E•mine oppressing Isiael three yeares, for the sinne of Saul agaynst the Gabaonites, 6. seuen of Saulsrace (7. Miphiboseth saned) are crucisied. 12. Their bones with Sauls and Ionathas are buried in the Land of Beniamin. 15. Dauid hath foure great battels and victories against the Philistians.
1And there was a famine in the days of David for three years successively: and David consulted the oracle of the Lord. And the Lord said: It is for Saul, and his bloody house, because he slew the Gabaonites.Fu ancora una fame a tempo di Davidde per tre anni continui: e Davidde consultò l'oracolo del Signore, e il Signore gli disse: (Questo avviene) a causa di Saul, e della sua stirpe sanguinaria, perchè egli uccise i Gabaoniti.AND there came a famine in the daies of Dauid three yeares continually: and Dauid consulted the oracle of our Lord. And our Lord sayd: For Saul, and his bloudy house, because he slewe the Gabaonites.Facta est quoque fames in diebus David tribus annis jugiter: et consuluit David oraculum Domini. Dixitque Dominus: Propter Saul, et domum ejus sanguinum, quia occidit Gabaonitas. 2Then the king, calling for the Gabaonites, said to them: (Now the Gabaonites were not of the children of Israel, but the remains of the Amorrhites: and the children of Israel had sworn to them, and Saul sought to slay them out of zeal, as it were for the children of Israel and Juda:)E il re chiamò i Gabaoniti, e parlò ad essi: (Or i Gabaoniti non erano del numero de' figliuoli d'Israele, ma avanzi degli Amorrhei, e gl'Israeliti si erano impegnati con essi col giuramento; ma Saul volle ucciderli per zelo come per bene de' figliuoli d'Israele e Giuda)The king therfore calling the Gabaonites, sayd to them. (Moreouer the Gabaonites were not of the children of Israel, but the reliques of the Amorrheites: For the children of Israel had sworne to them, and Saul would strike them of zeale, as it were for the children of Israel and Iuda.)Vocatis ergo Gabaonitis rex, dixit ad eos (porro Gabaonitæ non erant de filiis Israël, sed reliquiæ Amorrhæorum: filii quippe Israël juraverant eis, et voluit Saul percutere eos zelo, quasi pro filiis Israël et Juda), 3David therefore said to the Gabaonites: What shall I do for you? and what shall be the atonement for you, that you may bless the inheritance of the Lord?Disse adunque Davidde a' Gabaoniti: Che deggio io fare per voi? e qual soddisfazione vi darò io, affinchè preghiate per l'eredità del Signore?Dauid therfore sayd to the Gabaonites: What shal I do for you? And what shal be the expiation for you, that you may blesse the inheritance of our Lord?dixit ergo David ad Gabaonitas: Quid faciam vobis ? et quod erit vestri piaculum, ut benedicatis hæreditati Domini ? 4And the Gabaonites said to him: We have no contest about silver and gold, but against Saul and against his house: neither do we desire that any man be slain of Israel. And the king said to them: What will you then that I should do for you?E i Gabaoniti dissero a lui: Noi non domandiamo argento, nè oro, ma giustizia contro Saul, e contro la sua casa; e non vogliamo, che perisca uomo d'Israele. E il re disse loro: Che volete adunque ch'io vi faccia?And the Gabaonites sayd to him: We haue no question vpon siluer and gold, but agaynst Saul, and agaynst his house: neither wil we that a man be slayne of Israel. To whom the king sayd: What wil you then that I do for you?Dixeruntque ei Gabaonitæ: Non est nobis super argento et auro quæstio, sed contra Saul, et contra domum ejus: neque volumus ut interficiatur homo de Israël. Ad quos rex ait: Quid ergo vultis ut faciam vobis ?
5And they said to the king: The man that crushed us and oppressed us unjustly, we must destroy in such manner that there be not so much as one left of his stock in all the coasts of Israel.Ed essi dissero al re: Colui, che ci ha consunti, e oppressi iniquamente, noi dobbiamo sterminarlo in guisa, che neppur uno vi resti della sua stirpe in tutto il territorio d'Israele.Who sayd to the king? The man, that hath wasted vs and oppressed vs vniustly, we must so destroy, that there be not so much as one leift of his stocke in al the coastes of Israel.Qui dixerunt regi: Virum qui attrivit nos et oppressit inique, ita delere debemus, ut ne unus quidem residuus sit de stirpe ejus in cunctis finibus Israël. 6Let seven men of his children be delivered unto us, that we may crucify them to the Lord in Gabaa of Saul, once the chosen of the Lord. And the king said: I will give them.Sieno dati a noi sette de' suoi figliuoli, affinchè noi li crocifiggiamo in onor del Signore a Gabaa, patria di Saul, che fu un dì l'eletto del Signore. E il re disse: Ve li darò.Let there be geuen vs seuen men of his children, that we may crucifie them to our Lord in Gabaa of Saul, once the chosen of our Lord. And the king sayd: I wil geue them.Dentur nobis septem viri de filiis ejus, ut crucifigamus eos Domino in Gabaa Saul, quondam electi Domini. Et ait rex: Ego dabo. 7And the king spared Miphiboseth the son of Jonathan the son of Saul, because of the oath of the Lord, that had been between David and Jonathan the son of Saul.Ma il re ebbe compassione di Miphiboseth figliuolo di Gionata figliuolo di Saul per ragione della sacrosanta alleanza, che era stata tra Davidde, e Gionata figliuolo di Saul.And the king spared Miphiboseth the sonne of Ionathas the sonne of Saul, for the oth of our Lord, that had beene betwen Dauid, and betwen Ionathas the sonne of Saul.Pepercitque rex Miphiboseth filio Jonathæ filii Saul, propter jusjurandum Domini quod fuerat inter David et inter Jonathan filium Saul. 8So the king took the two sons of Respha the daughter of Aia, whom she bore to Saul, Armoni, and Miphiboseth: and the five sons of Michol the daughter of Saul, whom she bore to Hadriel the son of Berzellai, that was of Molathi:Il re adunque fece pigliare i due figliuoli di Respha figliuola di Aia, partoriti da lei a Saul, Armoni, e Miphiboseth: e cinque figliuoli di Michol figliuola di Saul partoriti da lei ad Hadriele figliuolo di Berzellai, il quale era di Molath.The king therfore tooke the two sonnes of Respha the daughter of Aia, whom she bare to Saul, Armoni, and Miphiboseth: and the fiue sonnes of Michol the daughter of Saul, which she bare to Hadriel the sonne of Berzellai, that was of Molathi,Tulit itaque rex duos filios Respha filiæ Aja quos peperit Sauli, Armoni, et Miphiboseth: et quinque filios Michol filiæ Saul quos genuerat Hadrieli filio Berzellai, qui fuit de Molathi,
