A famine of three years, for the sin of Saul against the Gabaonites, at whose desire seven of Saul’s race are crucified. War again with the Philistines.
E•mine oppressing Isiael three yeares, for the sinne of Saul agaynst the Gabaonites, 6. seuen of Saulsrace (7. Miphiboseth saned) are crucisied. 12. Their bones with Sauls and Ionathas are buried in the Land of Beniamin. 15. Dauid hath foure great battels and victories against the Philistians.
1And there was a famine in the days of David for three years successively: and David consulted the oracle of the Lord. And the Lord said: It is for Saul, and his bloody house, because he slew the Gabaonites.Fu ancora una fame a tempo di Davidde per tre anni continui: e Davidde consultò l'oracolo del Signore, e il Signore gli disse: (Questo avviene) a causa di Saul, e della sua stirpe sanguinaria, perchè egli uccise i Gabaoniti.AND there came a famine in the daies of Dauid three yeares continually: and Dauid consulted the oracle of our Lord. And our Lord sayd: For Saul, and his bloudy house, because he slewe the Gabaonites.Facta est quoque fames in diebus David tribus annis jugiter: et consuluit David oraculum Domini. Dixitque Dominus: Propter Saul, et domum ejus sanguinum, quia occidit Gabaonitas. 2Then the king, calling for the Gabaonites, said to them: (Now the Gabaonites were not of the children of Israel, but the remains of the Amorrhites: and the children of Israel had sworn to them, and Saul sought to slay them out of zeal, as it were for the children of Israel and Juda:)E il re chiamò i Gabaoniti, e parlò ad essi: (Or i Gabaoniti non erano del numero de' figliuoli d'Israele, ma avanzi degli Amorrhei, e gl'Israeliti si erano impegnati con essi col giuramento; ma Saul volle ucciderli per zelo come per bene de' figliuoli d'Israele e Giuda)The king therfore calling the Gabaonites, sayd to them. (Moreouer the Gabaonites were not of the children of Israel, but the reliques of the Amorrheites: For the children of Israel had sworne to them, and Saul would strike them of zeale, as it were for the children of Israel and Iuda.)Vocatis ergo Gabaonitis rex, dixit ad eos (porro Gabaonitæ non erant de filiis Israël, sed reliquiæ Amorrhæorum: filii quippe Israël juraverant eis, et voluit Saul percutere eos zelo, quasi pro filiis Israël et Juda), 3David therefore said to the Gabaonites: What shall I do for you? and what shall be the atonement for you, that you may bless the inheritance of the Lord?Disse adunque Davidde a' Gabaoniti: Che deggio io fare per voi? e qual soddisfazione vi darò io, affinchè preghiate per l'eredità del Signore?Dauid therfore sayd to the Gabaonites: What shal I do for you? And what shal be the expiation for you, that you may blesse the inheritance of our Lord?dixit ergo David ad Gabaonitas: Quid faciam vobis ? et quod erit vestri piaculum, ut benedicatis hæreditati Domini ? 4And the Gabaonites said to him: We have no contest about silver and gold, but against Saul and against his house: neither do we desire that any man be slain of Israel. And the king said to them: What will you then that I should do for you?E i Gabaoniti dissero a lui: Noi non domandiamo argento, nè oro, ma giustizia contro Saul, e contro la sua casa; e non vogliamo, che perisca uomo d'Israele. E il re disse loro: Che volete adunque ch'io vi faccia?And the Gabaonites sayd to him: We haue no question vpon siluer and gold, but agaynst Saul, and agaynst his house: neither wil we that a man be slayne of Israel. To whom the king sayd: What wil you then that I do for you?Dixeruntque ei Gabaonitæ: Non est nobis super argento et auro quæstio, sed contra Saul, et contra domum ejus: neque volumus ut interficiatur homo de Israël. Ad quos rex ait: Quid ergo vultis ut faciam vobis ?
5And they said to the king: The man that crushed us and oppressed us unjustly, we must destroy in such manner that there be not so much as one left of his stock in all the coasts of Israel.Ed essi dissero al re: Colui, che ci ha consunti, e oppressi iniquamente, noi dobbiamo sterminarlo in guisa, che neppur uno vi resti della sua stirpe in tutto il territorio d'Israele.Who sayd to the king? The man, that hath wasted vs and oppressed vs vniustly, we must so destroy, that there be not so much as one leift of his stocke in al the coastes of Israel.Qui dixerunt regi: Virum qui attrivit nos et oppressit inique, ita delere debemus, ut ne unus quidem residuus sit de stirpe ejus in cunctis finibus Israël. 6Let seven men of his children be delivered unto us, that we may crucify them to the Lord in Gabaa of Saul, once the chosen of the Lord. And the king said: I will give them.Sieno dati a noi sette de' suoi figliuoli, affinchè noi li crocifiggiamo in onor del Signore a Gabaa, patria di Saul, che fu un dì l'eletto del Signore. E il re disse: Ve li darò.Let there be geuen vs seuen men of his children, that we may crucifie them to our Lord in Gabaa of Saul, once the chosen of our Lord. And the king sayd: I wil geue them.Dentur nobis septem viri de filiis ejus, ut crucifigamus eos Domino in Gabaa Saul, quondam electi Domini. Et ait rex: Ego dabo. 7And the king spared Miphiboseth the son of Jonathan the son of Saul, because of the oath of the Lord, that had been between David and Jonathan the son of Saul.Ma il re ebbe compassione di Miphiboseth figliuolo di Gionata figliuolo di Saul per ragione della sacrosanta alleanza, che era stata tra Davidde, e Gionata figliuolo di Saul.And the king spared Miphiboseth the sonne of Ionathas the sonne of Saul, for the oth of our Lord, that had beene betwen Dauid, and betwen Ionathas the sonne of Saul.Pepercitque rex Miphiboseth filio Jonathæ filii Saul, propter jusjurandum Domini quod fuerat inter David et inter Jonathan filium Saul. 8So the king took the two sons of Respha the daughter of Aia, whom she bore to Saul, Armoni, and Miphiboseth: and the five sons of Michol the daughter of Saul, whom she bore to Hadriel the son of Berzellai, that was of Molathi:Il re adunque fece pigliare i due figliuoli di Respha figliuola di Aia, partoriti da lei a Saul, Armoni, e Miphiboseth: e cinque figliuoli di Michol figliuola di Saul partoriti da lei ad Hadriele figliuolo di Berzellai, il quale era di Molath.The king therfore tooke the two sonnes of Respha the daughter of Aia, whom she bare to Saul, Armoni, and Miphiboseth: and the fiue sonnes of Michol the daughter of Saul, which she bare to Hadriel the sonne of Berzellai, that was of Molathi,Tulit itaque rex duos filios Respha filiæ Aja quos peperit Sauli, Armoni, et Miphiboseth: et quinque filios Michol filiæ Saul quos genuerat Hadrieli filio Berzellai, qui fuit de Molathi,
