The noble Martyrdome of seuen refusing to eate swines flesh: and boldly admonishing king Antiochus of his damnable state. 41. Lastly the mother (hauing encoreged her sonnes) likewise dyeth gloriously.
1It came to pass also, that seven brethren, together with their mother, were apprehended, and compelled by the king to eat swine’s flesh against the law, for which end they were tormented with whips and scourges.Accadde ancora, che sette fratelli furon presi insieme colla lor madre, e a forza di frustate, e di nerbate volea costringerli il re a mangiare delle carni di porco in odio della legge.AND it came to passe, that seuen brethren together with their mother being apprehended, to be compelled by the king to eate against the law swines flesh, were tormented with whippes and scourges.Contigit autem et septem fratres una cum matre sua apprehensos compelli a rege edere contra fas carnes porcinas, flagris et taureis cruciatos. 2But one of them, who was the eldest, said thus: What wouldst thou ask, or learn of us? we are ready to die, rather than to transgress the laws of God, received from our fathers.Ma uno di essi, che era il primogenito, disse: Che cerchi tu, o che vuoi sapere da noi? Noi siamo pronti a morire piuttosto che trasgredire le leggi paterne dateci da Dio.But one of them which was the first, sayd thus: What seekest thou, and what wilt thou lerne of vs? we are readie to dye rather then to transgresse the lawes of God, coming from our fathers.Unus autem ex illis, qui erat primus, sic ait: Quid quæris, et quid vis discere a nobis ? parati sumus mori, magis quam patrias Dei leges prævaricari. 3Then the king being angry, commanded fryingpans and brazen caldrons to be made hot: which forthwith being heated,E sdegnato il re comandò, che si mettesser sul fuoco delle padelle, e delle caldaie di bronzo: e quando elle furono bollenti,The king therfore being wrath commanded frying pannes, and brasen pottes to be heated:Iratus itaque rex, jussit sartagines et ollas æneas succendi: quibus statim succensis, 4He commanded to cut out the tongue of him that had spoken first: and the skin of his head being drawn off, to chop off also the extremities of his hands and feet, the rest of his brethren and his mother looking on.Comandò, che a quello che avea parlato il primo fosse tagliata la lingua, e gli fosse strappata la pelle dal capo, e gli fosser troncate le estremità delle mani, e de' piedi a vista degli altri fratelli, e della madre.the which forth with being heated, he commanded his tongue, that had spoken first, to be cut out: and the skinne of his head being drawen of, the endes also of his handes and feete to be chopped of, the rest of his bretheren, and his mother looking on.jussit ei qui prior fuerat locutus amputari linguam, et cute capitis abstracta, summas quoque manus et pedes ei præscindi, ceteris ejus fratribus et matre inspicientibus.
5And when he was now maimed in all parts, he commanded him, being yet alive, to be brought to the fire, and to be fried in the fryingpan: and while he was suffering therein long torments, the rest, together with the mother, exhorted one another to die manfully,E quando ei fu ridotto a un'assoluta impotenza ordinò, che lo accostassero al fuoco, e spirante tutt'ora fu arrostito nella padella, nella quale egli fu lungamente tormentato, esortandosi frattanto gli uni gli altri i fratelli colla madre a morir con fortezza,And when he was now made in al partes vnprofitable, he commanded fire to be put vnto him, and that breathing as yet he should be fried in the frying panne: wherin when he was long tormented, the rest together with the mother exhorted one an other to dye manfully,Et cum jam per omnia inutilis factus esset, jussit ignem admoveri, et adhuc spirantem torreri in sartagine: in qua cum diu cruciaretur, ceteri una cum matre invicem se hortabantur mori fortiter, 6Saying: The Lord God will look upon the truth, and will take pleasure in us, as Moses declared in the profession of the canticle; And in his servants he will take pleasure.Dicendo: Il Signore Dio volgerà gli occhi alla verità, e si consolerà in noi, come nel cantico della protesta disse Mosè: Egli si consolerà ne' suoi servi.saying: Our Lord God wil behold the truth, and wil take pleasure in vs, as Moyses declared in the profession of the Canticle: And in his seruants he wil take pleasure.dicentes: Dominus Deus aspiciet veritatem, et consolabitur in nobis, quemadmodum in protestatione cantici declaravit Moyses: Et in servis suis consolabitur. 7So when the first was dead after this manner, they brought the next to make him a mocking stock: and when they had pulled off the skin of his head with the hair, they asked him if he would eat, before he were punished throughout the whole body in every limb.Morto adunque che fu in tal guisa il primo condussero agli strazj il secondo, e strappatagli la cotenna dal capo lo interrogavano se volesse mangiare prima di essere tormentato in tutti i membri del corpo.That first therfore being dead in this maner, they brought the next to make him a mocking stocke: & the skinne of his head with the heares being drawen of, they asked if he would eare, before that he were punished throughout the whole bodie in euerie member.Mortuo itaque illo primo hoc modo, sequentem deducebant ad illudendum: et cute capitis ejus cum capillis abstracta, interrogabant si manducaret, priusquam toto corpore per membra singula puniretur. 8But he answered in his own language, and said: I will not do it. Wherefore he also, in the next place, received the torments of the first:Ma egli in lingua della patria rispose, e disse: Nol farò. Onde anche questo sopportò al suo luogo i tormenti del primo:But he answering in his countrie speach, said: I wil not doe it. Wherfore this also in the next place, receiued the torments of the first:At ille respondens patria voce, dixit: Non faciam. Propter quod et iste, sequenti loco, primi tormenta suscepit:
9And when he was at the last gasp, he said thus: Thou indeed, O most wicked man, destroyest us out of this present life: but the King of the world will raise us up, who die for his laws, in the resurrection of eternal life.E vicino a rendere l'ultimo spirito disse così: Tu, o uomo iniquissimo, distruggi noi nella vita presente, ma il Re dell'universo risusciterà per la vita eterna noi, che muoiamo per le sue leggi.and being at the verie last gaspe, thus he said: Thou in dede ô most wicked man in this present life destroyest vs: but the king of the world wil raise vs vp which dye for his lawes, in the resurrection of eternal life.et in ultimo spiritu constitutus, sic ait: Tu quidem scelestissime in præsenti vita nos perdis: sed Rex mundi defunctos nos pro suis legibus in æternæ vitæ resurrectione suscitabit. 10After him the third was made a mocking-stock, and when he was required, he quickly put forth his tongue, and courageously stretched out his hands:Dopo di questo venne straziato il terzo, il quale alla prima richiesta messe fuori la lingua, e stese costantemente le mani:After him the third is had in derision, and being demanded his tongue, he quickly put it forth, and constantly stretched out his handes:Post hunc tertius illuditur, et linguam postulatus cito protulit, et manus constanter extendit: 11And said with confidence: These I have from heaven, but for the laws of God I now despise them, because I hope to receive them again from him.E con fidanza disse: Dal cielo ebbi in dono queste cose, ma per amor delle leggi di Dio io le disprezzo, perocché ho speranza, che mi saran rendute da lui:and with confidence he said: From heauen doe I possesse these, but for the lawes of God now doe I contemne these selfe same, because I hope that I shal receiue them againe of him.et cum fiducia ait: E cælo ista possideo, sed propter Dei leges nunc hæc ipsa despicio, quoniam ab ipso me ea recepturum spero: 12So that the king, and they that were with him, wondered at the young man’s courage, because he esteemed the torments as nothing.Ammirarono e il re, e la sua comitiva lo spirito di quel giovinetto, che nessun caso facea de' tormenti.So that the king, and they that were with him merueled at the yong mans courege, because he estemed the torments as nothing.ita ut rex, et qui cum ipso erant, mirarentur adolescentis animum, quod tamquam nihilum duceret cruciatus. 13And after he was thus dead, they tormented the fourth in the like manner.E morto quello, allo stesso modo tormentavano il quarto.And this being thus dead, the fourth they vexed in like maner tormenting him.Et hoc ita defuncto, quartum vexabant similiter torquentes.
14And when he was now ready to die, he spoke thus: It is better, being put to death by men, to look for hope from God, to be raised up again by him; for, as to thee, thou shalt have no resurrection unto life.Ed egli stando già per morire disse così: Ell'è cosa molto buona l'essere uccisi dagli uomini colla speranza in Dio di essere da lui nuovamente risuscitati: perocché la tua risurrezione non sarà per la vita.And when he was now euen to dye, thus he said: It is better for them that are put to death by men to exspect hope of God, that they shal be raysed vp againe by him. For to thee there shal not be resurrection vnto life.Et cum jam esset ad mortem, sic ait: Potius est ab hominibus morti datos spem exspectare a Deo, iterum ab ipso resuscitandos: tibi enim resurrectio ad vitam non erit. 15And when they had brought the fifth, they tormented him. But he, looking upon the king,E preso il quinto lo martoriavano; ed egli mirando il re, disse:And when they had brought the fifth, they tormented him. But he looking vpon him,Et cum admovissent quintum, vexabant eum. At ille respiciens in eum, 16Said: Whereas thou hast power among men though thou art corruptible, thou dost what thou wilt but think not that our nation is forsaken by God.Avendo tu tra gli uomini potestà, benché tu sii uomo corruttibile, tu fai quel che ti piace: non creder però, che la nostra stirpe sia da Dio abbandonata:sayd: Thou hauing power among men, wheras thou art corruptible doest what thou wilt: but thinke not that our stock is forsaken of God.dixit: Potestatem inter homines habens, cum sis corruptibilis, facis quod vis: noli autem putare genus nostrum a Deo esse derelictum: 17But stay patiently a while, and thou shalt see his great power, in what manner he will torment thee and thy seed.Ma tu abbi pazienza, e vedrai la potestà grande di lui, e com' egli tormenterà te, e la tua stirpe.And doe thou patiently abide, and thou shalt see his great power, in what sort he wil torment thee, and thy seede.tu autem patienter sustine, et videbis magnam potestatem ipsius, qualiter te et semen tuum torquebit. 18After him they brought the sixth, and he being ready to die, spoke thus: Be not deceived without cause: for we suffer these things for ourselves, having sinned against our God, and things worthy of admiration are done to us:Dopo questo fu condotto il sesto, e questi presso al morire disse: Guardati dal vanamente ingannarti; perocché noi per nostra colpa sopportiam questo, avendo peccato contro il nostro Dio; e terribili cose ci sono avvenute:After him they brought the sixth, and he beginning to dye, sayd thus: Be not deceiued vainely: for we suffer this for our owne sakes, sinning against our God, and thinges worthie of admiration are done in vs:Post hunc ducebant sextum, et is, mori incipiens, sic ait: Noli frustra errare: nos enim propter nosmetipsos hæc patimur, peccantes in Deum nostrum, et digna admiratione facta sunt in nobis:
19But do not think that thou shalt escape unpunished, for that thou hast attempted to fight against God.Ma tu non credere, che abbia ad essere senza castigo l'ardimento, che hai di combattere contro Dio.but doe not thinke that thou shalt escape vnpunished, for that thou hast attempted to fight against God.tu autem ne existimes tibi impune futurum, quod contra Deum pugnare tentaveris. 20Now the mother was to be admired above measure, and worthy to be remembered by good men, who beheld her seven sons slain in the space of one day, and bore it with a good courage, for the hope that she had in God:Ma la madre oltre modo ammirabile, e degna della ricordanza de' buoni, la quale in veggendo sette figliuoli, che nello spazio di un sol giorno perivano, di buon animo ciò sopportava per la speranza che aveva in Dio:But the mother aboue measure meruelous, and worthie of good mens memorie, which beholding her seuen sonnes perishing in one dayes space, bare it with a good hart, for the hope that she had in God:Supra modum autem mater mirabilis, et bonorum memoria digna, quæ pereuntes septem filios sub unius diei tempore conspiciens, bono animo ferebat propter spem quam in Deum habebat: 21And she bravely exhorted every one of them in her own language, being filled with wisdom; and joining a man’s heart to a woman’s thought,Ella piena di saggezza a uno a uno gli esortava nel linguaggio della patria, e alla tenerezza di donna univa un coraggio virile,exhorted euerie one of them in their countrie language manfully, being replenished with wisedome: and ioyning a mans hart to a womans cogitation,singulos illorum hortabatur voce patria fortiter, repleta sapientia: et, femineæ cogitationi masculinum animum inserens, 22She said to them: I know not how you were formed in my womb; for I neither gave you breath, nor soul, nor life, neither did I frame the limbs of every one of you.Ella diceva loro: Io non so in qual modo voi veniste ad essere nel mio seno: perocché non fui io, che diedi a voi spirito, e anima, e vita, né io messi insieme le membra di ciascheduno.she sayd to them: I know not how you appeared in my wombe: for neither did I geue you spirit and soule and life, and the members of euerie one I my selfe framed not.dixit ad eos: Nescio qualiter in utero meo apparuistis, neque enim ego spiritum et animam donavi vobis et vitam, et singulorum membra non ego ipsa compegi: 23But the Creator of the world, that formed the nativity of man, and that found out the origin of all, he will restore to you again, in his mercy, both breath and life, as now you despise yourselves for the sake of his laws.Ma il Creatore del mondo, che stabilì la generazione dell'uomo, e a tutte le cose diede il principio, renderà, egli a voi di bel nuovo per sua misericordia e spirito, e vita, perché voi adesso per amore delle sue leggi non curate di voi medesimi.But in deede the Creator of the world, that hath formed the natiuitie of man, and that inuented the origine of al, & he wil restore againe with mercie vnto you spirit and life, as now you despise your selues for his lawes.sed enim mundi Creator, qui formavit hominis nativitatem, quique omnium invenit originem, et spiritum vobis iterum cum misericordia reddet et vitam, sicut nunc vosmetipsos despicitis propter leges ejus.
24Now Antiochus, thinking himself despised, and withal despising the voice of the upbraider, when the youngest was yet alive, did not only exhort him by words, but also assured him with an oath, that he would make him a rich and a happy man, and, if he would turn from the laws of his fathers, would take him for a friend, and furnish him with things necessary.Ma Antioco stimandosi vilipeso, e credendosi che quelle voci lo insultassero, rimanendovi tutt'ora il più giovine, non solamente lo esortava colle parole, ma con giuramento gli prometteva di farlo ricco, e beato, e che quando avesse abbandonate le leggi paterne lo avrebbe tenuto tra' suoi amici, e gli avrebbe dato tutto quello, che gli bisognasse.But Antiochus thinking himselfe contemned, and withal despising the voice of the vpbrayder, when the yonger was yet aliue, he did not only exhort with wordes, but also with oth he affirmed that he would make him rich & happie, and being turned from the lawes of his fathers, he would account him a freind, and geue him thinges necessarie.Antiochus autem, contemni se arbitratus, simul et exprobrantis voce despecta, cum adhuc adolescentior superesset, non solum verbis hortabatur, sed et cum juramento affirmabat se divitem et beatum facturum, et translatum a patriis legibus amicum habiturum, et res necessarias ei præbiturum. 25But when the young man was not moved with these things, the king called the mother, and counselled her to deal with the young man to save his life.Ma non piegandosi per ciò il giovinetto, il re chiamò la madre, e la consigliava a salvare il figliuolo.But when the yong man was not inclined to these thinges, the king called the mother, and counselled her to deale with the yong man to saue his life.Sed ad hæc cum adolescens nequaquam inclinaretur, vocavit rex matrem, et suadebat ei ut adolescenti fieret in salutem. 26And when he had exhorted her with many words she promised that she would counsel her son.E quando egli la ebbe esortata con lungo ragionamento, ella promise di persuadere il suo figliuolo.And when he had exhorted her in manie wordes, she promised that she would counsel her sonne.Cum autem multis eam verbis esset hortatus, promisit suasurum se filio suo. 27So bending herself towards him, mocking the cruel tyrant, she said in her own language: My son have pity upon me, that bore thee nine months in my womb, and gave thee suck three years, and nourished thee, and brought thee up unto this age.Per la qual cosa chinandosi a lui, deridendo il tiranno crudele disse in linguaggio della patria: Figliuol mio, abbi pietà di me, che ti ho portata nove mesi nell'utero, e per tre anni ti allattai, e ti nutrii, e a quest'età ti ho condotto.Therfore bending towards him, mocking the cruel tyrant, she sayd in her countrie language: My sonne haue pitie on me, which haue borne thee in my wombe nine moneths, and gaue thee milke for three yeares, and nourished thee, and brought thee vnto this age.Itaque inclinata ad illum, irridens crudelem tyrannum, ait patria voce: Fili mi, miserere mei, quæ te in utero novem mensibus portavi, et lac triennio dedi et alui, et in ætatem istam perduxi.