9And gave them into the hands of the Gabaonites: and they crucified them on a hill before the Lord: and these seven died together in the first days of the harvest, when the barley began to be reaped.E li diede in mano dei Gabaoniti, i quali li crocifisser sul monte dinanzi al Signore: e perirono questi sette uccisi tutti insieme nei primi giorni della messe, quando si principiava a mietere l'orzo.and gaue them into the handes of the Gabaonites: who crucified them on a hil before our Lord: and these seuen dyed together in the first dayes of haruest, when the reaping of barley began.et dedit eos in manus Gabaonitarum: qui crucifixerunt eos in monte coram Domino: et ceciderunt hi septem simul occisi in diebus messis primis, incipiente messione hordei. 10And Respha the daughter of Aia took haircloth, and spread it under her upon the rock from the beginning of the harvest, till water dropped upon them out of heaven: and suffered neither the birds to tear them by day, nor the beasts by night.Ma Respha figliuola di Aia, steso sopra una pietra un cilicio, ivi si stette dal principio della mietitura, fino a tanto che non cadde acqua dal cielo sopra di essi, e impedì, che gli lacerassero il giorno gli uccelli o le fiere la notte.And Respha the daughter of Aia taking a heare cloth, spred it vnder her vpon the rocke from the beginning of haruest, til water dropped vpon them from heauen: and she suffered not the birdes to teare them by day, nor the beastes by night.Tollens autem Respha filia Aja cilicium, substravit sibi supra petram ab initio messis, donec stillaret aqua super eos de cælo: et non dimisit aves lacerare eos per diem, neque bestias per noctem. 11And it was told David, what Respha the daughter of Aia, the concubine of Saul, had done.E fu riferito a Davidde quello che avea fatto Respha figliuola di Aia concubina di Saul.And the thinges were told Dauid, which Respha had done, the daughter of Aia, the concubine of Saul.Et nuntiata sunt David quæ fecerat Respha filia Aja, concubina Saul. 12And David went, and took the bones of Saul, and the bones of Jonathan his son from the men of Jabes Galaad, who had stolen them from the street of Bethsan, where the Philistines had hanged them when they had slain Saul in Gelboe.E Davidde andò e prese le ossa di Saul, e le ossa di Gionata suo figliuolo da quelli di Jabes di Galaad i quali le avean portate via dalla piazza di Bethsan, dove i Filistei gli aveano appesi allorché i Filistei uccisero Saul a Gelboe.And Dauid went, and tooke the bones of Saul, and the bones of Ionathas his sonne from the men of Iabes Galaad, who had stolen them out of the streate of Bethsan, in the which the Philistijms hanged them when they had killed Saul in Gelboe.Et abiit David, et tulit ossa Saul, et ossa Jonathæ filii ejus, a viris Jabes Galaad, qui furati fuerant ea de platea Bethsan in qua suspenderant eos Philisthiim cum interfecissent Saul in Gelboë:
13And he brought from thence the bones of Saul, and the bones of Jonathan his son, and they gathered up the bones of them that were crucified,E trasportò di là le ossa di Saul, e le ossa di Gionata suo figliuolo: e raccolte le ossa di coloro, che erano stati crocifissi,And he caried thence the bones of Saul, and the bones of Ionathas his sonne: and gathering the bones of them, that were crucified,et asportavit inde ossa Saul, et ossa Jonathæ filii ejus: et colligentes ossa eorum qui affixi fuerant, 14And they buried them with the bones of Saul, and of Jonathan his son in the land of Benjamin, in the side, in the sepulchre of Cis his father: and they did all that the king had commanded, and God shewed mercy again to the land after these things.Le seppellirono insieme colle ossa di Saul, e di Gionata suo figliuolo nella terra di Beniamin da un lato nel sepolcro del padre loro Cis. E fu fatto tutto quello che il re ordinò, e dopo questo Iddio si placò verso il paese.they buried them with the bones of Saul, and of Ionathas his sonne in the Land of Beniamin, in the side, in the sepulchre of Cis his father: and they did al thinges that the king had commanded, and God was made propitious agayne to the land after these thinges.sepelierunt ea cum ossibus Saul et Jonathæ filii ejus in terra Benjamin, in latere, in sepulchro Cis patris ejus: feceruntque omnia quæ præceperat rex, et repropitiatus est Deus terræ post hæc. 15And the Philistines made war again against Israel, and David went down, and his servants with him, and fought against the Philistines. And David growing faint,E di nuovo si riaccese la guerra de' Filistei contro Israele, e Davidde andò colla sua gente a combattergli: e Davidde essendo stanco,And there was a battel made agayne of the Philistianes against Israel, and Dauid went downe, and his seruantes with him, and fought agaynst the Philisthijms. And Dauid faynting,Factum est autem rursum prælium Philisthinorum adversum Israël, et descendit David, et servi ejus cum eo, et pugnabant contra Philisthiim. Deficiente autem David, 16Jesbibenob, who was of the race of Arapha, the iron of whose spear weighed three hundred ounces, being girded with a new sword, attempted to kill David.Jesbibenob della stirpe di Arapha, che portava una lancia, della quale il ferro pesava trecento once, e aveva una spada nuova, tentò di ferire Davidde.Iesbibenob, which was of the kinred of Arapha, the yron of whose speare weyed three hundred ounces, and he was girded with a new sword, assayed to strike Dauid.Jesbibenob, qui fuit de genere Arapha, cujus ferrum hastæ trecentas uncias appendebat, et accinctus erat ense novo, nisus est percutere David.