9And gave them into the hands of the Gabaonites: and they crucified them on a hill before the Lord: and these seven died together in the first days of the harvest, when the barley began to be reaped.E li diede in mano dei Gabaoniti, i quali li crocifisser sul monte dinanzi al Signore: e perirono questi sette uccisi tutti insieme nei primi giorni della messe, quando si principiava a mietere l'orzo.and gaue them into the handes of the Gabaonites: who crucified them on a hil before our Lord: and these seuen dyed together in the first dayes of haruest, when the reaping of barley began.et dedit eos in manus Gabaonitarum: qui crucifixerunt eos in monte coram Domino: et ceciderunt hi septem simul occisi in diebus messis primis, incipiente messione hordei. 10And Respha the daughter of Aia took haircloth, and spread it under her upon the rock from the beginning of the harvest, till water dropped upon them out of heaven: and suffered neither the birds to tear them by day, nor the beasts by night.Ma Respha figliuola di Aia, steso sopra una pietra un cilicio, ivi si stette dal principio della mietitura, fino a tanto che non cadde acqua dal cielo sopra di essi, e impedì, che gli lacerassero il giorno gli uccelli o le fiere la notte.And Respha the daughter of Aia taking a heare cloth, spred it vnder her vpon the rocke from the beginning of haruest, til water dropped vpon them from heauen: and she suffered not the birdes to teare them by day, nor the beastes by night.Tollens autem Respha filia Aja cilicium, substravit sibi supra petram ab initio messis, donec stillaret aqua super eos de cælo: et non dimisit aves lacerare eos per diem, neque bestias per noctem. 11And it was told David, what Respha the daughter of Aia, the concubine of Saul, had done.E fu riferito a Davidde quello che avea fatto Respha figliuola di Aia concubina di Saul.And the thinges were told Dauid, which Respha had done, the daughter of Aia, the concubine of Saul.Et nuntiata sunt David quæ fecerat Respha filia Aja, concubina Saul. 12And David went, and took the bones of Saul, and the bones of Jonathan his son from the men of Jabes Galaad, who had stolen them from the street of Bethsan, where the Philistines had hanged them when they had slain Saul in Gelboe.E Davidde andò e prese le ossa di Saul, e le ossa di Gionata suo figliuolo da quelli di Jabes di Galaad i quali le avean portate via dalla piazza di Bethsan, dove i Filistei gli aveano appesi allorché i Filistei uccisero Saul a Gelboe.And Dauid went, and tooke the bones of Saul, and the bones of Ionathas his sonne from the men of Iabes Galaad, who had stolen them out of the streate of Bethsan, in the which the Philistijms hanged them when they had killed Saul in Gelboe.Et abiit David, et tulit ossa Saul, et ossa Jonathæ filii ejus, a viris Jabes Galaad, qui furati fuerant ea de platea Bethsan in qua suspenderant eos Philisthiim cum interfecissent Saul in Gelboë:
13And he brought from thence the bones of Saul, and the bones of Jonathan his son, and they gathered up the bones of them that were crucified,E trasportò di là le ossa di Saul, e le ossa di Gionata suo figliuolo: e raccolte le ossa di coloro, che erano stati crocifissi,And he caried thence the bones of Saul, and the bones of Ionathas his sonne: and gathering the bones of them, that were crucified,et asportavit inde ossa Saul, et ossa Jonathæ filii ejus: et colligentes ossa eorum qui affixi fuerant, 14And they buried them with the bones of Saul, and of Jonathan his son in the land of Benjamin, in the side, in the sepulchre of Cis his father: and they did all that the king had commanded, and God shewed mercy again to the land after these things.Le seppellirono insieme colle ossa di Saul, e di Gionata suo figliuolo nella terra di Beniamin da un lato nel sepolcro del padre loro Cis. E fu fatto tutto quello che il re ordinò, e dopo questo Iddio si placò verso il paese.they buried them with the bones of Saul, and of Ionathas his sonne in the Land of Beniamin, in the side, in the sepulchre of Cis his father: and they did al thinges that the king had commanded, and God was made propitious agayne to the land after these thinges.sepelierunt ea cum ossibus Saul et Jonathæ filii ejus in terra Benjamin, in latere, in sepulchro Cis patris ejus: feceruntque omnia quæ præceperat rex, et repropitiatus est Deus terræ post hæc. 15And the Philistines made war again against Israel, and David went down, and his servants with him, and fought against the Philistines. And David growing faint,E di nuovo si riaccese la guerra de' Filistei contro Israele, e Davidde andò colla sua gente a combattergli: e Davidde essendo stanco,And there was a battel made agayne of the Philistianes against Israel, and Dauid went downe, and his seruantes with him, and fought agaynst the Philisthijms. And Dauid faynting,Factum est autem rursum prælium Philisthinorum adversum Israël, et descendit David, et servi ejus cum eo, et pugnabant contra Philisthiim. Deficiente autem David, 16Jesbibenob, who was of the race of Arapha, the iron of whose spear weighed three hundred ounces, being girded with a new sword, attempted to kill David.Jesbibenob della stirpe di Arapha, che portava una lancia, della quale il ferro pesava trecento once, e aveva una spada nuova, tentò di ferire Davidde.Iesbibenob, which was of the kinred of Arapha, the yron of whose speare weyed three hundred ounces, and he was girded with a new sword, assayed to strike Dauid.Jesbibenob, qui fuit de genere Arapha, cujus ferrum hastæ trecentas uncias appendebat, et accinctus erat ense novo, nisus est percutere David.
