Seba’s rebellion. Amasa is slain by Joab. Abela is besieged, but upon the citizens casting over the wall the head of Seba, Joab departeth with all his army.
Seba raiseth rebellion, is pursued by Ioab, (10. VVho in the way trecherously killeth Amasa,) 13. Abela is besieged, because Seba saueth him self there. 20. but his head being cut of and cast ouer the wal to Ioab, the armie departeth. 23. Chief men in office are mentioned.
1And there happened to be there a man of Belial, whose name was Seba, the son of Bochri, a man of Jemini: and he sounded the trumpet, and said: We have no part in David, nor inheritance in the son of Isai: return to thy dwellings, O Israel.Or egli avvenne, che vi si trovò un uomo di Belial per nome Seba, figliuolo di Bochri della tribù di Beniamin: ed egli suonò la tromba, e disse: Noi non abbiam che fare con Davidde, nè cosa in comune col figliuolo d'Isai. Torna, o Israele, alle tue tende.IT chanced also that there was there a man of Belial, named Seba, the sonne of Bochri, a man of Iemini: and he sounded the trumpet, and sayd: We haue no part in Dauid, nor inheritance in the sonne of Isai: Returne into thy tabernacles Israel.Accidit quoque ut ibi esset vir Belial, nomine Seba, filius Bochri, vir Jemineus: et cecinit buccina, et ait: Non est nobis pars in David, neque hæreditas in filio Isai: revertere in tabernacula tua, Israël. 2And all Israel departed from David, and followed Seba the son of Bochri: but the men of Juda stuck to their king from the Jordan unto Jerusalem.E tutto Israele si separò da Davidde, e seguitò Seba figliuolo di Bochri: ma que' di Giuda stetter sempre a' fianchi del loro re dal Giordano fino a Gerusalemme.And al Israel was separated from Dauid, and folowed Seba the sonne of Bochri: but the men of Iuda stucke to their king from Iordan vnto Ierusalem.Et separatus est omnis Israël a David, secutusque est Seba filium Bochri: viri autem Juda adhæserunt regi suo a Jordane usque Jerusalem. 3And when the king was come into his house at Jerusalem, he took the ten women his concubines, whom he had left to keep the house, and put them inward, allowing them provisions: and he went not in unto them, but they were shut up unto the day of their death living in widowhood.Ma il re tosto che fu arrivato in sua casa a Gerusalemme, fece prendere le dieci concubine lasciate a custodire la casa, e le fece rinchiudere, somministrando loro gli alimenti, e non si accostò ad esse, ma si stetter rinchiuse vivendo quai vedove fino al giorno della loro morte.And when the king was come into his house to Ierusalem, he tooke the ten wemen his concubines, which he had leift to keepe the house, and he deliuered them into custodie, allowing them victuals: and he went not in vnto them, but they were shut vp vntil the day of their death liuing in widowhood.Cumque venisset rex in domum suam in Jerusalem, tulit decem mulieres concubinas quas dereliquerat ad custodiendam domum, et tradidit eas in custodiam, alimenta eis præbens: et non est ingressus ad eas, sed erant clausæ usque in diem mortis suæ in viduitate viventes. 4And the king said to Amasa: Assemble to me all the men of Juda against the third day, and be thou here present.Indi il re disse ad Amasa: Mettimi insieme tutti gli uomini di Giuda per di qui a tre giorni, e tu pur ci sarai presente.And the king sayd to Amasa: Cal me together al the men of Iuda agaynst the third day, and be thou present.Dixit autem rex Amasæ: Convoca mihi omnes viros Juda in diem tertium, et tu adesto præsens.