28I beseech thee, my son, look upon heaven and earth, and all that is in them, and consider that God made them out of nothing, and mankind also:Io ti chieggo, figliuol mio, che tu guardi il cielo, e la terra, e tutte le cose, che vi si contengono, e sappi, che e quelle cose, e l'umana progenie creò Dio dal niente:I beseech thee my sonne, that thou looke to heauen and earth, and to al thinges that are in them: and vnderstand that God of nothing made them and mankinde:Peto, nate, ut aspicias ad cælum et terram, et ad omnia quæ in eis sunt, et intelligas quia ex nihilo fecit illa Deus, et hominum genus: 29So thou shalt not fear this tormentor, but being made a worthy partner with thy brethren, receive death, that in that mercy I may receive thee again with thy brethren.Così avverrà, che non temerai questo carnefice, ma fatto degno di aver comune la sorte co' tuoi fratelli, abbraccia la morte, affinchè in quel tempo di misericordia io te riabbia insieme co' tuoi fratelli.so shal it come to passe, that thou wilt not feare this tormenter but being made a worthie partaker with thy bretheren, take thou death, that in that mercie I may receiue thee againe with thy bretheren.ita fiet, ut non timeas carnificem istum, sed dignus fratribus tuis effectus particeps, suscipe mortem, ut in illa miseratione cum fratribus tuis te recipiam. 30While she was yet speaking these words, the young man said: For whom do you stay? I will not obey the commandment of the king, but the commandment of the law which was given us by Moses.Prima che ella avesse finito di dire, il giovinetto disse: Chi aspettate? Io non ubbidisco al comando del re, ma al precetto della legge data a noi da Mosè.When she as yet was saying these thinges, the yong man sayd: For whom stay you? I obey not the commandement of the king, but the commandement of the law, which was geuen vs by Moyses.Cum hæc illa adhuc diceret, ait adolescens: Quem sustinetis ? non obedio præcepto regis, sed præcepto legis, quæ data est nobis per Moysen. 31But thou that hast been the author of all mischief against the Hebrews, shalt not escape the hand of God.Ma tu, inventore di tutti i mali contro gli Ebrei, non fuggirai la mano di Dio.But thou that art become the inuenter of al malice against the Hebrewes, shal not escape the hand of God.Tu vero, qui inventor omnis malitiæ factus es in Hebræos, non effugies manum Dei. 32For we suffer thus for our sins.Perocché noi queste cose patiamo pe' nostri peccati.For we for our sinnes doe suffer these thinges.Nos enim pro peccatis nostris hæc patimur. 33And though the Lord, our God, is angry with us a little while, for our chastisement and correction, yet he will be reconciled again to his servants.E se il Signore Dio nostro si è adirato per breve tempo con noi affin di gastigarci, e di correggerci, egli però si riconcilierà di nuovo co' servi suoi.And if the Lord our God hath bene angrie with vs a litle for rebuke & correction: yet he wil be reconciled againe to his seruants.Et si nobis propter increpationem et correptionem Dominus Deus noster modicum iratus est: sed iterum reconciliabitur servis suis.
34But thou, O wicked, and of all men most flagitious, be not lifted up without cause with vain hopes, whilst thou art raging against his servants.Ma tu, o scellerato, e il più reo di tutti gli uomini, non ti lusingare inutilmente con vane speranze infuriando contro i servi di Dio:But thou ô wicked, and of al men most flagicious, be not in vaine extolled with vaine hopes, inflamed against his seruantes.Tu autem, o sceleste, et omnium hominum flagitiosissime, noli frustra extolli vanis spebus in servos ejus inflammatus: 35For thou hast not yet escaped the judgment of the Almighty God, who beholdeth all things.Perocché non ancora hai fuggito il giudizio di Dio onnipotente, che vede il tutto.For thou hast not yet escaped the iudgement of the almightie God, and him that beholdeth al thinges.nondum enim omnipotentis Dei, et omnia inspicientis, judicium effugisti. 36For my brethren having now undergone a short pain, are under the covenant of eternal life: but thou, by the judgment of God, shalt receive just punishment for thy pride.Perocché i miei fratelli per avere sofferto adesso un breve dolore sono già nell'alleanza della vita eterna: ma tu per giusto giudizio di Dio soffrirai i gastighi dovuti alla tua superbia.For my bretheren hauing now susteyned short payne, are become vnder the testament of eternal life: but thou by the iudgement of God shalt receiue iust punishment for thy pride.Nam fratres mei, modico nunc dolore sustentato, sub testamento æternæ vitæ effecti sunt: tu vero judicio Dei justas superbiæ tuæ pœnas exsolves. 37But I, like my brethren, offer up my life and my body for the laws of our fathers: calling upon God to be speedily merciful to our nation, and that thou by torments and stripes mayst confess that he alone is God.Or io ad imitazione de' miei fratelli dell'anima, e del corpo mio fo sagrifizio in difesa delle leggi de' padri miei, pregando Dio che tanto più presto si plachi col nostro popolo, e che tu trai tormenti, e le percosse abbi a confessare, che egli solo è Dio.And I as also my brethren doe yeld my life and my bodie for the lawes of our fathets: inuocating God to be propicious to our nation quickly, and that thou with torments and stripes maist confesse that he onlie is God.Ego autem, sicut fratres mei, animam et corpus meum trado pro patriis legibus, invocans Deum maturius genti nostræ propitium fieri, teque cum tormentis et verberibus confiteri quod ipse est Deus solus. 38But in me, and in my brethren, the wrath of the Almighty, which hath justly been brought upon all our nation, shall cease.L'ira dell'Onnipotente, la quale giustamente percuote la nostra stirpe, avrà fine alla morte mia, e de' miei fratelli.But in me and in my brethren shal the wrath of the Almightie cease, which hath iustly bene brought vpon al our stocke.In me vero et in fratribus meis desinet Omnipotentis ira, quæ super omne genus nostrum juste superducta est.
39Then the king being incensed with anger, raged against him more cruelly than all the rest, taking it grievously that he was mocked.Allora il re ardendo di sdegno esercitò la sua crudeltà sopra di questo più che sopra gli altri, non potendo soffrire di essere schernito.Then the king incensed with anger, raged against him more cruelly aboue al the rest, taking it grieuously that he was mocked.Tunc rex accensus ira in hunc, super omnes crudelius desævit, indigne ferens se derisum. 40So this man also died undefiled, wholly trusting in the Lord.Morì adunque anche questo senza contaminarsi, con totale fidanza in Dio.And this same therfore died vnspotted, wholy trusting in our Lord.Et hic itaque mundus obiit, per omnia in Domino confidens. 41And last of all, after the sons, the mother also was consumed.E alla fine dopo i figliuoli fu uccisa anche la madre.And last of al after the sonnes the mother also was consumed.Novissime autem post filios, et mater consumpta est. 42But now there is enough said of the sacrifices and of the excessive cruelties.Ma abbastanza si è parlato de' sagrifizj, e delle orrende crudeltà.Therfore of the sacrifices, and of the exceeding cruelties there is ynough sayd.Igitur de sacrificiis et de nimiis crudelitatibus satis dictum est.