17And Abisai the son of Sarvia rescued him, and striking the Philistine killed him. Then David’s men swore unto him saying: Thou shalt go no more out with us to battle, lest thou put out the lamp of Israel.Ma lo difese Abisai figliuolo di Sarvia, il quale ferì, e uccise il Filisteo: allora i soldati di Davidde giurarono, e dissero: Tu non verrai più con noi alla guerra, affinchè non si estingua la lampana d'Israele.And Abisai the sonne of Saruia reskewed him, and striking the Philistian killed him. Then sware Dauids men, saying: Thou shalt no more goe forth with vs into battel, lest thou put out the lampe of Israel.Præsidioque ei fuit Abisai filius Sarviæ, et percussum Philisthæum interfecit. Tunc juraverunt viri David, dicentes: Jam non egredieris nobiscum in bellum, ne extinguas lucernam Israël. 18There was also a second battle in Gob against the Philistines: then Sobochai of Husathi slew Saph of the race of Arapha of the family of the giants.Un'altra battaglia ancora vi fu contro i Filistei a Gob; e allora Sobochai di Husati uccise Saph de' posteri di Arapha di razza de' giganti.There was also a second battel in Gob against the Philistians: then stroke Sobochai of Husathi, Saph of the stocke of Arapha of the kindred of the gyantes.Secundum quoque bellum fuit in Gob contra Philisthæos: tunc percussit Sobochai et Husati, Saph de stirpe Arapha de genere gigantum. 19And there was a third battle in Gob against the Philistines, in which Adeodatus the son of the Forrest an embroiderer of Bethlehem slew Goliath the Gethite, the shaft of whose spear was like a weaver’s beam.E una terza battaglia fu ancora a Gob contro i Filistei, e in essa Adeodato figliuolo di Saltus, che tesseva stoffe di varii colori in Bethlehem, uccise Goliath di Geth, di cui l'asta della lancia era come un subbio da tessitore.There was also a third battel in Gob agaynst the Philistians, in the which Adeodatus the sonne of the Forest a broderer the Bethlehemite stroke Goliath the Getheite, the shaft of whose speare was as it were a weauers beame.Tertium quoque fuit bellum in Gob contra Philisthæos, in quo percussit Adeodatus filius Saltus polymitarius Bethlehemites Goliath Gethæum, cujus hastile hastæ erat quasi liciatorium texentium. 20A fourth battle was in Geth: where there was a man of great stature, that had six fingers on each hand, and six toes on each foot, four and twenty in all, and he was of the race of Arapha.La quarta battaglia fu a Geth, dove si trovò un uomo di grande statura che avea sei dita a ciascuna mano, e a ciascun piede, in tutto ventiquattro dita, ed era de' discendenti di Arapha.The fourth battel was in Geth: in the which was a tal man, that had six fingers and six toes on eche hand and foote, that is fowre and twentie, and he was of the race of Arapha.Quartum bellum fuit in Geth: in quo vir fuit excelsus, qui senos in manibus pedibusque habebat digitos, id est, viginti quatuor: et erat de origine Arapha.
21And he reproached Israel: and Jonathan the son of Samae the brother of David slew him.E parlava insolentemente contro Israele, e lo uccise Gionata figliuolo di Samaa fratello di Davidde.And he blasphemed Israel: and Ionathan the sonne of Samaa the brother of Dauid stroke him.Et blasphemavit Israël: percussit autem eum Jonathan filius Samaa fratris David. 22These four were born of Arapha in Geth, and they fell by the hand of David, and of his servants.Questi quattro erano nati in Geth della stirpe di Arapha, e furono uccisi da Davidde e da' suoi servi.These foure were borne of Arapha in Geth, and they fel by the hand of Dauid, and of his seruantes.Hi quatuor nati sunt de Arapha in Geth, et ceciderunt in manu David et servorum ejus.
21:1
Year of the World 2983, Year before Christ 1021.
Haydock
House. It seems the family and chief officers of Saul, had concurred in his cruelty and unjust zeal. Hence many of them might be still living, to undergo this chastisement; and the rest of the people were guilty of some faults. (Haydock)
If they had been perfectly innocent, still God is the dispenser of his own gifts. He is under no obligation of sending health and peace to his creatures. The just often derive greater advantage from crosses than from prosperity. The exemplary punishment of Saul's family was a lesson to kings, and to all mankind, to teach them how they ought to observe justice and the sanctity of oaths.
Calmet
Gabaonites; probably after the slaughter of the priests, at Nobe, 1 Kings 22:19. (Calmet)
21:2
Menochius
Amorrhites, by which name all the nations of Chanaan were frequently designated, Genesis 15:16. (Menochius)
They were properly Hevites.
21:3
Calmet
Atonement, to expiate the injury done to you by Saul; (Menochius) and that you may turn your curses into blessings. The ancients were convinced, that God attends to the imprecations of the innocent. (Calmet)
21:4
Salien
Gold. It is supposed that David made them an offer of some. (Salien, the year before Christ 1040.)