5So Amasa went to assemble the men of Juda, but he tarried beyond the set time which the king had appointed him.Amasa pertanto andò a mettere insieme la gente di Giuda: ma tardò oltre il tempo fissatogli dal re.Amasa therfore went to cal together Iuda, and taryed beyond the time appoynted which the king had assigned him.Abiit ergo Amasa ut convocaret Judam, et moratus est extra placitum quod ei constituerat rex. 6And David said to Abisai: Now will Seba the son of Bochri do us more harm than did Absalom: take thou therefore the servants of thy lord, and pursue after him, lest he find fenced cities, and escape us.E David disse ad Abisai: Ora ci darà più da fare Seba figliuolo di Bochri, che Assalonne. Prendi adunque i servi del tuo signore, va in traccia di esso, affinchè non si assicuri forse in alcuna delle città forti, e ci scappi dalle mani.And Dauid sayd to Abisai: Now wil Seba the sonne of Bochri more astlict vs, then Absalom: take therefore the seruantes of thy Lord, and pursew him, lest perhaps he finde fensed cities, & escape vs.Ait autem David ad Abisai: Nunc magis afflicturus est nos Seba filius Bochri quam Absalom: tolle igitur servos domini tui, et persequere eum, ne forte inveniat civitates munitas, et effugiat nos. 7So Joab’s men went out with him, and the Cerethi and the Phelethi: and all the valiant men went out of Jerusalem to pursue after Seba the son of Bochri.Partì egli adunque insieme cogli uomini di Gioab, e que' di Cerethi, e di Phelethi: e tutti i più valorosi partirono da Gerusalemme per tener dietro a Seba figliuolo di Bochri.There went forth therfore with him Ioabs men, Cerethi also and Phelethi: and al the strong men yssued forth of Ierusalem to pursew Seba the sonne of Bochri.Egressi sunt ergo cum eo viri Joab, Cerethi quoque et Phelethi: et omnes robusti exierunt de Jerusalem ad persequendum Seba filium Bochri. 8And when they were at the great stone which is in Gabaon, Amasa coming met them. And Joab had on a close coat of equal length with his habit, and over it was girded with a sword hanging down to his flank, in a scabbard, made in such manner as to come out with the least motion and strike.E quand'essi furono arrivati presso alla gran pietra che è in Gabaon, Amasa venne ad incontrarli. Or Gioab era vestito di una tonaca stretta misurata appuntino alla sua corporatura, e sopra di questa avea la spada appesa a' fianchi nel suo fodero, e talmente fatta che per ogni legger movimento poteva uscir fuora, e fare il colpo.And when they were beside the great stone, which is in Gabaon, Amasa coming mette them. Moreouer Ioab was clothed with a strayte cote according to the measure of his stature, and vpon it girded with a sword hanging downe to the flanke, in a scabbarde, which being made for the purpose could with light mouing come sorth and strike.Cumque illi essent juxta lapidem grandem qui est in Gabaon, Amasa veniens occurrit eis. Porro Joab vestitus erat tunica stricta ad mensuram habitus sui, et desuper accinctus gladio dependente usque ad ilia, in vagina, qui fabricatus levi motu egredi poterat, et percutere.
9And Joab said to Amasa: God save thee, my brother. And he took Amasa by the chin with his right hand to kiss him.Gioab pertanto disse ad Amasa: Buon dì, fratel mio. E colla mano destra prese Amasa al mento come per baciarlo.Ioab therfore sayd to Amasa: God saue thee my brother. And he held with his right hand the chinne of Amasa,Dixit itaque Joab ad Amasam: Salve mi frater. Et tenuit manu dextera mentum Amasæ, quasi osculans eum. 10But Amasa did not take notice of the sword, which Joab had, and he struck him in the side, and shed out his bowels to the ground, and gave him not a second wound, and he died. And Joab, and Abisai his brother pursued after Seba the son of Bochri.Or Amasa non fece attenzione alla spada, che avea Gioab, e questi lo ferì nel fianco, e fecegli cadere gli intestini per terra, e senz'altro colpo quegli si morì. E Gioab con Abisai suo fratello tenner dietro a Seba figliuolo di Bochri.as it were kissing him. But Amasa marked not the sword, which Ioab had, who strick him in the side, and powred out his bowels on the ground, neither added he the second wound, and he dyed. And Ioab, and Abisai his brother pursewed Seba the sonne of Bochri.Porro Amasa non observavit gladium quem habebat Joab: qui percussit eum in latere, et effudit intestina ejus in terram, nec secundum vulnus apposuit: et mortuus est. Joab autem, et Abisai frater ejus, persecuti sunt Seba filium Bochri. 11In the mean time some men of Joab’s company stopping at the dead body of Amasa, said: Behold he that would have been in Joab’s stead the companion of David.Frattanto alcuni dei compagni di Gioab rimasi presso al cadavere di Amasa dicevano: Ecco colui, che voleva essere compagno di Davidde in luogo dì Gioab.In the meane time certayne men, when they stoode by the carcasse of Amasa, Ioabs company, sayd: Loe he that would haue beene for Ioab the companion of Dauid.Interea quidam viri, cum stetissent juxta cadaver Amasæ, de sociis Joab, dixerunt: Ecce qui esse voluit pro Joab comes David. 12And Amasa imbrued with blood, lay in the midst of the way. A certain man saw this that all the people stood still to look upon him, so he removed Amasa out of the highway into the field, and covered him with a garment, that they who passed might, not stop on his account.E Amasa giaceva in mezzo alla strada coperto di sangue: e qualcheduno osservò, come si fermava tutta la gente per vederlo, e strascinò Amasa fuor della strada in un campo, e coprillo con un mantello, affinchè que' che passavano, non si fermassero a mirarlo.And Amasa embrewed with bloud, lay in the middes of the way. A certayne man saw this that al the people stayed to see him, and he remoued Amasa out of the way into the filde, and couered him with a garment, that they which passed might not stay because of him.Amasa autem conspersus sanguine jacebat in media via. Vidit hoc quidam vir, quod subsisteret omnis populus ad videndum eum, et amovit Amasam de via in agrum, operuitque eum vestimento, ne subsisterent transeuntes propter eum.