17And Abisai the son of Sarvia rescued him, and striking the Philistine killed him. Then David’s men swore unto him saying: Thou shalt go no more out with us to battle, lest thou put out the lamp of Israel.Ma lo difese Abisai figliuolo di Sarvia, il quale ferì, e uccise il Filisteo: allora i soldati di Davidde giurarono, e dissero: Tu non verrai più con noi alla guerra, affinchè non si estingua la lampana d'Israele.And Abisai the sonne of Saruia reskewed him, and striking the Philistian killed him. Then sware Dauids men, saying: Thou shalt no more goe forth with vs into battel, lest thou put out the lampe of Israel.Præsidioque ei fuit Abisai filius Sarviæ, et percussum Philisthæum interfecit. Tunc juraverunt viri David, dicentes: Jam non egredieris nobiscum in bellum, ne extinguas lucernam Israël. 18There was also a second battle in Gob against the Philistines: then Sobochai of Husathi slew Saph of the race of Arapha of the family of the giants.Un'altra battaglia ancora vi fu contro i Filistei a Gob; e allora Sobochai di Husati uccise Saph de' posteri di Arapha di razza de' giganti.There was also a second battel in Gob against the Philistians: then stroke Sobochai of Husathi, Saph of the stocke of Arapha of the kindred of the gyantes.Secundum quoque bellum fuit in Gob contra Philisthæos: tunc percussit Sobochai et Husati, Saph de stirpe Arapha de genere gigantum. 19And there was a third battle in Gob against the Philistines, in which Adeodatus the son of the Forrest an embroiderer of Bethlehem slew Goliath the Gethite, the shaft of whose spear was like a weaver’s beam.E una terza battaglia fu ancora a Gob contro i Filistei, e in essa Adeodato figliuolo di Saltus, che tesseva stoffe di varii colori in Bethlehem, uccise Goliath di Geth, di cui l'asta della lancia era come un subbio da tessitore.There was also a third battel in Gob agaynst the Philistians, in the which Adeodatus the sonne of the Forest a broderer the Bethlehemite stroke Goliath the Getheite, the shaft of whose speare was as it were a weauers beame.Tertium quoque fuit bellum in Gob contra Philisthæos, in quo percussit Adeodatus filius Saltus polymitarius Bethlehemites Goliath Gethæum, cujus hastile hastæ erat quasi liciatorium texentium. 20A fourth battle was in Geth: where there was a man of great stature, that had six fingers on each hand, and six toes on each foot, four and twenty in all, and he was of the race of Arapha.La quarta battaglia fu a Geth, dove si trovò un uomo di grande statura che avea sei dita a ciascuna mano, e a ciascun piede, in tutto ventiquattro dita, ed era de' discendenti di Arapha.The fourth battel was in Geth: in the which was a tal man, that had six fingers and six toes on eche hand and foote, that is fowre and twentie, and he was of the race of Arapha.Quartum bellum fuit in Geth: in quo vir fuit excelsus, qui senos in manibus pedibusque habebat digitos, id est, viginti quatuor: et erat de origine Arapha.
21And he reproached Israel: and Jonathan the son of Samae the brother of David slew him.E parlava insolentemente contro Israele, e lo uccise Gionata figliuolo di Samaa fratello di Davidde.And he blasphemed Israel: and Ionathan the sonne of Samaa the brother of Dauid stroke him.Et blasphemavit Israël: percussit autem eum Jonathan filius Samaa fratris David. 22These four were born of Arapha in Geth, and they fell by the hand of David, and of his servants.Questi quattro erano nati in Geth della stirpe di Arapha, e furono uccisi da Davidde e da' suoi servi.These foure were borne of Arapha in Geth, and they fel by the hand of Dauid, and of his seruantes.Hi quatuor nati sunt de Arapha in Geth, et ceciderunt in manu David et servorum ejus.
21:1
Year of the World 2983, Year before Christ 1021.
Haydock
House. It seems the family and chief officers of Saul, had concurred in his cruelty and unjust zeal. Hence many of them might be still living, to undergo this chastisement; and the rest of the people were guilty of some faults. (Haydock)
If they had been perfectly innocent, still God is the dispenser of his own gifts. He is under no obligation of sending health and peace to his creatures. The just often derive greater advantage from crosses than from prosperity. The exemplary punishment of Saul's family was a lesson to kings, and to all mankind, to teach them how they ought to observe justice and the sanctity of oaths.