Menochius
Israel besides. At first they required all the progeny of Saul, nine in number, to be crucified: but, at David's request, and intimation that he had sworn to protect the sons of Jonathan, Miphiboseth and Micha, (Haydock) they were content with the death of seven. (Menochius)
Salien
They insist upon the law of retaliation. (Salien)
Calmet
The custom of delivering up criminals to be executed by the relations of the injured dead, still subsists in the East. (Calmet)
21:6
Calmet
Chosen. Some think it improbable that they should give Saul this title; and Castalion would substitute ber, "in the mountain," (ver. 9) instead of béchir, "anointed," a title which Junius, however, refers to David: "O thou anointed," etc. (Calmet)
Haydock
But why might not these people recognize this character in Saul, which would make the punishment more disgraceful, as they chose the city of Saul, in preference, for the execution of his unhappy offspring? (Haydock)
21:8
Of Michol. They were the sons of Merob, who was married to Hadriel; but they are here called the sons of Michol, because she adopted them, and brought them up as her own: (Challoner; Chaldean; St. Jerome, Trad.) or Merob was called Michol; (Sa) or, what seems most probable, from the word she bore being used, (Cajetan) and as two sisters would hardly have the same name, (Haydock) Michol has crept into the text instead of Merob. (Capel.; Salien; Calmet) (1 Kings 25:44.)
21:9
Year of the World 2986, Year before Christ 1018.
Lord. The prophets had frequented this hill, 1 Kings 8:4, 13. So the Gabaonites crucified these seven, before an ancient altar, as victims to appease God's anger, (Calmet) for the treaty with them having been violated, (Haydock) particularly after they had embraced the true religion. (Salien) (Deuteronomy 10:19.)
Menochius
Barley, about Easter. (Menochius)
21:10
Hair-cloth, to sleep on, occasionally.
Menochius
Heaven. The famine had been caused by drought. As soon therefore as rain fell, David was assured that God was appeased. He had suffered the bodies to hang so long, for that purpose, though commonly they were to be taken down before night. (Menochius)
Respha is supposed, by some, to have guarded the bodies from spring till the rain fell in autumn. But the former opinion seems more plausible. We here behold the custom of watching by the bodies of the dead. See Homer, Iliad xxiii.
Calmet
Beasts. The gibbets were formerly very low. (Calmet)
Eusebio † 339 d.C.
Thus Blandina was exposed to wild beasts. (Eusebius, Hist. 5:1.)
21:11
Haydock
Done. Her piety and affliction were extraordinary. She had been brought up in delicacies, and was a person of uncommon beauty, so as to captivate Abner, 2 Kings 3:8. She must now have been advanced in years. (Haydock)
21:14
Calmet
Side of the mountain, or in distinct cavities. (Calmet)
Calmet
Many suppose that Tselá, or Sela, is the name of a place (Menochius) not far from Gabaa, Josue 18:28. (Calmet)
Du Hamel
Many proper names are thus translated. (Du Hamel)
21:15
Calmet
Again: it is not certain at what time. Some think it was towards the beginning of David's reign, since he leads his men to battle; or the Philistines might have made an irruption into his dominions, about three years after the death of Absalom. (Calmet)
Haydock
David had offered to put himself at the head of the army, against his son, 2 Kings 18:2. (Haydock)
Salien
Faint. He was now sixty-four years old. (Salien)
21:16
Calmet
Jesbibenob may signify, "Jesbi, the son of Ob." Septuagint, "Jesbe, of Nob, who was of the race of the giants." Arapha seems to have been one of great fame, (ver. 18, 21, 22) who had several children; unless other giants assumed his name. (Calmet)
Calmet
Ounces. Hebrew, "sicles of brass, in weight." Sicles is only understood, as on similar occasions. Neither is sword expressed; (Haydock) so that some think he had on a new suit of armour. Symmachus, "a sword." Roman Septuagint, "a club." The weight of the whole spear is specified in Hebrew, Septuagint, etc., (Calmet) as weighing "300---of brass," (Haydock) of which metal it seems to have been formed, as the Jews had no such money till after the captivity. (Calmet)
21:17
Homer
Lamp; glory and protection. Achilles reproaches himself for not having been "a light to" his friend. (Homer, Iliad S.)
21:18
Calmet
Gob, as Gazer was called by the Philistines; (1 Paralipomenon 20:4.; Salien) unless (Haydock) the former word be a mistake of the transcriber. (Calmet)
Haydock
Septuagint (Alexandrian) reads, Geth. (Haydock)
Sobochai, one of David's valiant men, 1 Paralipomenon 11:29.
Saphai is added in 1 Chron. 20.
21:19
Challoner
Adeodatus, the son of Forrest. So it is rendered in the Latin Vulgate, by giving the interpretation of the Hebrew names, which are Elhanan, the son of Jaare. (Challoner)
Haydock
We should translate all the proper names, or none; as the present mode is extremely perplexing. Adeodatus might therefore be rendered, "God given;" (Dieudonné, as the French have it, though they will not translate Saltus, but leave Jaare) or, if Adeodatus must remain, as it is sometimes a proper name, why may not Saltus? A mere English reader might suppose that Forrest was a Hebrew name, and, with Swift in jest, maintain the high antiquity of our language. (Haydock)
Calmet
Regularly proper names should be retained. (Calmet)
But the learned have often chosen to give the import of foreign names, in the language in which they have been writing. See Du Thou's History. Thus Dubois is styled Sylvius; Newman, Neander; etc.