7:1
Year of the World 3837, Year before Christ 167.
Haydock
Scourges, made of leather thongs; taureis. (Haydock)
Calmet
These brethren are styled Machabees; as Judas rendered this name so famous, that all who suffered or fought valiantly for religion in those times, went by this appellation. Josephus has much embellished this history, and Erasmus still more. The tombs of these martyrs were shewn at Antioch. (Calmet)
Haydock
Their names are not known. (Haydock)
7:6
Pleasure. Literally, "be comforted," as the Septuagint translate, (Haydock) Deuteronomy 32:36. It may imply that God will avenge or chastise his servants, and then restore them to favour. This latter sense is here adopted, ver. 35.
7:8
Calmet
Language. The Jews have always been very attentive to their own language, though they be forced to learn others for the sake of commerce, and to hold conversation with those among whom they live. This young man, no doubt, understood Greek, in which language his brother had probably spoken. The mother addressed her children in the Hebrew or Syriac tongue, ver. 21, 27. (Calmet)
7:9
Haydock
Most wicked. The martyrs have sometimes been inspired by God to speak in harsh language to magistrates; though their office generally commands respect. (Haydock)
Calmet
Life. The resurrection is clearly specified in all these answers. The Redeemer was near at hand. (Calmet)
St. Augustine
Christiani fuerunt....factis. (St. Augustine, ser. 1:2.)
7:16
Calmet
Power. Nothing could be more free than this answer, which greatly resembles that of Christ, John 19:11. (Calmet)
7:20
Haydock
Seven. The last was not yet dead: but he was before this was written, so that the mother's praise was perfect. (Haydock)
7:22
Calmet
Womb. This has always astonished the learned, the infant being formed often against the woman's desire, Job 10:10., and Wisdom 7:2. (St. Augustine, anima 1:15.) (Calmet)
7:24
Haydock
Despising. Literally, "despising the voice of the insulter." Greek, "fearing or perceiving that the speech was reproachful." (Haydock)
Calmet
Syriac, "turned aside not to hear the reproaches," etc. He did not understand Hebrew; but perceiving the constancy of the young men, he thought that their mother exhorted them to refuse compliance. (Calmet)
Haydock
Happy. This is beyond the power of riches or of any king. (Haydock)
7:26
Worthington
Promised. A promise regards something good; so that if a person should even bind himself by an oath to do evil, he must refrain, as to comply would he another sin. (Worthington)
Menochius
This woman promised to counsel, but not as the king wished, (Haydock) to gain a prolongation of life and worldly honours for her son. (Menochius)
Worthington
Such an equivocation was lawful. (Worthington)
Haydock
The king might blame himself if he was deceived. (Haydock)
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Calmet
Three years. So long physicians judged it best for children to suck, till they could take solid meat. (Vales. lxxxiii.) (Genesis 21:8.) (Calmet)
"Chrysippus assigns three years for the nurse." (Quint. 1:1.)
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Nothing, not out of pre-existent and eternal matter. (St. Augustine, Nat. boni xxvi.) (Romans 4:17.)
So God can reduce all to nothing, 2 Machabees 8:18.
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Calmet
Mercy, in eternity of bliss, ver. 23. (Syriac) (Calmet)
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Haydock
Life. Greek, "short labour of eternal life, are fallen under the covenant of God." (Haydock)
They enjoy that life which God promised.
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God. This was accomplished, ver. 17., and 2 Machabees 9:15.
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Cease. The persecution was severe, but short. Judas the next year (the year [of the world] 3838.; Calmet) began to liberate the nation, (Haydock) by God's mercy, 2 Machabees 8:5, 27.
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Haydock
Undefiled, by idolatry. We read [in] 4 Machabees that he threw himself into a boiling cauldron; (Calmet) and Josephus says his mother "jumped into the fire that she might not be touched by any." But this is uncertain. The Church honours St. Apollonia, who acted thus; (Feb.[February?] ix.) it is supposed by divine inspiration. (Haydock)
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Grotius
Consumed. Greek, "died" (Haydock) of joy: (Sixth. Bib. V. Victoria) she placed herself amid the dead bodies, and begged of God to release her soul; which was granted. (Arabic) (Grotius)
Josephus
But most believe that she suffered martyrdom immediately after her children. (Josephus, etc.)
The Church honoured these martyrs from the earliest ages, and before any other of the Old Testament. We may justly style them the martyrs of the resurrection, as none at that time had spoken of it so distinctly. Sts. Naz.[Gregory of Nazianzus?], Max. of Turin, Gaudentius, etc., have pronounced panegyrics upon them.
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Haydock
Sacrifices. Greek splagchnismous, 2 Machabees 6:21. (Haydock)
Worthington
Read 1 Machabees 2:1., where the wars begun by Mathathias, and persecuted by Judas, are recorded. (Worthington)
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The fourth Martyrdom vvas of seuen bretheren and their mother. • VVhosoeuer please to read more of these glorious Martyres, may sec the large discourses of Flanius Iosephus in his booke de Machabeis, And of sundrie ancient Fathers: S. Cyprian. li: 4. Epist. ep. 6. S. Chrysostom, homilia de natiuitate septem Machabaeorum. S. Ambrose li. 1. Offic. c. 40. &c li. 11. de Iacob. c. 9. S. Augustin, de origine animae. Tract, 8. in Epist 1. Ioan, & Ser. 110. de diuersis. S. Prosper: li de praedict. par 2. c. 40. S. Prudentius. hymno de Romano Martyre. S. Leo. Ser de Nat septem fratrum. Machab. S. Gaudentius. Brixanus Tractatu de Machabeis. S. Ephrem. Ser. de morte. S. Victorinus Aser. Carmine de septem Machabeis.
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Concordanza Deut. 32. v. 43.
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A promise is properly of a good thing, & bindeth the promiser to do that vvhich is in dede good. In so much that whosoeuer promiseth, svveareth, or vovveth to do euil, is bond not to do it. And to do it, is a distinct sinne besides the former.
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In that this godlie woman deceiued the tyrant, she did vvel, lavvfully vsing aequiuoeation.