Calmet
Gabaonites; probably after the slaughter of the priests, at Nobe, 1 Kings 22:19. (Calmet)
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Menochius
Amorrhites, by which name all the nations of Chanaan were frequently designated, Genesis 15:16. (Menochius)
They were properly Hevites.
21:3
Calmet
Atonement, to expiate the injury done to you by Saul; (Menochius) and that you may turn your curses into blessings. The ancients were convinced, that God attends to the imprecations of the innocent. (Calmet)
21:4
Salien
Gold. It is supposed that David made them an offer of some. (Salien, the year before Christ 1040.)
Menochius
Israel besides. At first they required all the progeny of Saul, nine in number, to be crucified: but, at David's request, and intimation that he had sworn to protect the sons of Jonathan, Miphiboseth and Micha, (Haydock) they were content with the death of seven. (Menochius)
Salien
They insist upon the law of retaliation. (Salien)
Calmet
The custom of delivering up criminals to be executed by the relations of the injured dead, still subsists in the East. (Calmet)
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Calmet
Chosen. Some think it improbable that they should give Saul this title; and Castalion would substitute ber, "in the mountain," (ver. 9) instead of béchir, "anointed," a title which Junius, however, refers to David: "O thou anointed," etc. (Calmet)
Haydock
But why might not these people recognize this character in Saul, which would make the punishment more disgraceful, as they chose the city of Saul, in preference, for the execution of his unhappy offspring? (Haydock)
21:8
Of Michol. They were the sons of Merob, who was married to Hadriel; but they are here called the sons of Michol, because she adopted them, and brought them up as her own: (Challoner; Chaldean; St. Jerome, Trad.) or Merob was called Michol; (Sa) or, what seems most probable, from the word she bore being used, (Cajetan) and as two sisters would hardly have the same name, (Haydock) Michol has crept into the text instead of Merob. (Capel.; Salien; Calmet) (1 Kings 25:44.)
21:9
Year of the World 2986, Year before Christ 1018.
Lord. The prophets had frequented this hill, 1 Kings 8:4, 13. So the Gabaonites crucified these seven, before an ancient altar, as victims to appease God's anger, (Calmet) for the treaty with them having been violated, (Haydock) particularly after they had embraced the true religion. (Salien) (Deuteronomy 10:19.)
Menochius
Barley, about Easter. (Menochius)
21:10
Hair-cloth, to sleep on, occasionally.
Menochius
Heaven. The famine had been caused by drought. As soon therefore as rain fell, David was assured that God was appeased. He had suffered the bodies to hang so long, for that purpose, though commonly they were to be taken down before night. (Menochius)
Respha is supposed, by some, to have guarded the bodies from spring till the rain fell in autumn. But the former opinion seems more plausible. We here behold the custom of watching by the bodies of the dead. See Homer, Iliad xxiii.
Calmet
Beasts. The gibbets were formerly very low. (Calmet)
Eusebius † AD 339
Thus Blandina was exposed to wild beasts. (Eusebius, Hist. 5:1.)
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Haydock
Done. Her piety and affliction were extraordinary. She had been brought up in delicacies, and was a person of uncommon beauty, so as to captivate Abner, 2 Kings 3:8. She must now have been advanced in years. (Haydock)
21:14
Calmet
Side of the mountain, or in distinct cavities. (Calmet)
Calmet
Many suppose that Tselá, or Sela, is the name of a place (Menochius) not far from Gabaa, Josue 18:28. (Calmet)
Du Hamel
Many proper names are thus translated. (Du Hamel)
21:15
Calmet
Again: it is not certain at what time. Some think it was towards the beginning of David's reign, since he leads his men to battle; or the Philistines might have made an irruption into his dominions, about three years after the death of Absalom. (Calmet)
Haydock
David had offered to put himself at the head of the army, against his son, 2 Kings 18:2. (Haydock)
Salien
Faint. He was now sixty-four years old. (Salien)
21:16
Calmet
Jesbibenob may signify, "Jesbi, the son of Ob." Septuagint, "Jesbe, of Nob, who was of the race of the giants." Arapha seems to have been one of great fame, (ver. 18, 21, 22) who had several children; unless other giants assumed his name. (Calmet)
Calmet
Ounces. Hebrew, "sicles of brass, in weight." Sicles is only understood, as on similar occasions. Neither is sword expressed; (Haydock) so that some think he had on a new suit of armour. Symmachus, "a sword." Roman Septuagint, "a club." The weight of the whole spear is specified in Hebrew, Septuagint, etc., (Calmet) as weighing "300---of brass," (Haydock) of which metal it seems to have been formed, as the Jews had no such money till after the captivity. (Calmet)
21:17
Homer
Lamp; glory and protection. Achilles reproaches himself for not having been "a light to" his friend. (Homer, Iliad S.)
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Calmet
Gob, as Gazer was called by the Philistines; (1 Paralipomenon 20:4.; Salien) unless (Haydock) the former word be a mistake of the transcriber. (Calmet)
Haydock
Septuagint (Alexandrian) reads, Geth. (Haydock)
Sobochai, one of David's valiant men, 1 Paralipomenon 11:29.
Saphai is added in 1 Chron. 20.