13And when he was removed out of the way, all the people went on following Joab to pursue after Seba the son of Bochri.E tolto ch'ei fu dalla strada, tutta la gente seguitava Gioab per tener dietro a Seba figliuolo di Bochri.He therefore being remoued out of the way, euery man passed folowing Ioab to pursew Seba the sonne of Bochri.Amoto ergo illo de via, transibat omnis vir sequens Joab ad persequendum Seba filium Bochri. 14Now he had passed through all the tribes of Israel unto Abela and Bethmaacha: and all the chosen men were gathered together unto him.Or questi era passato per mezzo a tutte le tribù di Israele fino ad Abela, e Bethmaacha, e si era unito con lui il fior della gente.Moreouer he had passed through al the tribes of Israel vnto Abela, and Bethmaaca: and al the chosen men were gathered together vnto him.Porro ille transierat per omnes tribus Israël in Abelam et Bethmaacha: omnesque viri electi congregati fuerant ad eum. 15And they came, and besieged him in Abela, and in Bethmaacha, and they cast up works round the city, and the city was besieged: and all the people that were with Joab, laboured to throw down the walls.E quelli andarono ad assediarlo in Abela, che è Bethmaacha, e circondarono di trincea la città, e la chiusero: e tutta la gente di Gioab si affaticarono per abbattere le muraglie.They therfore came, and assaulted him in Abela, and in Bethmaaca, and they compassed the citie with munitions, and the citie was besieged: and al the multitude, that was with Ioab, laboured to destroy the walles.Venerunt itaque, et oppugnabant eum in Abela et in Bethmaacha, et circumdederunt munitionibus civitatem, et obsessa est urbs: omnis autem turba quæ erat cum Joab, moliebatur destruere muros. 16And a wise woman cried out from the city: Hear, hear, and say to Joab: Come near hither, and I will speak with thee.Ma una saggia donna di quella città, gridò: Udite, udite: dite a Gioab, che si appressi, perocché io ho da parlargli.And a wise woman cryed out from the citie: Heare ye, heareye, tel Ioab: Approche hither, and I wil speake with thee.Et exclamavit mulier sapiens de civitate: Audite, audite: dicite Joab: Appropinqua huc, et loquar tecum. 17And when he was come near to her, she said to him: Art thou Joab? And he answered: I am. And she spoke thus to him: Hear the words of thy handmaid. He answered: I do hear.Ed essendosi egli fatto innanzi, dissegli colei: Se' tu Gioab? Ed egli rispose: Son io. Ed ella così gli parlò: Ascolta le parole della tua serva. Ed ei rispose: Ascolto.Who when he was come to her, she sayd to him: Art thou Ioab? And he answered, I am. To whom she spake thus: Heare the wordes of thy handmayd. Who answered: I doe heare.Qui cum accessisset ad eam, ait illi: Tu es Joab ? Et ille respondit: Ego. Ad quem sic locuta est: Audi sermones ancillæ tuæ. Qui respondit: Audio.
18And she again said: A saying was used in the old proverb: They that inquire, let them inquire in Abela: and so they made an end.E quella soggiunse: Fu già antico proverbio: Chi chiede consiglio, cerchi consiglio in Abela: e così conseguivano il loro intento.And she agayne sayd: A saying was vsed in the old prouerbe: They that aske, let them aske in Abela: and so they prospered.Rursumque illa: Sermo, inquit, dicebatur in veteri proverbio: Qui interrogant, interrogent in Abela: et sic perficiebant. 19Am not I she that answer truth in Israel, and thou seekest to destroy the city, and to overthrow a mother in Israel? Why wilt thou throw down the inheritance of the Lord?Non son io colei, che do risposte veraci io Israele? e tu cerchi di rovinare una città, di esterminare una madre iti Israele? Perchè vuoi tu sperdere l'eredità del Signore?Am not I she that answer truth in Israel, and thou seekest to subuert the citie, & to ouerthrowe a mother citie in Israel? Why throwest thou downe hedlong the inheritance of our Lord?Nonne ego sum quæ respondeo veritatem in Israël, et tu quæris subvertere civitatem et evertere matrem in Israël ? quare præcipitas hæreditatem Domini ? 20And Joab answering said: God forbid, God forbid that I should, I do not throw down, nor destroy.Rispose Gioab: Mai no, mai no: io non disperdo, io non distruggo.And Ioab answering, sayd: God sorbid, God sorbid that I should, I do not throw downe, nor destroy.Respondensque Joab, ait: Absit, absit hoc a me: non præcipito, neque demolior. 21The matter is not so, but a man of mount Ephraim, Seba the son of Bochri by name, hath lifted up his hand against king David: deliver him only, and we will depart from the city. And the woman said to Joab: Behold his head shall be thrown to thee from the wall.Il fatto non è così: ma un uomo della tribù di Ephraim, Seba detto, figliuolo di Bochri, si è ribellato contro il re Davidde: dateci lui solo, e ci ritireremo dalla città. E la donna disse a Gioab: Or ora ti sarà gettata la sua testa dalla muraglia.The matter is not so, but a man of mount Ephraim, Seba the sonne of Bochri by name, hath lifted vp his hand agaynst king Dauid: Deliuer him onlie, and we wil depart from the citie. And the woman sayd to Ioab: Behold his head shal be throwen to thee of the wal.Non sic se habet res, sed homo de monte Ephraim, Seba filius Bochri cognomine, levavit manum suam contra regem David: tradite illum solum, et recedemus a civitate. Et ait mulier ad Joab: Ecce caput ejus mittetur ad te per murum.