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li. 1. c. 2. v. 1.
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Afraate † 346 d.C. Aphrahat: Select Demonstrations 21.22
… Hananiah also and his brethren were persecuted, and cast into the furnace of fire. Mordecai and Esther and the children of their people were persecuted, at the hands of Haman. Judas Maccabæus and his brethren were persecuted, and they also endured reproach. The seven brethren, sons of the blessed woman, endured torments by bitter scourgings,
san Gregorio Nazianzeno † 389 d.C. Select Orations of Saint Gregory Nazianzen 43.74
… I pass by the rest, the three young men bedewed in the fire, the fugitive prophet praying in the whale’s belly, and coming forth from the creature, as from a chamber; the just man in the den, restraining the lions’ rage, and the struggle of the seven Maccabees,
sant'Ambrogio † 397 d.C. On the Duties of the Clergy 1.41
… But what am I to say of the sufferings of the martyrs? Not to go too far abroad, did not the children of Maccabæus gain triumphs over the proud King Antiochus, as great as those of their fathers? The latter in truth were armed, but they conquered without arms. The company of the seven brothers stood unconquered,
sant'Agostino d'Ippona † 430 d.C. Letters of St. Augustin 40.6
… to the order of Melchizedek, they still considered it binding on them to celebrate, not out of mere reverence for old customs, but as necessary to salvation, the sacraments of the old econ omy, which were indeed at one time necessary, else had it been unprofitable and vain for the Maccabees to suffer martyrdom, as they did, for their adherence to them.
sant'Agostino d'Ippona † 430 d.C. Letters of St. Augustin 75.15
… which were indeed at one time necessary, else had it been unprofitable and vain for the Maccabees to suffer martyrdom as they did for their adherence to them.
sant'Agostino d'Ippona † 430 d.C. Expositions on the Book of Psalms 79.8
… although hence may bloom the Martyrs’ glory by occasion of their patience, and the yoke of discipline godly endured as the scourge of the Lord. Of this the Maccabees amid sharp tortures,
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sant'Agostino d'Ippona † 430 d.C. Expositions on the Book of Psalms 34.21
… either I am not righteous, or I do not the things which He commandeth me, or haply He seeth me not. Fear not: only do what He commandeth; and if He deliver thee not bodily, He will deliver thee spiritually. For He who took out of the fire the Three Children, did He take out of the fire the Maccabees?
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san Tascio Cecilio Cipriano † 258 d.C. Exhortation to Martyrdom, Addressed to Fortunatus 11
… But he, trusting in his martyrdom, and promising to himself from the retribution of God the reward of resurrection, exclaimed and said, “Thou indeed impotently destroyest us out of this present life; but the King of the world will raise us up, who die for His laws, unto the eternal resurrection of life.”
san Tascio Cecilio Cipriano † 258 d.C. Three Books of Testimonies Against the Jews 3.18
… yet in spirit I suffer these things willingly, because of the fear of thine own self.” Also in the same place: “Thou indeed, being powerless, destroyest us out of this present life; but the King of the world shall raise us up who have died for His laws into the eternal resurrection of life.”
sant'Agostino d'Ippona † 430 d.C. Answer to the Letters of Petilian, the Donatist 2.8
… for of those brethren we learn that one replied to the sacrilegious tyrant with these words of faith: ‘Thou like a fury takest us out of this present life; but the King of the world (who reigns for ever, and of His kingdom there shall be no end) shall raise us up who have died for His laws, unto everlasting life.’
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san Tascio Cecilio Cipriano † 258 d.C. Exhortation to Martyrdom, Addressed to Fortunatus 11
… And also the fourth, with like virtue, despising the tortures, and answering, to restrain the king, with a heavenly voice exclaimed, and said, “It is better that those who are given to death by men should wait for hope from God, to be raised up by Him again to eternal life. For to thee there shall be no resurrection to life.”
san Tascio Cecilio Cipriano † 258 d.C. Three Books of Testimonies Against the Jews 3.18
… but the King of the world shall raise us up who have died for His laws into the eternal resurrection of life.” Also in the same place: “It is better that, given up to death by men, we should expect hope from God to be raised again by Him. For there shall be no resurrection to life for thee.”
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san Tascio Cecilio Cipriano † 258 d.C. Exhortation to Martyrdom, Addressed to Fortunatus 11
… “Having power,” said he, “among men, though thou art corruptible, thou doest what thou wilt. But think not that our race is forsaken of God. Abide, and see His great power, how He will torment thee and thy seed.”
san Tascio Cecilio Cipriano † 258 d.C. Three Books of Testimonies Against the Jews 3.18
… For there shall be no resurrection to life for thee.” Also in the same place: “Having power among men, although thou art corruptible, thou doest what thou wilt. But think not that our race is forsaken of God. Sustain, and see how His great power will torment thee and thy seed.”
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san Tascio Cecilio Cipriano † 258 d.C. Exhortation to Martyrdom, Addressed to Fortunatus 11
… He taught that martyrs are modest, that they were confident of vengeance, and boasted nothing in their suffering. “Do not,” said he, “needlessly err; for we on our own account suffer these things, as sinning against our God. But think not thou that thou shalt be unpunished, who darest to fight against God.”
san Tascio Cecilio Cipriano † 258 d.C. Three Books of Testimonies Against the Jews 3.18
… But think not that our race is forsaken of God. Sustain, and see how His great power will torment thee and thy seed.” Also in the same place: Do not err without cause; for we suffer these things on our own accounts, as sinners against our God. But think not thou that thou shalt be unpunished, having undertaken to fight against God.”
sant'Agostino d'Ippona † 430 d.C. Letters of St. Augustin 111.5
… “After him they brought also the sixth, who, being ready to die, said, ‘Be not deceived without cause; for we suffer these things for ourselves, having sinned against God: therefore marvellous things are done unto us; but think not thou that takest in hand to strive against God and His law that thou shalt escape unpunished.’”