Haydock
An embroiderer. Protestants make this a part of the man's name, "Jaare-oregim." Septuagint, "the son of Ariorgeim." In 1 Paralipomenon 20, no notice is taken of his profession. (Haydock)
Calmet
That passage will evince that Elhanan is not the same with David, as some would infer from the mention of Goliath's death, but the son of Jair, uncle of Joab, (chap. 33:24.) who was born at Bethlehem, though the verse in Paralipomenon would insinuate less correctly, that the giant's name was Lechem, thus, "Elehanan....slew Lechem, the brother," etc., as the copyist had written ath instead of bith. (Calmet)
Haydock
Our version has not this mistake: "Adeodatus, the son of Saltus, a Bethlehemite, slew the brother of Goliath, the Gethite," etc., 1 Paralipomenon 20:5. (Haydock)
Calmet
"It would be difficult to find a passage more disfigured than the present; and, without the help of the Paralipomenon, it would be impossible to make it out." (Calmet)
Haydock
Kennicott makes a similar remark. (Diss. 1:and ii.) But he believes that the Book of Chronicles, though the latest, and usually the most corrupt, of the Old Testament, is here perfectly correct; and that the passage before us is strangely corrupted, "Jaare Oregim, a Bethlehemite," being placed instead of , ..."Jaor slew Lahmi," as he thinks that oregim, "weavers," has been inserted from the line below, p. 79. Josephus ([Antiquities?] 7:10.) relates this transaction as follows, "When the king had sent a fresh army against them, Nephan, his relation, displayed the greatest valour. For engaging in a single combat with the bravest man of the Philistines, and killing his antagonist, he caused the rest to turn their backs, and many of the enemy fell in that battle." Thus he evades all the difficulty, adding much out of his own head; and by Nephan, designating Elehanan, the son of his (Joab's) uncle, (chap. 23:24.) or Dodo, a word which the Vulgate renders patrui ejus, "his paternal uncle," though it hath a wider signification, and denotes other relations. Hence, as Joab was the nephew of David, this brave man might be in the same degree, and born of one of the children of Isai; or, perhaps, Josephus infers that he was a kinsman of David, because he was of the same city. (Haydock)
Goliath. He might have the same name as his brother, who had been slain by David forty-three years before; (Salien) or the title of brother may only signify, that this giant resembled the former in size and strength, Proverbs 18:9.
Calmet
Beam. See 1 Kings 17:7. (Calmet)
21:20
Salien
Fourth. Josephus says this was the last war with the Philistines; and Tostat supposes, that they wished to retake the city of Geth. (Salien)
Aquila
Stature, or "of contradiction." (Aquila)
Hebrew Madon. Septuagint leave it as the proper name of a place, "Madon," specified [in] Josue 11:1., and 12:19. Capel would read, "a man of Madian."
Pliny
Six. Such people were styled Sedigiti, among the Romans. The daughters of Horatius were thus distinguished, as well as the poet Volcatius. (Pliny, [Natural History?] 11:43.)
21:22
Calmet
Of David, who was present, though it does not appear that he slew any of the four. (Calmet)
21:8
Of Michol.... They were the sons of Merob, who was married to Hadriel: but they are here called the sons of Michol, because she adopted them, and brought them up as her own.
21:19
Adeodatus the son of the Forrest.... So it is rendered in the Latin Vulgate, by giving the interpretation of the Hebrew names, which are Elhanan the son of Jaare.
21:2
Iosue. •.
21:1
san Girolamo † 420 d.C. Against Jovinianus 2.10
… that they are on the right hand, but do not stand there: they flee until the High Priest dies and descending into hell liberates their souls. The Gibeonites met the children of Israel, and although other nations were slaughtered, they were kept for hewers of wood and drawers of water.
21:15
sant'Ambrogio † 397 d.C. On the Duties of the Clergy 1.35
… After that he never entered on a war without seeking counsel of the Lord. Thus he was victorious in all wars, and even to his last years was ready to fight. And when war arose with the Philistines, he joined battle with their fierce troops, being desirous of winning renown, whilst careless of his own safety.
21:17
san Giovanni Crisostomo † 407 d.C. Homilies on 2 Thessalonians 4
… they surround him with their shields, wishing to preserve his person. Hear what all the people say to David. (I say not this, as comparing myself to David, I am not so mad, but because I wish to show the affection of the people for their ruler.) “Thou shalt go no more out with us to battle,” they say, “that thou quench not the lamp of Israel.” (
sant'Agostino d'Ippona † 430 d.C. Letters of St. Augustin 228.10
… Finally, observe how the holy David acquiesced in the urgent petition of his people, that he should not expose himself to the dangers of battle, and, as it is said in the narrative, “quench the light of Israel,”
21:1
1. FACTA EST QUOQUE FAMES IN DIEBUS DAVID TRIBUS ANNIS. — Immisit Deus hanc famem toti Israeli, quia rex ejus Saul Gabaonitas inique occiderat. Rex autem est publica persona, et rempublicam repræsentat. Quod ergo rex peccat, hoc respublica peccat; ideoque publicum regis peccatum publica fame castigavit Deus. ET CONSULUIT DAVID ORACULUM DOMINI, — per Sadoc, vel Abiathar Pontificem, indutum Rationali in quo erant Urim et Tummim quasi oraculum, ut dixi Exodi XXVIII, 30. DIXITQUE DOMINUS: PROPTER SAUL ET DOMUM EJUS SANGUINUM; QUIA OCCIDIT GABAONITAS, — q. d. Fames hæc immissa est in pænam peccati, eo quod Saul ejusque familia multum sanguinem injuste effuderit. Hinc peccatum hoc sanguine expiandum erit, ac familia occidens erit occidenda.