21:19
Challoner
Adeodatus, the son of Forrest. So it is rendered in the Latin Vulgate, by giving the interpretation of the Hebrew names, which are Elhanan, the son of Jaare. (Challoner)
Haydock
We should translate all the proper names, or none; as the present mode is extremely perplexing. Adeodatus might therefore be rendered, "God given;" (Dieudonné, as the French have it, though they will not translate Saltus, but leave Jaare) or, if Adeodatus must remain, as it is sometimes a proper name, why may not Saltus? A mere English reader might suppose that Forrest was a Hebrew name, and, with Swift in jest, maintain the high antiquity of our language. (Haydock)
Calmet
Regularly proper names should be retained. (Calmet)
But the learned have often chosen to give the import of foreign names, in the language in which they have been writing. See Du Thou's History. Thus Dubois is styled Sylvius; Newman, Neander; etc.
Haydock
An embroiderer. Protestants make this a part of the man's name, "Jaare-oregim." Septuagint, "the son of Ariorgeim." In 1 Paralipomenon 20, no notice is taken of his profession. (Haydock)
Calmet
That passage will evince that Elhanan is not the same with David, as some would infer from the mention of Goliath's death, but the son of Jair, uncle of Joab, (chap. 33:24.) who was born at Bethlehem, though the verse in Paralipomenon would insinuate less correctly, that the giant's name was Lechem, thus, "Elehanan....slew Lechem, the brother," etc., as the copyist had written ath instead of bith. (Calmet)
Haydock
Our version has not this mistake: "Adeodatus, the son of Saltus, a Bethlehemite, slew the brother of Goliath, the Gethite," etc., 1 Paralipomenon 20:5. (Haydock)
Calmet
"It would be difficult to find a passage more disfigured than the present; and, without the help of the Paralipomenon, it would be impossible to make it out." (Calmet)
Haydock
Kennicott makes a similar remark. (Diss. 1:and ii.) But he believes that the Book of Chronicles, though the latest, and usually the most corrupt, of the Old Testament, is here perfectly correct; and that the passage before us is strangely corrupted, "Jaare Oregim, a Bethlehemite," being placed instead of , ..."Jaor slew Lahmi," as he thinks that oregim, "weavers," has been inserted from the line below, p. 79. Josephus ([Antiquities?] 7:10.) relates this transaction as follows, "When the king had sent a fresh army against them, Nephan, his relation, displayed the greatest valour. For engaging in a single combat with the bravest man of the Philistines, and killing his antagonist, he caused the rest to turn their backs, and many of the enemy fell in that battle." Thus he evades all the difficulty, adding much out of his own head; and by Nephan, designating Elehanan, the son of his (Joab's) uncle, (chap. 23:24.) or Dodo, a word which the Vulgate renders patrui ejus, "his paternal uncle," though it hath a wider signification, and denotes other relations. Hence, as Joab was the nephew of David, this brave man might be in the same degree, and born of one of the children of Isai; or, perhaps, Josephus infers that he was a kinsman of David, because he was of the same city. (Haydock)
Goliath. He might have the same name as his brother, who had been slain by David forty-three years before; (Salien) or the title of brother may only signify, that this giant resembled the former in size and strength, Proverbs 18:9.
Calmet
Beam. See 1 Kings 17:7. (Calmet)
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Salien
Fourth. Josephus says this was the last war with the Philistines; and Tostat supposes, that they wished to retake the city of Geth. (Salien)
Aquila
Stature, or "of contradiction." (Aquila)
Hebrew Madon. Septuagint leave it as the proper name of a place, "Madon," specified [in] Josue 11:1., and 12:19. Capel would read, "a man of Madian."
Pliny
Six. Such people were styled Sedigiti, among the Romans. The daughters of Horatius were thus distinguished, as well as the poet Volcatius. (Pliny, [Natural History?] 11:43.)
21:22
Calmet
Of David, who was present, though it does not appear that he slew any of the four. (Calmet)
21:8
Of Michol.... They were the sons of Merob, who was married to Hadriel: but they are here called the sons of Michol, because she adopted them, and brought them up as her own.
21:19
Adeodatus the son of the Forrest.... So it is rendered in the Latin Vulgate, by giving the interpretation of the Hebrew names, which are Elhanan the son of Jaare.
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Iosue. •.
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St Jerome † AD 420 Against Jovinianus 2.10
… that they are on the right hand, but do not stand there: they flee until the High Priest dies and descending into hell liberates their souls. The Gibeonites met the children of Israel, and although other nations were slaughtered, they were kept for hewers of wood and drawers of water.
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St Ambrose of Milan † AD 397 On the Duties of the Clergy 1.35
… After that he never entered on a war without seeking counsel of the Lord. Thus he was victorious in all wars, and even to his last years was ready to fight. And when war arose with the Philistines, he joined battle with their fierce troops, being desirous of winning renown, whilst careless of his own safety.
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St John Chrysostom † AD 407 Homilies on 2 Thessalonians 4
… they surround him with their shields, wishing to preserve his person. Hear what all the people say to David. (I say not this, as comparing myself to David, I am not so mad, but because I wish to show the affection of the people for their ruler.) “Thou shalt go no more out with us to battle,” they say, “that thou quench not the lamp of Israel.” (
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Letters of St. Augustin 228.10
… Finally, observe how the holy David acquiesced in the urgent petition of his people, that he should not expose himself to the dangers of battle, and, as it is said in the narrative, “quench the light of Israel,”
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1. AND THERE WAS A FAMINE ALSO IN THE DAYS OF DAVID FOR THREE YEARS. — God sent this famine upon all Israel, because its king Saul had unjustly slain the Gabaonites. But the king is a public person, and represents the commonwealth. Therefore what the king sins, the commonwealth sins; and so God punished the public sin of the king with public famine. AND DAVID CONSULTED THE ORACLE OF THE LORD, — through Sadoc, or Abiathar the High Priest, clothed in the Rational in which were Urim and Tummim as an oracle, as I said in Exodus XXVIII, 30. AND THE LORD SAID: FOR SAUL AND FOR HIS BLOODY HOUSE; BECAUSE HE SLEW THE GABAONITES, — that is to say, This famine was sent as a punishment for sin, in that Saul and his family unjustly shed much blood. Hence this sin must be expiated by blood, and the family that killed shall be killed.