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sant'Ambrogio † 397 d.C. On the Duties of the Clergy 1.41
212. What shall I say of the mother who with joy looked on the corpses of her children as so many trophies, and found delight in the voices of her dying sons, as though in the songs of singers, noting in her children the tones of the glorious harp of her own heart, and a sweeter harmony of love than any strain of the lute could give?
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sant'Agostino d'Ippona † 430 d.C. A Treatise on the Soul and its Origin 1.23
… For it was not I who gave you spirit and soul, nor was it I that formed the members of every one of you; but it was God, who also made the world, and all things that are therein; who, moreover, formed the generation of men; and searches the action of all; and who will Himself of His great mercy restore to you your spirit and soul.”
sant'Agostino d'Ippona † 430 d.C. Sermons on Selected Lessons of the New Testament 50.2
… Make the proper degrees, and render to each what is his due. Do not put what should come before, below that which should come after it. Love your parents, but prefer God to them. Mark the mother of the Maccabees, “‘My sons, I know not how ye appeared in my womb.’
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san Tascio Cecilio Cipriano † 258 d.C. Exhortation to Martyrdom, Addressed to Fortunatus 11
… I pray thee, O son, look upon the heaven and the earth; and having considered all the things which are in them, understand that out of nothing God made these things and the human race. Therefore, O son, do not fear that executioner; but being made worthy of thy brethren, receive death, that in the same mercy I may receive thee with thy brethren.”
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Origene † 254 d.C. Origen De Principiis 2.1.5
… for she says, “I ask of thee, my son, to look at the heaven and the earth, and at all things which are in them, and beholding these, to know that God made all these things when they did not exist.”
Origene † 254 d.C. Origen's Commentary on the Gospel of John 1.18
… This, however, is the view of those who hold matter itself to be uncreated, a view which we believers cannot share, since we believe God to have made the things that are out of the things which are not, as the mother of the seven martyrs in the Maccabees teaches,
sant'Ilario di Poitiers † 367 d.C. De Trinitate or On the Trinity 4.16
… Such suggestions are inconsistent with the clear sense of Scripture. For all things, as the Prophet says
sant'Agostino d'Ippona † 430 d.C. Concerning the Nature of Good, Against the Manichæans 26
… "Who calls the things that are not as if they are." But still more plainly it is written in the book of Maccabees: "I pray thee, son, look at the heaven and the earth and all the things that are in them; see and know that it was not these of which the Lord God made us."
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sant'Agostino d'Ippona † 430 d.C. A Treatise on Rebuke and Grace 41
… On which account also the mother of the Maccabees says to her son, “That in that mercy I may receive thee with thy brethren.”
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1. CONTIGIT AUTEM ET SEPTEM FRATRES UNA CUM MATRE SUA APPREHENSOS COMPELLI A REGE (Antiocho Epiphane) CONTRA FAS CARNES PORCINAS EDERE. — In veteri (nam in moderna non exstant) Josephi editione Græca horum septem fratrum nomina assignantur hæc. Primus vocabatur Machabæus, secundus Aber, tertius Machir, quartus Judas, quintus Achas, sextus Areth, septimus Jacob, mater vero Machabæa, a qua filii omnes dicti sunt Machabæi, ait S. Thomas, licet Serarius ita dictos putet a fratre primo, cui nomen erat Machabæus; Scaliger vero a robore et fortitudine animi, sicut ex eodem dictus est Judas Machabæus: verius est eam vocatam fuisse Salomen, ut dicam versu 20. Erant omnes, inquit Josephus, genere illustres, corpore venustissimi; sed animo formosiores, statu cælibes plerique, vel omnes. Passi sunt Antiochiæ, eo enim redierat Antiochus Epiphanes; ubi postea sub S. Petro primo Christi discipuli vocati sunt Christiani. Unde S. Augustinus, serm. 109 De Temp. cap. vi: «Sanctorum, inquit, Machabæorum basilica etiam in Antiochia prædicatur. In illa scilicet civitate, quæ regis ipsius persecutoris nomine vocitatur. Antiochum quippe regem persecutorem impium pertulerunt, et memoria martyrii eorum in Antiochia celebratur, ut simul sonet et nomen persecutoris, et memoria coronatoris. Hæc basilica a Christianis tenetur, et a Christianis ædificata est.» Porro qua ætate hi septem fratres fuerint docet S. Chrysostomus, hom. De Machabæis: «Agonem, ait, proponens Christus non juvenes exercitatos ad certamina athletas, sed primævos adolescentulos et cum ipsis senem Eleazarum, simulque mulierem anum, matrem septem adolescentium vult considerari.» Et Prudentius, hymno De S. Romano: Narravit illud nobile ac memorabile Certamen, una matre quod septem editi Gessere pueri, sed tamen factis viri. Et infra: Linguam tyrannus amputari jusserat. Uni ex ephebis. Et D. Ambrosius, in libro De Jacob et vita beata, cap. xi: «Insultare, ait, licet tyranno qui, dum callide a sene incipiendum putat, magistrum elegit, qui discipulos faceret fortiores: quorum velut puerilem ætatem præmiis provocabat ad culpam, arguebat terroribus ad formidinem. At illi non degeneres tanto duci respondent: Quid contemnis vel circumscribis ut pueros? sed fides cana est, sed valida disciplina. Experire, certa, subjice quibus placet pœnis puerilia viscera, non invenies corda puerilia.» Et mox: «Quam vicit senectus, superabit æmula senectutis pueritia.» FLAGRIS ET TAUREIS (Græce νεύροις, id est nervis taurorum) cruciatos — et flagellatos.