21:2
2. ET VOLUIT SAUL EOS PERCUTERE ZELO, QUASI PRO FILIIS ISRAEL ET JUDA. — Zelus hic Saulis fuit, quod vellet Gabaonitarum domos, vicos et prædia adjicere tribui Judæ cæterisque tribubus, quibus a Deo assignata erant, quasi Josue contra legem et jussum Dei Gabaonitis pepercisset, itaque Judæ et Judicis hæreditatem eis a Deo datam ademisset. Sed insipiens et stultus fuit hic zelus, tum quia erat contra fidem Gabaonitis a Josue et Hebræis datam; tum quia Gabaonitæ in coloniam æque ac religionem et fidem Hebræorum sponte transibant, quibus proinde Deus volebat parci; tum quia Gabaonitæ oppida et prædia sua cesserant Hebræis, eorumque erant servi, atque hac servitute vitam ab eis redemerant, ut dixi Josue cap. IX. Quare in hoc zelo Saulis verum fuit istud: «Summum jus, summa injuria.» Porro cum Saul occideret Gabaonitas, David eum fugiens latebat in sylvis et antris, et si forte id postea rescivit, sibi persuasit injuriæ huic morte Saulis et filiorum fuisse satisfactum; unde de ulteriore satisfactione non cogitavit, donec Deus pacato jam ejus regno illam ab eo hoc loco exegit. Quare minus recte Lyranus et Abulensis censent hanc famem in diebus Davidis contigisse, eo quod ipse injustitiam hanc Saulis non castigasset.
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Vers. 3. UT BENEDICATIS HÆREDITATI DOMINI, — ut scilicet bene precemini Israeli; itaque Deus ab eo avertat famem triennalem, quam eidem propter fores induxit.
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Vers. 5. VIRUM (Saulem) QUI ATTRIVIT NOS ET OPPRESSIT INIQUE, ITA DELERE DEBEMUS, UT NE UNUS QUIDEM RESIDUUS SIT DE STIRPE EJUS. — Novem supererant e stirpe Saulis, scilicet Miphiboseth ejusque filius, quinque filii Michol ex Hadriele, et duo filii Saulis Quæres, an æqua et justa fuerit hæc eorum postulatio? Respondeo partim fuisse justam, eo quod nonnulli ex posteris Saulis cooperati fuissent ei in cæde Gabaonitarum; hoc enim significatur vers. 1, ubi familia Saulis vocatur «domus sanguinum:» partim iniquam, quia verisimile est aliquos ex posteris Saulis fuisse a cæde Gabaonitarum immunes et innocentes, qui proinde pro peccato patris vel cognatorum jure humano non poterant occidi. Nam, ut ait Ezechiel, cap. XVIII: «Filius non portabit iniquitatem patris, sed anima quæ peccaverit, ipsa morietur.» Nullus enim princeps vel rex potest filium condemnare ad mortem propter peccatum patris solius; unde in nullo fidelium tribunali filius pro patre occiditur. Dico fidelium; nam apud infideles et barbaros, uti apud Japones, patre peccante non solum ipse, sed et filii ejus plectuntur. Quare postulatio hæc Gabaonitarum aliquid habet rancoris, vindictæ et furoris insolentis, barbari et Turcici: nisi dicas ipsos non ex se, sed ex Dei instinctu, id postulasse, idque innuitur versu 9, cum dicitur: «Qui crucifixerunt eos in monte coram Domino,» et vers. 6, ubi ipsi aiunt: «Ut crucifigamus eos Domino,» Septuaginta, et placabimus in illis Dominum; Chaldæus, et suspendemus illos ante Dominum, quasi anathemata, catharmata et piacula Israelis. Nam ex parte Dei justa et sancta fuit hæc postulatio. Deus enim idcirco famem hanc immiserat Israeli, ut pro peccati Saulis piaculo occiderentur ejusdem posteri; cum ipse Saul jam utpote mortuus plecti et occidi non posset. Deus enim omnium tam nocentum quam innocentum vitæ et mortis est Dominus; quare potest patres nocentes punire in filiis innocentibus, juxta illud Deut. V, 9: «Ego sum Dominus Deus tuus, Deus æmulator (Septuaginta, zelotes) reddens iniquitatem patrum super filios in tertiam et quartam generationem.» Vide ibi dicta.
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Vers. 8. TULIT ITAQUE REX DUOS FILIOS RESPHA. — Non peccavit David tradendo filios Saulis, etiam innocentes, Gabaonitis ad crucem, quia videbat hanc esse Dei voluntatem, qui idcirco famem Israeli immiserat. Conformabat igitur se voluntati divinæ, quæ justissima et sanctissima erat ob causas datas vers. 5. Fecit ergo hoc David monitu Dei, et, ut videtur, habito oraculo per pontificem et Urim, de quo vers. 1; fecit, inquam, tanquam executor justitiæ Dei, qui peccata punit in tertiam et quartam generationem. Saul enim mortuus non poterat puniri nisi in filiis; ac proinde hic justitiæ Dei satisfieri non poterat, nisi occidendo ejus filios. Sed hæc principibus, magistratibus, et justitiæ humanæ imitari non licet, quia ipsum caput nocens plectere debent, non vero ejus filios et posteros. Ita Abulensis, Cajetanus et alii. ET QUINQUE FILIOS MICHOL FILIÆ SAUL, QUOS GENUERAT HADRIELI. — Erant hi filii non Michol, sed Merob sororis Michol, quos Michol, utpote carens prolibus, in filios adoptârat; Merob enim fuit uxor Hadrielis, Michol vero Davidis. Quare cum dicitur: «Quos genuerat Hadrieli,» intellige ejus soror Merob, in cujus locum Michol eos adoptans successerat. Alii censent Merob alio nomine vocatam fuisse Michol. Cajetanus vero putat esse mendum, et pro Michol substituendum, Merob. Verum omnes codices Hebræi, Græci, Latini, habent Michol, non Merob. Chaldæus tamen habet, et quinque filios Merob, quos educaverat Michol filia Saul; quia eos adoptârat, ut dixi.