22So she went to all the people, and spoke to them wisely: and they cut off the head of Seba the son of Bochri, and cast it out to Joab. And he sounded the trumpet, and they departed from the city, every one to their home: and Joab returned to Jerusalem to the king.Ella adunque andò attorno discorrendo a tutto il popolo con sagge parole: e quegli troncato il capo di Seba figliuolo di Bochri, lo gettarono a Gioab, il quale fece sonar la tromba, e si ritirò ognuno dalla città per andarsene alle sue tende: e Gioab tornò al re a Gerusalemme.She therfore went to al the people, and spake to them wisely: who threw the head of Seba the sonne of Bochri being cut of, to Ioab. And he sounded the trumpet, and they departed from the citie, euery one into their tabernacles: and Ioab returned to Ierusalem vnto the king.Ingressa est ergo ad omnem populum, et locuta est eis sapienter: qui abscissum caput Seba filii Bochri projecerunt ad Joab. Et ille cecinit tuba, et recesserunt ab urbe, unusquisque in tabernacula sua: Joab autem reversus est Jerusalem ad regem. 23So Joab was over all the army of Israel: and Banaias the son of Joiada was over the Cerethites and Phelethites,Gioab pertanto ebbe il comando di tutto l'esercito d'Israele; e Banaia figliuolo di Joiada comandava a quelli di Cereti, e di Phelethi.Ioab therfore was ouer al the armie of Israel: and Banaias the sonne of Ioiada ouer the Cheretheites and Pheletheites.Fuit ergo Joab super omnem exercitum Israël: Banaias autem filius Jojadæ super Cerethæos et Phelethæos: 24But Aduram over the tributes: and Josaphat the son of Ahilud was recorder.E Adura presedeva ai tributi, e Giosaphat figliuolo di Ahilud era segretario.But Aduram ouer the tributes: moreouer Iosaphat the sonne of Ahilud, was register.Aduram vero super tributa: porro Josaphat filius Ahilud, a commentariis: 25And Siva was scribe: and Sadoc and Abiathar, priests.E Siva era scrivano; e Sadoc, e Abiathar sommi sacerdoti.And Siua, a scribe: and Sadoc and Abiathar, priestes.Siva autem, scriba: Sadoc vero et Abiathar, sacerdotes. 26And Ira the Jairite was the priest of David.E Ira di Giair sacerdote di Davidde.And Ira the •ai•ite was the priest of Dauid.Ira autem Jairites erat sacerdos David.
20:1
Year of the World 2981, Year before Christ 1023.
Belial. Septuagint, "lawless."
Haydock
Jemini. The tribe of Benjamin continued to be rather disaffected. (Haydock)
Calmet
Part. This was an usual mode of expressing a disunion, 3 Kings 12:16., and Acts 8:21. (Calmet)
Calmet
See 2 Kings 19:43. (Haydock) Seba was perhaps a kinsman of Saul, (Menochius) in some command. (Calmet)
20:2
Haydock
Jordan, near which the contest had happened. Some chosen troops attended Seba to the north, while the rest went home. (Haydock)
20:3
Haydock
David could not with propriety approach to them, (Estius) as they resembled his daughters-in-law; (Leviticus 18:15.; Menochius) and no other person could marry them, while he was still their husband. (Haydock)
Selden
The punishment of seclusion was very small in the East, where women seldom go out. The Jews assert, that the widows of the Hebrew kings could not marry again. (Selden, Uxor. 1:10.)
20:4
Menochius
Here, to be invested with the command over the army, and to pursue Seba. (Menochius)
20:5
Haydock
Him, owing to some insuperable difficulties. He was not long behind, since he joined the forces at Gabaon, where he was treacherously slain by the envious Joab. (Haydock)
20:6
Menochius
Lord, the king; or perhaps Joab. (Menochius)
Haydock
A select company always attended the king; and some of these he sent, for greater expedition, to attack Seba, before he had become too strong. (Haydock)
20:7
Haydock
Men. It seems Joab accompanied them, though in a manner divested of his command, by the king's appointing Amasa, and then Abisai, to his exclusion. After the slaughter of the former, he resumed his authority; (ver. 10) and David was forced to acquiesce, for fear of another civil war, reserving his punishment for more peaceable times. (Haydock)
20:8
Menochius
Stone, where Abner and Joab had formerly joined battle, 2 Kings 2:(Menochius)
Habit, or body.
Flank; they usually hung at the thigh, Psalm 44:4.
