si enim non noverat eum a quo volebat baptizari, temere dicebat, Ego a te debeo baptizari. Noverat ergo eum. Si noverat eum, quid est ergo quod dicit, Non noveram eum; sed qui me misit baptizare in aqua, ipse mihi dixit, Super quem videris Spiritum descendentem et manentem super eum, sicut columbam, ipse est qui baptizat in Spiritu sancto? Quid dicturi sumus? Quia non scimus quando venerit columba? Ne forte ibi lateant, legantur alii evangelistae, qui planius illud dixerunt: et invenimus apertissime tunc descendisse columbam, cum Dominus ab aqua ascendit. Super baptizatum enim aperti sunt coeli, et vidit Spiritum descendentem (Matth. III, 16, Marc. I, 10, et Luc. III, 21 et 22). Si jam baptizatum cognovit, venienti ad baptisma quomodo dicit, Ego a te debeo baptizari? Hanc vobiscum interim ruminate, hanc vobiscum conferte, hanc vobiscum tractate. Praestet Dominus Deus noster ut antequam a me audiatis, alicui vestrum priori eam revelet. Tamen, fratres, hoc sciatis, quia per istius quaestionis solutionem, vocem pars Donati de Baptismi gratia, ubi nebulas obtendunt imperitis, et retia tendunt avibus volantibus, si frontem habeant, omnino non habebunt: omnino eorum ora claudentur.