COMPOSIZIONE. — L'ordine attuale dei libri che compongono l'II. di C. è quello primitivo, dato costantemente dai codici di origine italiana (o «cisalpina»); nei codici invece di origine non italiana (o «transalpina») si hanno, a questo proposito, molte anomalie. Il codice di Bruxelles, che i «kempisti» considerano come l'archetipo dell'opera, antepone il I. IV al III. In altri codici la confusione è ancora maggiore, e non sempre viene data l'opera intera (II-I-III-IV; III-II-IV-I; I-II-IV; III-II-I; I-II-II; ecc.), anzi, i singoli libri sono dati come indipendenti l'uno dall'altro o isolati del tutto o, talvolta, con opuscoli diversi interposti (cf. cod. Bambergensis).
Il titolo generale dell'opera fu mutuato dal cap. I (De imitatione Christi et contemptu omnium vanitatum mundi) del I. I, o per intero o in parte (sia la prima che la seconda); fu usato anche il titolo del cap. I (De interna conversatione) del I. II; come pure il titolo del I. III (De interna consolatione), che passò nella famosa traduzione francese, l'Internelle consolation.
La divisione dei capitoli in paragrafi e le citazioni bibliche furono introdotte nelle edizioni a stampa. Il benedettino Th. Erhard (sec. XVIII) introdusse nel testo la numerazione dei versetti come si usa per la Bibbia: il sistema è stato adottato nella edizione della
Bibliotheca ascetica di Pustet (I, Ratisbona 1911), e, in Italia, dal dott. Sestili e da A. Mercati; è stato accolto anche nella ed. italiana di Hoepli a cura di Zumpini e Galbiati, ma questi opportunamente aggiungono anche il paragrafo tradizionale.
DIFFUSIONE. — La grande diffusione dell'opera è attestata dal numero dei codici: ne rimangono ca. 400 (di cui 160 benedettini, e ca. 40 agostiniani o dei Canonici Regolari). Con l'invenzione della stampa le edizioni si moltiplicarono rapidamente, si da superare le duemila già ai tempi di Hurter (II, col. 978). La prima è quella di Augusta (1472); in Italia, quella di Venezia (1483), sotto nome di Gersone.
Del codice kempense, riprodotto in fac-simile da Carlo Ruclens (Lipsia 1879), hanno dato un'edizione critica K. Hirsche (Berlino 1891) e M. J. Pohl nell'Opera omnia di Tommaso da Kempis (II, De Imitatione Christi quae dicitur libri III cum coeteris autographi Bruxellensis tractatibus, Friburgo in Br. 1904). Dipendono dallo stesso codice l'edizione di M. Hetzenauer (Innsbruck 1901) e quella di A. Mercati (Poliglotta Vaticana 1925).
Le versioni sono innumerevoli: in tutte le lingue europee, e in molte orientali. Un volgarizzamento italiano nel toscano del Trecento, accolto dalla Crusca come testo di lingua, è stato pubblicato da C. Mella, con ampia introduzione storica (Roma 1775; Torino 1880). Tra le moderne versioni italiane si distinguono quelle letterarie di A. Cesari e di C. Guasti, e quella, più popolare, del card. E. Enriquez.
Tra le recenti, si ricordano le traduzioni di O. Tescari (Torino 1929; 3a ed. 1947), dell'abate Placido Lugano (Roma 1932); del p. G. Lottini (Roma 1932; 3a ed. 1949), e quella di mons. A. Masini (Firenze 1941), preferita da M. Cordovani nel suo Breviario spirituale secondo l'II. di C. (Roma 1950). Ottimo commento letterario nella ristampa del Guasti a cura di Zumpini e Galbiati (Milano 1938). A. Levasti ha uniformato C. Guasti all'edizione critica del Pohl (Firenze 1928).
In Francia sono celebri le versioni di P. Corneille (in versi), di Le Maistre de Sacy, di Michel de Marillac e del Lamennais (v.), le cui «riflessioni» vengono riportate spesso nelle edizioni italiane del card. Enriquez.
Anche negli altri paesi sono molto numerose le versioni dell'II. di C. Libro veramente universale, caro a tutti, perché a tutti è apportatore di luce e di contorno: libro piccolo e immenso, possente e soave, altamente benefico all'umanità. — Vedi tav. C.
Prima del Puvol, da ricordare: G. de Grégor, Histoire du livre de l'
II. de J
C. et de son véritable auteur, 2 voll., Parigi: 1834; K. Hirsche, Prolegomena zu einer neuen Ausgabe der «Imitation Christi» nach dem Autograph des Thomas V. Kempen, 3 voll., Berlino 1873-94; L. Santini, I diritti di Tommaso da Kempis, 2 voll., Roma 1879-80; H. Denifle, Kritische Bemerkungen zur Gersen-Kempisfrage, in Zeitschr. für kath. Theologie, 6 (1882), pp. 692-718; 7 (1883), pp. 692-743 (cf. ibid., 9 [1885], pp. 193-96).Tra i più recenti: L. Dumas, L'
II. de J
C., Parigi 1913 (esposizione sistematica della dottrina); P. Pourrat, La Spirituality chrétienne, II, 1912, pp. 379-400 (la Devotio moderna); L. Cournol, Les doctrines de l'II. de J
C., Lilla 1926; J. Huijben, Les premiers documents historiques concernant l'Imitation, in La vie spirituelle, degli a. 1925-26, Suppl. al. XII, pp. 213-28 e al. XIII, pp. 1-17 e 96-116; id., Quelques objections contre Tommaso à Kempis, ibid., Suppl. al. XIII, pp. 202-22; id., Gerson de l'Imitation, ibid., 1934, Suppl. al. XXXIX, pp. 146-65; al. XL, pp. 28-47 e 90-104; E. De Schaeppriijver, Qui est l'auteur de l'Imitation?, in Revue d'asc. et de myst., 9 (1928).---
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pp. 209-111; F. Vernet, La spiritualité médiévale, Parigi 1920, pp. 59-60; P. Debongnie, Un témoignage méconnu en faveur de Thomas à Kempis (le ms. 4338 de Vienne), in Revue d'hist. eccl., 26 (1930), pp. 109-15; id., Les thèmes de l'« Initiation », ibid., 36 (1940), pp. 289-344; id., Henri Suso et l'« E. de J.-C. », in Revue d'ase. et de myst., 21 (1940), pp. 243-68; id., Urschrift von Remaniment? l'« Imitation » de Lubeck, in Rev. d'hist. eccl., 44 (1949), pp. 488-507 (a proposito dei lavori del p. van Ginneken: cf. ibid., 43 [1948], pp. 608-10); R. Pitigliani, Contributo di documenti nuovi alle controversie sull'« Initiation », in Saggi bibliografici-critico, in Avenn., 9 (1935), pp. 321-429; F. Meda, Le traduzioni italiane del « De I. C. », in Corvium, 9 (1937), pp. 215-23; Piergiovanni di G. e M. (d. Giovanni Bo- nardi), L'autore italiano della I. di C.: Giovanni Gerson, Biella 1938 (cf. recensione di P. Ferraris, in Civ. Catt., 1939, I, pp. 151-154); I. Schuster, L'ascetica benedettina e la I. di C., in La scuola cattolica, 67 (1939), pp. 273-93; M. Lewandowski, Une énigme de l'histoire : l'auteur inconnu de l'