Calmet
Strike: the scabbard was very wide; so that, when it was hanging very high, it would easily fall out, when he stooped; and thus afford Joab an opportunity of stabbing Amasa, without suspicion. (Calmet)
Protestants, "Joab's garment, that he had put on, was girded unto him, and upon it a girdle with a sword, fastened upon his loins, in the sheath thereof, and as he went forth, it fell out."
20:9
Haydock
God, etc. Literally, "Hail, my brother." (Haydock)
Calmet
Kiss him. "In former times it was the custom, in Greece, for supplicants to touch the chin, (Pliny, [Natural History?] 11:45.) having the left hand upon the person's knees. (Homer, Iliad A.) The touched a woman's cheeks; (Euripides, Hecuba.) or, among the Hebrews, her chin, Canticle of Canticles 2:6. The Turks and Arabs still kiss the beard, with the utmost reverence. (Thevenot xxii.; Darvieux, 2 Kings 7.) (Calmet)
20:10
Haydock
Struck him with his left hand. (Haydock)
Calmet
Side. The same word is, elsewhere, translated groin; Septuagint, "loin." Moderns commonly render "in the fifth rib," 2 Kings 2:23., and 3:27., and 4:6. (Calmet)
Josephus, "the belly."
20:11
Haydock
Some men. The same author [Josephus?] and the Hebrew only mention "one of," etc. (Haydock)
Calmet
Behold. Thus they insult over him, being attached to Joab. Hebrew, "Who loves Joab? and who is David? Let him follow Joab;" or, "Who is this who wished to supplant Joab? and who desired to be in David's favour, after Joab? (Calmet)
20:12
Haydock
A certain. Hebrew, "the man" stationed by Joab, near the body, to inform those who passed, that he had been justly slain. Josephus, ([Antiquities?] 7:10,) who observes, that this crime of Joab proceeded from envy, and was less deserving of excuse than the murder of Abner. (Haydock)
20:14
Calmet
Tribes, north-west of the Jordan. (Calmet)
Challoner
Abela and Bathmaacha. Cities of the tribe of Nephtali. (Challoner)
Haydock
The former is called simply Abel (4 Kings 15:29.; Calmet) as it is here by the Protestant version. (Haydock)
It is also called Abyla, (Luke 3:1,) and Hoba, (Genesis 14:15.; Calmet) between Damascus and Paneas, (Eusebius) situated on the borders of Syria, as well as Beth Maaca, or "the canton of Maacha," or Machati, Josue 12:5.
Chosen. Hebrew Berim, (which is translated "Berites," by the Protestants.; Haydock) is derived from Bara, "to choose," by St. Jerome. Septuagint have read áirim, "cities." Some suppose that the inhabitants of Bahurim (near Mount Ephraim, ver. 21, where Semei, a relation of Saul, and many disaffected people resided) shut themselves up with him in Abela.
20:15
Works. Hebrew, a bank, or terrace against the city, and it stood in the trench; (Haydock) so that the town ditch was filled up, (Grotius) or terraces were raised, from which archers assailed the besieged. Joab made a ditch to defend his men from foreign assailants; and he had already taken the outward wall, so that the town could not hold out for any length of time.
Calmet
The walls. St. Jerome thinks with battering rams: but they were not yet invented. (Calmet)
Haydock
They undermined the walls, while some attempted to pull them down with hooks and ropes, 2 Kings 17:13. (Haydock)
20:16
Say to Joab. This woman was noted for her prudence, and it was hoped that her words would have more influence to disarm Joab. She addresses those who were nearest the wall, that she may have an interview with the general, at the request of her fellow-citizens.
20:18
Calmet
End of their disputes, (Haydock) as Abela was remarkable for its wise counsellors, (Menochius) and equitable decisions; (Haydock) so that many came, from a distance, to consult the learned of this city. (Calmet)
Jonathan
Others suppose that she refers to the law, which ordains that peace shall first be proposed, and, if this had been done, the affair would long ago have been decided, Deuteronomy 20:10. (Jonathan; Estius; etc.)
Calmet
Hebrew, "They spoke a word at first: Let them ask at Abela, and so they shall make an end." Much must be supplied to make the text conformable to the former explication. We may translate, "They said, in ancient times: Let those who require more, go seek at Abela: so they finished their discourse." (Calmet)
Protestants, "They shall surely ask counsel at Abel: and so they ended the matter."
20:19
Haydock
Truth. Hebrew, "I am peaceable, faithful in Israel." (Haydock)
Calmet
I am one of the cities most inclined to peace, and to the king's service, noted for lessons of loyalty. (Calmet)
Menochius
Probably there was an academy here. (Menochius)
Calmet
Mother, city, or metropolis. The Hebrews styled the inferior towns, daughters. (Calmet)
Haydock
Lord, a city belonging to Israel. (Haydock)
20:20
Haydock
God, (Absit.) Literally, "Far be it, far be it from me;" as we need not put the name of God in the mouth of this profane man, without reason. (Haydock)
20:26
Haydock
Jairite, a descendant of Jair, (Calmet) son of Manasses. (Haydock)
Calmet
Priest. Hebrew cohen, respected like a priest, (Haydock) chief favourite, (Worthington) the Rab., (Chaldean) chief counsellor of David, (Vatable) almoner, etc. It is not certain that he was of the family of Aaron, or qualified to be the domestic chaplain of the king. See 2 Kings 8:16, etc. No other king of Israel had an officer to whom this title was given. (Calmet)
20:14
Abela and Bethmaacha.... Cities of the tribe of Nephtali.