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2. AND SAUL SOUGHT TO SLAY THEM WITH ZEALOUS ANGER, AS IT WERE FOR THE CHILDREN OF ISRAEL AND OF JUDA. — This zeal of Saul was in that he wished to add the houses, villages and lands of the Gabaonites to the tribe of Juda and the other tribes, which had been assigned to them by God, as if Josue had spared the Gabaonites against the law and command of God, and thus had taken away from Juda and the Judge the inheritance given to them by God. But this zeal was foolish and senseless, both because it was against the faith given to the Gabaonites by Josue and the Hebrews; and because the Gabaonites passed over into the colony equally as into the religion and faith of the Hebrews willingly, to whom therefore God wished them to be spared; and because the Gabaonites had ceded their cities and lands to the Hebrews, and were their servants, and by this servitude had redeemed their lives from them, as I said in Josue cap. IX. Wherefore in this zeal of Saul that saying was true: "The highest law, the highest injustice." Moreover, when Saul slew the Gabaonites, David fleeing from him lay hid in woods and caves, and if perchance he learned of it afterwards, he persuaded himself that the injury was satisfied by the death of Saul and his sons; hence he did not think of further satisfaction, until God, when his kingdom was now at peace, exacted it from him in this place. Wherefore Lyran and Abulensis judge less correctly that this famine happened in the days of David, in that he himself did not punish this injustice of Saul.
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Vers. 3. THAT YOU MAY BLESS THE INHERITANCE OF THE LORD, — that is to say, that you may pray well for Israel; and so God may turn away from it the three-year famine, which He brought upon it for this reason.
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Vers. 5. THE MAN (Saul) WHO CRUSHED US AND OPPRESSED US UNJUSTLY, WE OUGHT TO DESTROY IN SUCH A WAY THAT NOT EVEN ONE SHOULD REMAIN OF HIS STOCK. — Nine remained of the stock of Saul, namely Miphiboseth and his son, five sons of Michol by Hadriël, and two sons of Saul. You will ask, was this petition of theirs just and equitable? I answer that it was just in part, in that some of the descendants of Saul had cooperated with him in the slaughter of the Gabaonites; for this is signified in vers. 1, where the family of Saul is called "a house of bloodshed:" in part unjust, because it is likely that some of the descendants of Saul were innocent of the slaughter of the Gabaonites, who therefore could not justly be put to death for the sin of their father or kinsmen by human law. For, as Ezechiel says, cap. XVIII: "The son shall not bear the iniquity of the father, but the soul that hath sinned, the same shall die." For no prince or king can condemn a son to death for the sin of the father alone; hence in no tribunal of the faithful is a son put to death for the father. I say of the faithful; for among infidels and barbarians, as among the Japanese, when the father sins not only he himself, but also his sons are punished. Wherefore this petition of the Gabaonites has something of rancor, vengeance and insolent, barbarous and Turkish fury: unless you say that they demanded it not of themselves, but at the instigation of God, and this is hinted at in verse 9, when it is said: "Who crucified them on the mountain before the Lord," and in vers. 6, where they themselves say: "That we may crucify them to the Lord," Septuagint, and we shall appease the Lord in them; Chaldee, and we shall hang them before the Lord, as it were anathemas, catharmas and expiations of Israel. For on the part of God this petition was just and holy. For God sent this famine upon Israel for this reason, that the descendants of Saul might be slain as an expiation for the sin of Saul; since Saul himself, being dead, could not be punished and slain. For God is Lord of the life and death of all, both guilty and innocent; wherefore He can punish guilty fathers in innocent sons, according to that in Deut. V, 9: "I am the Lord thy God, a jealous God (Septuagint, zealous) rendering the iniquity of the fathers upon the children unto the third and fourth generation." See the things said there.
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Verse 8. THE KING THEREFORE TOOK THE TWO SONS OF RISPA. — David did not sin in delivering the sons of Saul, even though innocent, to the Gabaonites for crucifixion, because he saw this to be the will of God, who for this reason had sent famine upon Israel. He therefore conformed himself to the divine will, which was most just and most holy on account of the reasons given in verse 5. David did this therefore at the prompting of God, and, as it appears, having obtained an oracle through the high priest and the Urim, of which verse 1 speaks; he did it, I say, as an executor of God's justice, who punishes sins unto the third and fourth generation. For Saul, being dead, could not be punished except in his sons; and therefore God's justice could not be satisfied here except by putting his sons to death. But it is not lawful for princes, magistrates, and human justice to imitate this, because they ought to punish the guilty head itself, not his sons and descendants. Thus Abulensis, Cajetan and others. AND FIVE SONS OF MICHOL THE DAUGHTER OF SAUL, WHOM SHE HAD BORNE TO ADRIEL. — These were sons not of Michol, but of Merob her sister, whom Michol, as she was without offspring, had adopted as sons; for Merob was the wife of Adriel, but Michol was the wife of David. Wherefore when it is said: "Whom she had borne to Adriel," understand her sister Merob, in whose place Michol, adopting them, had succeeded. Others think that Merob was called by another name, Michol. But Cajetan thinks there is an error, and that Merob should be substituted for Michol. Yet all the Hebrew, Greek, and Latin codices have Michol, not Merob. The Chaldean version, however, has "and five sons of Merob, whom Michol the daughter of Saul had reared," because she had adopted them, as I have said.