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Vers. 9. QUI CRUCIFIXERUNT EOS IN MONTE CORAM DOMINO, — nimirum ad placandum Dominum, vel in honorem Domini, ut ejus justitiæ vindicativæ, et offensæ a Saule et familia ejus factæ per hanc familiæ ejus crucifixionem, quasi per publicum piaculum, et hostiam pro peccato satisfieret. Ubi nota honorari et glorificari Deum executione justitiæ. Dum enim sontes plectuntur, elucet Dei plectentis justitia et sanctitas, utpote qui peccata et peccatores odit, et impunitos esse non sinit. Hinc Deut. cap. XIII, vers. 46, jubet Deus idololatras sibi comburi cum tota urbe. «Consumes, inquit, omnia Domino Deo tuo.» INCIPIENTE MESSIONE HORDEI, — id est sub initium veris in Paschate, ut indicetur eos in cruce quasi piaculum mansisse per plures menses, ut patebit ex sequenti.
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Vers. 10. Tollens autem Respha (duorum crucifixorum mater, et cæterorum cognata) cilicium, SUBSTRAVIT SIBI SUPRA PETRAM, AB INITIO MESSIS, DONEC STILLARET AQUA SUPER EOS DE CŒLO, — ut scilicet ipsa manens cubansque in cilicio, jugiter custodiret filiorum cadavera, ne ab avibus, canibus et feris laniarentur. Intellige ipsam non solam mansisse, sed cum famulis et famulabus, ait Cajetanus. Mystice, Respha est pia sollicitudo sanctorum Pastorum et Patrum spiritualium, qui filios quos Christo genuerunt, mundo crucifixos custodiunt, eisque succurrunt rigore jejunii et instantia precum, donec misericordiam Dei impetrent super eos de cœlo, compescendo pravos homines, nec non malignos spiritus, ne pravis suggestionibus eos de cruce rapiant, lacerent et devorent. Ita Angelomus. Hinc Respha Hebraice idem est quod pruna, vel carbo ignitus, qui ardentis amoris est symbolum; aut pavimentum in quo ipsa se affligens pro filiis cilicio incubabat.
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12. ET ABIIT DAVID, ET TULIT OSSA SAUL. — David excitatus exemplo pietatis Resphæ, quæ tam sedulo corpora filiorum suorum custodivit, curavit eorum æque ac Saulis et Jonathæ ossa colligi, et honorifice sepeliri in sepulcro Cis patris ejus; ut ostenderet se injuriarum sibi a Saule illatarum esse immemorem, ac illi pro tantis maleficiis eximia beneficia rependere; qui est actus heroicæ charitatis.
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15. FACTUM EST AUTEM RURSUM PRÆLIUM. — Deinceps recensentur quatuor Davidis contra Philistæos prælia, quæ eo ordine, quo hic narrantur, contigisse videantur. Hoc enim exigit simplex historiæ narratio, licet alii putent hic non servari ordinem temporis, sed quædam anterius, quædam posterius accidisse; sed quod dixi verius est, itaque censent Josephus, Severus Sulpitius, Sigonius, Lyranus, Abulensis, Cajetanus, Serarius, Vatablus, Dionysius, Adrichomius, Salianus. DEFICIENTE AUTEM DAVID, — cum scilicet David jam senescens, pugnans in prælio, labore, æstu, fame et siti fatigatus deficeret viribus, nec posset vim hostium ingruentium sustinere amplius; tunc irruit in eum Jesbibenob gigas de stirpe Rapha, sive Raphaim, id est gigantum, prognatorum ex primo gigante Rapha (Arapha enim idem est quod Rapha). Hebraice enim הרפה Harapha, ubi prima littera ה he non est radicalis, sed servilis, gerens vicem articuli sive pronominis demonstrativi, sed Davidi succurrit Abisai, et gigantem occidit. Audi Theodoretum in manuscripto: «Qui factum est ut David deficeret in acie? Senex erat, vincebat autem animi alacritate corpus. Cum autem in conflictu multum sustinuisset laborem, erat enim primus in acie pugnans, defessus est, ac defecit non ferens laborem. Cum autem in periculum venisset, ne occideretur ab eo qui primus pugnabat inter alienigenas, præter opinionem servatus est, cum eum protexisset Abisai, et maximum illum hostem interemisset.»
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Vers. 17. NE EXSTINGUAS LUCERNAM ISRAEL, — id est, ne exstinguatur per tuam mortem splendor et gloria Israelis, qualis erat rex David: Chaldæus, ne pereat tecum regnum Israel.
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Vers. 19. IN QUO PERCUSSIT ADEODATUS FILIUS SALTUS POLYMITARIUS BETHLEHEMITES GOLIATH GETHÆUM. — Per Adeodatum multi cum Chaldæo intelligunt Davidem, qui a Deo est datus Israeli ad ejus salutem (Sic S. Augustinus filium suum vocavit Adeodatum). David enim fuit Bethlehemites, et occidit Goliath. Ita Hebræi apud S. Hieronymum, Angelomus, Lyranus, Glossa, Rabanus, Rupertus, Hugo, Dionysius et alii. Audi S. Hieronymum: «Adeodatus ipse est David. Idcirco dicitur Adeodatus, quia a Deo est electus in regnum. Filius Saltus, quia de saltu, ubi oves pascebat, est eductus. Polymitarius, quia de genere Beseleel mater ejus fuit. Bethlehemites, quia Noemi et Ruth tempore ubertatis reversæ sunt in Bethlehem.»