20:26
Chiefe or great in •amil••iti•.
20:1
Anonymous The Story Concerning the King of Edessa 1
“Now, when they were come up, his princes happened to be standing
20:22
St Ignatius of Antioch † AD 108 Epistle to the Magnesians: Shorter and Longer Versions 3
… Korah also, and the two hundred and fifty who conspired with him against Aaron, were destroyed by fire. Absalom, again, who had slain his brother, became suspended on a tree, and had his evil-designing heart thrust through with darts. In like manner was Abeddadan
20:1
Verse 1. Sheba the son of Bichri, a man of Benjamin, — namely of the tribe of Benjamin, who bore it ill that the kingdom was transferred from Saul and his tribe Benjamin to David and the tribe of Judah; whence it appears that this Sheba was one of the leaders of Absalom against David, and perhaps the first after Amasa (1). We have no part in David, — that is to say, The tribe of Judah, at the end of the preceding chapter, by words and deeds clearly showed that David, as it were a fellow-tribesman, belonged to them, not to us who are Israel, or the ten tribes, and that he was in no way ours, but wholly theirs. Let us therefore each go to our own tents and houses, and let us cast off David as a stranger, not belonging to us. This was the sixth punishment of David, namely the rebellion of the ten tribes, stirred up by Sheba, whose beginning and occasion was both the rebellion of Absalom, with whom the ten tribes had conspired a little before, not yet completely extinguished; and the quarrel of the ten tribes with the tribe of Judah, because that tribe alone, without calling the others, had brought David back to Jerusalem to his kingdom. For they contended about primacy, because Judah claimed to be the prince of all the tribes, especially because King David was descended from Judah; but the other ten tribes preferred themselves to Judah, because they were more numerous, and ten times greater. And it pricked them that David in the preceding chapter, verse 11, had sent Zadok and Abiathar to the tribe of Judah alone, that it might bring him back to his kingdom, but not to the other tribes; whence he himself seemed to them to be too much inclined toward the tribe of Judah, and to prefer it before all others. Politically, let princes and kings learn from this to beware and to allay the emulation of the different nations which they rule, so that they show the same affection, care and providence to all, and prefer not one to another, but pursue them with equal benevolence, and thus unite them both to themselves and to one another. Aristotle in the Politics delivers these two principles of right government: first, that the prince should have careful concern for all his subjects, and provide for all, and neglect none; second, that he should be equal and fair to all, and not prefer one nation to another, or one prince to another; but show himself to each one impartial and just. For if he show greater affection to one than to another, he will move anger and envy in the other, indeed he will stir up schisms, seditions and rebellions. An example which he should imitate is God, concerning whom Plutarch in his Moral Essays says: "As God, he says, has established in heaven the most beautiful and pleasant image of himself, the sun; so in the republic the prince who by prudence, justice, and kindness represents himself toward all." Just as therefore the sun is not one thing to the poor, another to the rich, but common to all, so the prince ought not to regard persons, but show himself common to all. Cyrus in Xenophon says that the duties of a good shepherd and a good king are similar: just as therefore a shepherd has equal care of all his sheep, so also a king should have the same care of all his subjects.
20:5
5. AMASA THEREFORE WENT TO CONVOKE JUDAH, — that is to say, he himself, as it were a leader of the army appointed by David in place of Joab, through soldiers of the tribe of Judah adhering to David and himself, might suppress and stifle the rebellion of Sheba in its birth, lest, if time were given to it, it should grow so much that it could not be overcome. I have seen in the Low Countries twenty-two rebellions of royal soldiers on account of delayed payment of stipend, of which some were immediately suppressed by sending an army against the few rebels, and striking off their heads; but most of the others, given a delay of time, grew so much that, occupying and fortifying some city, they became impregnable, and more harmful and formidable even to the enemies themselves; so much so that the prince was forced to pay them their full stipend immediately, and to grant all their demands, with great damage to the Low Countries. In a similar way heresies grew: for, as St. Jerome says, Arius was a spark at Alexandria, which because it was not immediately extinguished, burst into a flame that devastated the whole world. Whence the whole world groaned, and marveled that it had become Arian, as he himself says against Lucifer.
20:6
6. AND DAVID SAID TO ABISHAI, — because Amasa, who had gone to convoke an army from Judah, was delaying beyond the three days prescribed to him by David, and was not returning, David fearing lest Sheba should strengthen himself against him, immediately sent Abishai the brother of Joab with part of the forces that were at hand, that he might pursue him.