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Verse 9. WHO CRUCIFIED THEM ON THE MOUNTAIN BEFORE THE LORD, — namely to appease the Lord, or in honor of the Lord, so that by this crucifixion of his family, as it were by a public expiation and a sacrifice for sin, he might satisfy his avenging justice and the offense committed by Saul and his family. Note here that God is honored and glorified by the execution of justice. For when the guilty are punished, the justice and holiness of God who punishes shines forth, inasmuch as he hates sins and sinners, and does not allow them to go unpunished. Hence in Deuteronomy, chapter XIII, verse 46, God commands that idolaters be burned with their whole city. "Thou shalt consume," he says, "all things to the Lord thy God." WHEN THE BARLEY HARVEST WAS BEGINNING, — that is at the beginning of spring at Passover, so that it might be indicated that they remained on the cross as an expiation for many months, as will be evident from what follows.
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Verse 10. And Rispa (the mother of two of the crucified, and kinswoman of the others) taking sackcloth, SPREAD IT FOR HERSELF UPON THE ROCK, FROM THE BEGINNING OF THE HARVEST, UNTIL WATER DROPPED UPON THEM FROM HEAVEN, — so that she herself, remaining and lying in sackcloth, might continually guard the bodies of her sons, lest they be torn to pieces by birds, dogs and wild beasts. Understand that she did not remain alone, but with servants and handmaids, as Cajetan says. Mystically, Rispa is the pious solicitude of holy Pastors and spiritual Fathers, who guard those sons whom they have begotten to Christ, crucified to the world, and succor them by the rigor of fasting and the urgency of prayers, until they obtain God's mercy upon them from heaven, restraining wicked men, and also malignant spirits, lest by wicked suggestions they snatch them from the cross, tear them and devour them. Thus Angelomus. Hence Rispa in Hebrew means the same as a coal or burning ember, which is a symbol of burning love; or the pavement on which she herself, afflicting herself for her sons, lay upon sackcloth.
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12. AND DAVID WENT, AND TOOK THE BONES OF SAUL. — David, stirred up by the example of the piety of Rispa, who so diligently guarded the bodies of her sons, took care that their bones, as well as those of Saul and Jonathan, be gathered and honorably buried in the sepulcher of Cis his father; so that he might show himself to be unmindful of the injuries inflicted upon him by Saul, and to repay him for such great wrongs with signal benefits; which is an act of heroic charity.
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15. AND THERE WAS AGAIN A BATTLE. — Next are recounted four battles of David against the Philistines, which appear to have occurred in the order in which they are narrated here. For this is what the simple narrative of history requires, although others think that the order of time is not observed here, but that some things happened earlier and some later; but what I have said is more true, and thus Josephus, Severus Sulpitius, Sigonius, Lyra, Abulensis, Cajetan, Serarius, Vatable, Dionysius, Adrichomius, and Salianus judge. AND DAVID FAINTED, — namely, when David, now growing old, fighting in battle and wearied by toil, heat, hunger and thirst, was failing in strength and could no longer sustain the force of the enemies pressing upon him; then Jesbibenob the giant, of the stock of Rapha, or Raphain, that is of giants, sprung from the first giant Rapha (for Arapha is the same as Rapha), rushed upon him. For in Hebrew הרפה Harapha, where the first letter ה he is not radical but servile, serving in place of the article or demonstrative pronoun, but Abishai came to David's aid and slew the giant. Hear Theodoret in the manuscript: "How came it that David fainted in the battle? He was old, but he conquered by the alacrity of his spirit the weakness of his body. But when he had endured much labour in the conflict, for he was first in the battle fighting, he was wearied and fainted, not bearing the labour. But when he had come into danger, lest he should be slain by him who fought first among the foreigners, he was saved beyond expectation, when Abishai protected him and slew that great enemy."
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Vers. 17. EXTINGUISH NOT THE LAMP OF ISRAEL, — that is, let not the splendour and glory of Israel be extinguished by thy death, such as was King David: the Chaldean [paraphrase says], let not the kingdom of Israel perish with thee.
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Vers. 19. IN WHICH ADEODATUS THE SON OF SALTUS THE WEAVER OF BETHLEHEM SMOTE GOLIATH THE GITTITE. — By Adeodatus many with the Chaldean understand David, who was given by God to Israel for its salvation (Thus St. Augustine called his son Adeodatus). For David was of Bethlehem, and he slew Goliath. Thus the Hebrews according to St. Jerome, Angelomus, Lyra, the Gloss, Rabanus, Rupertus, Hugo, Dionysius and others. Hear St. Jerome: "Adeodatus is David himself. For this reason he is called Adeodatus, because he was chosen by God for the kingdom. Son of Saltus, because he was brought forth from the pasture where he tended sheep. Weaver, because his mother was of the line of Beseleel. Of Bethlehem, because in the time of Naomi and Ruth they returned to Bethlehem in abundance."