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Vers. 22. HI QUATUOR NATI SUNT DE ARAPHA IN GETH. — Multi censent Arapham esse Orpham, socrum Noemi et cognatam Ruth, ideoque Goliath quem occidit David, fuisse filium Orphæ. Ita Hebræi, Philo Biblicus et Prudentius in Hamartigenia; verum id refutavi, Ruth cap. I, vers. 4, quibus adde «Arapha» non esse feminam, ut innuit Serarius et Sanchez, sed virum, nimirum «Rapha,» a quo orti dictique sunt «Raphaim,» gigantes, q. d. Hi quatuor gigantes jam dicti nati sunt ex primo illo potenteque gigante Rapha, qui proinde per antonomasiam præposito articulo He dictus est Harapha, q. d. Ille gigas, ille Titan. Id ita esse patet, primo ex aliis Scripturæ locis ubi «Raphaim» dicuntur nati ex Rapha gigante, ut Genes. cap. XIV, vers. 5; Josue cap. XII, vers. 4, et cap. XIII, vers. 12. Secundo, quia Scriptura in assignanda stirpe et familia filiorum assignat eorum patres, non matres; et hoc significat to de genere Arapha. Tertio, quia Septuaginta Romana vertunt, qui erat de posteris τοῦ Ῥαφά, id est viri Rapha: τοῦ enim est masculinum, et virum significat. Regia habent τῶν γιγάντων, id est gigantum, et Τιτάνων, id est Titanum. Ita quoque Josephus, Chaldæus et alii. Denique, qui hic vocatur «Arapha,» I Paralip. cap. XX, vers. 4, 6 et 7, vocatur «Rapha,» a quo «Raphaim» sunt prognati.
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«L'altura del Signore in G.», dove furono uccisi i discendenti di Saul (II Sam. 21, 6), visitata da Salomone per offrirvi sacrifici davanti al tabernacolo (I Reg. 3, 4; I Par. 16, 39; 21, 29), corrisponde probabilmente a Nebi Simeuil che, a due km. a sud, domina con …
21:8
… Esdra e Neemia alcuni di essi, non potendo provare la loro appartenenza alla classe sacerdotale, furono privati dell'ufficio fino allora esercitato (Estd. 2, 61; Neh. 7, 63). Un B., oriundo di Molathi (Mébâlah), era padre del marito di Michol, Hadriel (II Sam. 21, 8). Angelo Penna
MEROB (EBR. MÉRABH = « MOLTITUDINE », « INCREMENTO »)
… Dopo la morte di Saul i cinque figli di M. (non di Michol, come ha il testo attuale) furono consegnati ai Gabaoniti perché si vendicassero del male causato loro dal defunto (II Sam. 21, 8).
Un altro M., figlio di Saul e di Respha, fu sacrificato da David alla vendetta dei Gabaoniti (II Sam. 21, 8). Gino Bressan
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BETHSAN (EBR. BETH-ŠĒ'AN O BETH-ŠĀN; SETTANTA ΒΑΤΘΆΓ, ΒΗΘΆΓ, ARABO BEJĀN)
Benché nel territorio di Issachar, fu assegnata alla tribù di Manasse (Jos. 17, 11), ma non poté essere espugnata (ibid. 17, 12, 16; Iudc. 1, 27). Alla morte di Saul sembra essere in mano ai Filistei, i quali appesero il cadavere di Saul e dei suoi tre figli alle mura di B. (I Sam. 31, 8-12; II Sam. 21, 12). Sotto Salomone appare annessa al regno d'Israele, e forma parte della quinta prefettura insieme a Megiddo e Ta'annak (I Reg. 4, 12). All'epoca ellenistica fu chiamata Scitopoli …
1. Città israelita transgiordanica, detta comunemente I.-Galaad (Iudc. 21, 8. 10. 12. 41; I Sam. 11, 1. 9; 31, 11; II Sam. 2, 4. 5; 21, 12; I Par. 10, 11), talora solo I. (I Sam. 11, 3. 5. 18 ecc.).
21:14
… C. fu sepolto in Sela, città di Beniamin (II Sam. 21, 14, ebr.).
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… Fedele collaboratore dello zio, lo accompagnò di notte nella tenda del nemico Saul (I Sam. 26, 6-9), lo preservò dal micidiale colpo della pesante lancia del filisteo Jesbibenob (II Sam. 21, 15-17) e lo seguì nella sua fuga da Gerusalemme, dopo il colpo di mano di Absalom. …
21:19
GETH (EBR. GATH, ACCAD. GIMTU, « PRESSOIO »)
GETH (ebr. Gath, accad. Gimtu, « pressoio »). - Città cananea, menzionata nelle lettere di el-'Amārnah, capoluogo di una delle cinque satrapie filistee (Ios. 13, 3). Era stata dimora degli Enacim e dei Rephaim (v. DIGANTI NELLA BIBLIA): Ios. 11, 22; I Sam. 17, 4; II Sam. 21, 19 sgg.; I Par. 20, 6. Fu punita per aver tenuto l'arca di Jahweh, che vi seminò la morte (I Sam. 5, 7-10; 6, 17). Vi si rifugiò due volte David perseguitato da Saul (I Sam. 21, 11-16; …
21:21
… Nella S. Scrittura tale termine designa il proferire ingiuria sia contro Dio, sia contro le creature (II Sam. 21, 21; II Reg. 13, 28-35; 19, 10. 13. 22; Ez. 20, 27; Tob. 13, 16; I Par. 20, 7; I Cor. 4, 13; 10, 30; Tit. 3, 2); ma secondo l'osservazione di s. Agostino: «blasphemia non accipitur …
SEMEI (EBR. ŠIM'T «[IL SIGNORE] MI HA ASCOLTATO»)
Tra gli altri S., alcuni sono dell'età di David: un suo fratello (II Sam. 21, 21), altrove detto Samma (I Sam. 16, 9; 17, 13); un partigiano di Salomone durante il tentativo di Adonia (I Reg. 1, 8); un levita tra i cantori di David (I Par. 25, 3). Vanno inoltre …
Douay-Rheims (Challoner) · Vulgata Clementina · Douay-Rheims originale (Douai 1609-10), trascrizione EEBO-TCP (CC0) · La Sacra Bibbia, tradotta dalla Volgata da Antonio Martini (1769-1781) (LaParola (laparola.net), Martini OSIS text, Public domain (LaParola's electronic edition marks it 'Dominio pubblico')). Pubblico dominio.