20:8
8. WHO WAS MADE SO THAT WITH SLIGHT MOTION HE COULD DRAW AND STRIKE. — The Hebrew, who went out and fell, that is, who was made in such a way that with slight motion he could be drawn from the sheath, and as if fell out of it, so that Joab, seizing Amasa's chin with his right hand, as if about to kiss him, with his left hand would draw the shorter sword or dagger with slight motion from the sheath, and with it would treacherously pierce the unsuspecting Amasa. The Hebrews translate and explain this in various ways; but our author has rendered the sense clearly. The cause of the slaying was that Joab bore it ill that Amasa was preferred to him by David, and he was removed, having been made commander of the army: which he himself esteemed a great ignominy, equally as an injury; and therefore Amasa, although his cousin, he killed. Let princes learn here to remove their commanders cautiously, and not unless under the appearance of honor, as if about to advance them to higher things. Joab sinned gravely in killing Amasa, and therefore David on his deathbed commanded Solomon to kill him. Yet Amasa also paid the just penalties of his own treachery, in that he had rebelled against David his uncle, and had become the leader of the rebels.
20:9
9. AND HE HELD AMASA'S CHIN WITH HIS RIGHT HAND, AS IF KISSING HIM. — For this was an ancient custom of greeting. Hear Pliny, lib. XI, cap. V: It was the custom of the ancient Greeks in supplication to touch the chin. Hence concerning Thetis, who was supplicating Jupiter, Homer says in the Iliad I: She seized the chin with her right hand, and addressed Jupiter as a suppliant. For the chin is an indication of the mind, hence the chin is called from standing out, in that it stands out above the throat and neck: hence also the chin is given to man alone, to no other animal, as Pliny testifies, lib. XI, cap. XXXVII.
20:11
Vers. 11. Behold, he who wished to be a companion for Joab of David, — namely, David's vicar in war and Captain General. Otherwise from the Hebrew Vatablus and others translate it, namely: whoever favors Joab himself, and whoever is David's, let him follow Joab himself, and with him pursue the rebel Sheba.
20:15
Vers. 15. THEY BESIEGED HIM IN ABEL, AND IN BETH-MAACHAH. — And signifies, that is; for Abel was called by another name Beth, that is, house, Maachah: for Sheba was not in two cities, but in one which Joab besieged. Hear Adrichomius, pag. 101, num. 2: Abel, which is also called Abel Beth-Maachah, or Abel House of Maachah, by Josephus Abelmuchea, by Jerome Bethmacha; by others moreover called Abelmaacha and Machanedam: a notable and fortified city of upper Galilee, and the metropolis of the Israelites, situated in the tribe of Naphtali, in the plain of the region of Berim, not far from Caesarea Philippi, and distant from the Jordan sixty stadia. To which place the leader of the Davidic army, Joab, pursued the traitor Sheba.
20:18
Vers. 18. THE SAYING, HE SAID, WAS SPOKEN IN AN OLD PROVERB: THEY THAT INQUIRE, LET THEM INQUIRE IN ABEL, AND SO THEY MADE AN END. — Thus the Romans, although they read Royal, made progress. The Hebrew here is concise and obscure, and therefore is translated variously by various ones.
20:19
Vers. 19. AM NOT I SHE THAT ANSWER TRUTH IN ISRAEL? — The Septuagint, Hebrew, I am she that pacifies the faithful of Israel, or, as the Septuagint translate, I am she that is peaceful of the firmaments of Israel. The woman speaks in the person of her city and country, namely Abel, as if to say, I Abel am she who decide all the doubts and disputes of the Israelites, and therefore I pacify the litigants, while I answer them truth and the true resolution of the doubt, as if to say, I Abel abound in wise men. AND THOU SEEKEST, etc., TO DESTROY A MOTHER IN ISRAEL, — namely, a mother and nurturer of wisdom, religion and virtue. For such are orthodox Academies, such as Abel was, and such before David in the time of Joshua was the city Debir, that is, an oracle, and Kirjath-Sepher, that is, the city of letters, Joshua cap. XV, vers. 15.
20:22
Vers. 22. And she spoke to them wisely — saying, as Josephus relates: Do you wish, wicked men, to perish miserably with your children and wives on account of a wicked and unknown man, and for him to reign over you instead of David, whose great benefits toward you are so great? Do you hope that one city can resist so mighty an army?
20:26
26. AND IRA THE JAIRITE WAS THE PRIEST OF DAVID. — "Priest," namely, properly so called, through whom David offered his sacrifices to God. Just as today kings have their chaplains, who celebrate Masses for them and before them. Thus Theodoret and Abulensis, as if to say, Ira was the first and principal of David's chaplains; or "priest," that is, the intimate chamberlain and first counselor of David, in the way that the sons of David are said to have been "priests," II Kings VIII, 47. Thus Vatablus and Lyran. Whence the Chaldean for priest translates, prince, namely, a familiar and peculiar friend of David.
Machine translation from the Latin, not reviewed.