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Vers. 22. THESE FOUR WERE BORN OF ARAPHA IN GATH. — Many think Arapha to be Orpah, the mother-in-law of Naomi and kinswoman of Ruth, and therefore that Goliath whom David slew was the son of Orpah. Thus the Hebrews, Philo Biblicus and Prudentius in the Hamartigenia; but I have refuted this in Ruth cap. I, vers. 4, to which add that "Arapha" is not a woman, as Serarius and Sanchez hint, but a man, namely "Rapha," from whom were born and called "Raphain," giants, as if to say: These four giants already mentioned were born from that first and mighty giant Rapha, who therefore by antonomasia with the article He prefixed is called Harapha, as if to say: That giant, that Titan. That this is so is evident, first from other places of Scripture where "Raphain" are said to be born from Rapha the giant, as Genesis cap. XIV, vers. 5; Joshua cap. XII, vers. 4, and cap. XIII, vers. 12. Second, because Scripture in assigning the stock and family of sons assigns their fathers, not their mothers; and this is what "of the stock of Arapha" signifies. Third, because the Roman Septuagint translates "who was of the descendants of τοῦ Ῥαφά," that is of the man Rapha: for τοῦ is masculine and signifies a man. The Royal [edition] has τῶν γιγάντων, that is of giants, and Τιτάνων, that is of Titans. Thus also Josephus, the Chaldean and others. Finally, he who is here called "Arapha," in I Paralipomenon cap. XX, vers. 4, 6 and 7, is called "Rapha," from whom "Raphain" were begotten.
Machine translation from the Latin, not reviewed.
21:6
The "high place of the Lord in G.," where the descendants of Saul were killed (II Sam. 21:6), visited by Solomon to offer sacrifices there before the tabernacle (I Kings 3:4; I Chron. 16:39; 21:29), probably corresponds to Nebi Simeuil which, two km. to the south, dominates …
21:8
… and Nehemiah some of them, being unable to prove their belonging to the priestly class, were deprived of the office they had exercised until then (Ezra 2:61; Neh. 7:63). A B., a native of Molathi (Mebalah), was the father of Michal's husband, Hadriel (II Sam. 21:8). Angelo Penna
Merob (Heb. Mērabh = « Multitude », « Increase »)
… After Saul's death the five sons of M. (not of Michal, as the current text has it) were handed over to the Gibeonites so that they might avenge the wrong done to them by the deceased (II Sam. 21:8).
Another M., son of Saul and Rizpah, was sacrificed by David to the vengeance of the Gibeonites (II Sam. 21:8). Gino Bressan
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Beth-shan (Hebrew Beth-Šē'ān or Beth-Šān; Septuagint Βαθθάγ, Βηθάγ; Arabic Bejān)
… Manasseh (Jos. 17, 11), but it could not be taken (ibid. 17, 12, 16; Iudc. 1, 27). At the death of Saul it seems to have been in the hands of the Philistines, who hung the corpse of Saul and of his three sons on the walls of B. (I Sam. 31, 8-12; II Sam. 21, 12). Under Solomon it appears annexed to the kingdom of Israel, and forms part of the fifth prefecture together with Megiddo and Ta'annak (I Reg. 4, 12). In the Hellenistic era it was …
1. A Transjordanian Israelite city, commonly called Jabesh-Gilead (Judg. 21:8, 10, 12, 41; 1 Sam. 11:1, 9; 31:11; 2 Sam. 2:4, 5; 21:12; 1 Chron. 10:11), sometimes simply Jabesh (1 Sam. 11:3, 5, 18, etc.).
21:14
… C. was buried in Zela, a city of Benjamin (II Sam. 21:14, Heb.).
21:15
… A faithful collaborator of his uncle, he accompanied him by night into the tent of the enemy Saul (I Sam. 26:6-9), preserved him from the deadly blow of the heavy spear of the Philistine Ishbi-benob (II Sam. 21:15-17), and followed him in his flight from Jerusalem after Absalom's coup. …
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Geth (Hebrew Gath, Akkadian Gimtu, "Winepress")
GETH (Hebrew Gath, Akkadian Gimtu, "Winepress"). - A Canaanite city, mentioned in the letters of el-'Amārnah, capital of one of the five Philistine satrapies (Josh. 13:3). It had been the dwelling place of the Anakim and the Rephaim (v. GIANTS IN THE BIBLE): Josh. 11:22; 1 Sam. 17:4; 2 Sam. 21:19 ff.; 1 Chron. 20:6. It was punished for having kept the ark of Yahweh, which spread death there (1 Sam. 5:7-10; 6:17). David took refuge there twice when persecuted by Saul (1 Sam. …
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BLASPHEMY. - Etymologically, b. (from βλάστιο = to harm and φήμη = voice) means "injurious word." In Sacred Scripture this term designates the uttering of insult either against God or against creatures (II Sam. 21:21; II Reg. 13:28-35; 19:10, 13, 22; Ez. 20:27; Tob. 13:16; I Par. 20:7; I Cor. 4:13; 10:30; Tit. 3:2); but according to the observation of St. Augustine: "blasphemia non …
Semei (Heb. Šim'î "[The Lord] Has Heard Me")
Among the other S.s, some belong to the age of David: a brother of his (II Sam. 21, 21), elsewhere called Shammah (I Sam. 16, 9; 17, 13); a partisan of Solomon during Adonijah's attempt (I Kings 1, 8); a Levite among David's singers (I Chron. 25, 3). Mention should also …
Douay-Rheims (Challoner) · Vulgata Clementina · original Douay-Rheims (Douay 1609-10), transcription by EEBO-TCP (CC0) · La Sacra Bibbia, tradotta dalla Volgata da Antonio Martini (1769-1781) (LaParola (laparola.net), Martini OSIS text, Public domain (LaParola's electronic edition marks it 'Dominio pubblico')). Public domain.