20:1
I Reg. 2, 26, "of iniquity": Iob. 34, 36); I Sam. 25, 25; 30, 22; II Sam. 16, 7; 20, 1; I Reg. 21, 13; Prov. 6, 12; 16, 27; 19, 28 (Eccli. 11, 32). Alone, used elliptically (for 'īl b.), b. is equivalent to "wicked" (II Sam. 23, 6; Iob. 34, 18) or "destroyer" …
Jesse (HEB. ISHAJ; VULG. JESSE)
… that was not obscure - his grandfather Boaz had been famous for warlike valor (Ruth 2, 1) - I. was at bottom "just anyone," and Saul will gladly vent his contempt for David by calling him "the son of I." (I Sam. 20, 27, 30 f.; 22, 7 f.; cf. 25, 10; II Sam. 20, 1; I Kings 12, 16). Yet this designation, after Isaiah will have used it in a splendid messianic prophecy ("a shoot shall spring from the stump of I., a branch shall blossom from his …
20:3
Among the Hebrews, widowhood was a state of desolation and entailed particular prohibitions (cf. Gen. 38, 14, 19; Judg. 10, 2; 16, 9; II Sam. 20, 3; Lev. 21, 14). Thus the widow is a being who commends herself by her very condition to pity (cf. Ex. 22, 22; Deut. 24, 17; 19, 21; 14, 29; 26, 12-13; 16, 11, 14; 10, 18; 27, …
20:4
Amasa (Heb. ʿĀmāšāʾ «Bundle»; Septuagint: ʿAṭṭāṣa)
… commander of the army, previously held by Joab, A.'s cousin (II Sam. 19:14). When a new revolt broke out led by the Benjaminite Sheba, A. was charged by the king with suppressing it, but he failed to muster the men of Judah within the 3 days set for him (II Sam. 20:4 ff.). …
Joab (HEB. JÔ'ÂBH "YAHWEH IS FATHER")
… killed him with his own hand, unarmed, against David's prohibition (II Sam. 18). He also killed treacherously another cousin, Amasa, to whom David, in order to punish J., had given command of the army during the revolt of Sheba, afterward put down by J. (II Sam. 20, 4-13). He carried out, against his will, the census ordered by the king, which had disastrous consequences (II Sam. 24). He was already old when Solomon succeeded David: having taken the …
20:6
… For the daring with which he hurled himself, routing them, against 300 enemies, he was included in the second triad of David's heroes and earned the command of part of the Davidic army against the Ammonites (ibid. 10:9-14), against Absalom (ibid. 18:2 ff.), against Sheba (ibid. 20:6 ff.), and against the Edomites (I Chron. 18:12). Because of Joab's personal enmities with Abner, he helped his brother in the elimination of the enemy general, who had already been reconciled …
20:7
… In the Old Testament too the P. are associated with the Kéréthim (Cretans); cf. Zeph. 2:5; Ezek. 25:16; and probably also the formula Kéréthi and Pélethi (2 Sam. 8:18; 15:18; 20:7, 23), in which Pélethi seems to be the name of the P. (Pélethi), assimilated to the preceding Kéréthi. …
20:8
Amasa (Heb. ʿĀmāšāʾ «Bundle»; Septuagint: ʿAṭṭāṣa)
… The latter waited for his hated rival to arrive, and killed him treacherously, pretending to embrace him, near Gibeon (ibid. 8-13). David was deeply grieved by the murder of his nephew, and as he was dying he charged Solomon to avenge him (I Kings 2:5, 32-34). Angelo Penna
Near the "great stone of G." occurred the treacherous killing of Amasa (II Sam. 20:8). After the exile, the Gabaonites took part in the rebuilding of the walls of Jerusalem.
20:14
Abel (Hebrew 'Abhēl 'meadow'; possibly Aramaic from Canaanite 'Abil 'channel')
… the northern frontier of Israelite territory in the vicinity of Dan. Sheba took his stand there, pursued by Joab; but the city, "a mother in Israel," proverbially wise and peaceable, threw Sheba's head down from the wall to Joab, who lifted the siege (II Sam. 20:14-19). Benhadad took it from Baasha, king of Israel (I Kings 15:20; II Chron. 16:4). Tiglath-Pileser occupied it along with the other cities of Naphtali and deported its inhabitants to …
20:23
… Political institutions (court offices: II Sam. 8:16 ff.; 20:23 ff.) and military ones (the "thirty": II Sam. 23:13-29) are of Egyptian derivation.
20:24
… When R. sent to the rebels, to bring them back to obedience, that Adoniram who had been the overseer of the forced-labor works in the last years of David and throughout the reign of Solomon (2 Sam. 20:24; 1 Kings 4:6; 5:13), the royal envoy was stoned by the furious people.
Douay-Rheims (Challoner) · Vulgata Clementina · original Douay-Rheims (Douay 1609-10), transcription by EEBO-TCP (CC0) · La Sacra Bibbia, tradotta dalla Volgata da Antonio Martini (1769-1781) (LaParola (laparola.net), Martini OSIS text, Public domain (LaParola's electronic edition marks it 'Dominio pubblico')). Public domain.