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2. Unus autem ex illis, qui erat primus (nomine Machabæus, ut dixi), sic ait: Quid quæris et quid vis discere a nobis? (vide hic animositatem Machabæi, qui regem alloquitur quasi puerum et discipulum) PARATI SUMUS MORI MAGIS QUAM PATRIAS DEI LEGES PRÆVARICARI. — Hic erat natu maximus et primogenitus; unde ipse unus pro omnibus respondet: ipsius enim os sensusque, erat os, sensusque cæterorum, qui in fide obfirmati pro ea optabant mortem et martyrium. Josephus, libro De Machab. cap. viii, addit Antiochum multis verbis et rationibus exhortatum fuisse hosce septem fratres ad comedendam porcinam, ac ni sibi obedirent, omnes cruciatus minitatum esse; ideoque eis ostendisse omnium tormentorum instrumenta, quæ ad illos excruciandos paraverat, nimirum fidiculas, rotas, equuleos, catapultas, lebetes, sartagines, digitos et manus ferreas, cuneos, ignes, etc., ac subjecisse: «Adolescentes, timete, et quod veneramini Numen id vobis per vim delinquentibus ignoscet;» mox omnes una mente et voce respondisse: «Parati sumus mori potius quam patria violare præcepta. Terres nos mortem nobis per tormenta minitando; quasi qui non paulo ante quale hoc sit didiceris ab Eleazaro. Quod si senes Hebræi etiam in tormentis pietatem retinuerant, justius moriemur nos juvenes, contempta tormentorum tuorum violentia, quam et præceptor noster vicit. Quapropter tenta, tyranne, num animas quoque nostras pro pietate pugnantes necare possis. Ne puta te nobis nocere cruciando; nos enim malis patienter ferendis virtutis præmia consequemur. At tu ob nostri cædem nefariam ab ultione divina æterno afficiere cruciatu.»
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3. IRATUS ITAQUE REX JUSSIT SARTAGINES ET OLLAS ÆNEAS SUCCENDI. — Plenæ erant, inquit Theophilus Alexandrinus, Epist. 3 paschali, ferventis olei sartagines, et ad frigenda sanctorum corpora terrore incredibili personabant; et tamen inter hæc omnia paradisum animo deambulantes, non sentiebant quod patiebantur, sed quod videre cupiebant. Porro «sartago, inquit Antonius Gallonius, lib. De Martyrum cruciat., pag. 221, erat patella ovalis, vel rotunda, amplaque oleo, pice, resina ac sulphure referta, igni applicabatur; cumque ebullire atque effervescere inciperet, injiciebantur in eam utriusque sexus Christiani, qui constanter fortiterque in Christi fidei confessione perstitissent, ut instar piscium in oleum fervens con- jectorum, torrerentur ac suffrigerentur.» Additque martyres aliquando toto corpore in sartagine ampla frixos fuisse, uti contigit S. Euphemiæ; aliquando vero non toto corpore, sed per membra singula; quamobrem hæc ibi litteris consignata habentur: «Mandavit priscus Proconsul eam, id est sanctam virginem, serris membratim dividi, et in sartagine divisa membra torreri, etc.» Sartago ergo erat ad frigendum; olla ad elixandum carnes martyrum. «Erat enim olla, inquit Gallonius, vas amplissimum ex ære factum, in quo martyres ignominiæ gratia elixabantur; fabricatum (ut quædam pervetustæ ostendunt, quæ ex hujusce urbis ruinis erui nonnunquam solent) ad oliarum, quibus utimur ad cibaria coquenda, similitudinem, absque oris, cum duabus ansis, quæ vel partim quadratæ erant, partimque rotundæ; quadratæ ab imo ad medium, rotundæ a medio ad extremum.» Ad hæc conjiciebantur etiam in ollam sic prælo pressi atque plicati, ut caput eorum ad genua pelleretur. Hujus alterius modi testis est Josephus, loco citato, his verbis: «Carnificum manibus ollæ æneæ imponitur (hoc pænali supplicio nomen est) prælo gyrato, hoc est versato, sanctum caput ad genua impellitur, sicque corpore deorsum redacto, pugil in eam, quam diximus, ollam miserrime delituit.» Hæc ibi. Advertat hic lector Josephum per prælum denotasse quoddam instrumenti pressorii genus: prælum quippe non tantum trabem illam significat, per quam in torculari, uva vel oliva calcata premitur, sed etiam Budæo teste, instrumentum pressorium, quo potissimum pannarii, chartarii et librorum impressores utuntur.
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4. ET CUTE CAPITIS ABSTRACTA, SUMMAS QUOQUE MANUS ET PEDES (extremitates manuum et pedum) EI PRÆSCINDI. — Addit Josephus, cap. ix: «Itaque eorum natu maximum jussi in medium adduxere satellites, et dilacerata ejus tunica, manus et brachia loris utrimque constrinxerunt. Deinde postquam eum flagris ad lassitudinem usque verberarunt, cum nihil proficerent, rotæ circumposuerunt: circa quam distentus juvenis, exarticulatus, omnibusque membris fractus, illi maledicebat in hunc modum: Sceleratissime tyranne, cœlestisque justitiæ inimice et crudelis, nullum tu me ob homicidium aut impium facinus hoc pacto torques, sed ob divinæ legis defensionem. Cumque monerent eum satellites, ut se comesurum promitteret, quo cruciatibus liberaretur, dixit: Non ita valida est rota vestra, o impuri ministri, ut meam rationem juguletis. Secate membra mea, carnemque comburite, et artus torquete; nam per omnia tormenta vobis persuadebo, solos Hebræos pro virtute esse invictos. Hæc dicenti ignem illi subjiciunt, et rotam insuper magis magisque distendunt, ita ut tota sanguine cruentaretur, et pyræ acervus, cruoris guttis exstingueretur, machinæque axes carne circumfluerent. Sed magnanimis ille, et Abramiæus adolescens, quamvis spoliata jam ossium compagine non ingemiscebat, sed perinde ac si in igne transformaretur in immortalitatem, cruciatus fortiter ferebat. In stamini me, fratres, inquit, neve meæ vitæ ordinem deserueritis, neve meam vestri fratris alacritatem abjuraveritis. Sacram nobilemque militiam militate pro pietate: qua fiat ut justa illa et patria nostri Numinis providentia genti propitiata, scelesto tyranno pœnas irroget. Hæc fatus, sacer ille juvenis animam egit.»
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5. CÆTERI UNA CUM MATRE INVICEM SE HORTABANTUR MORI FORTITER, — sibi mutuo dicentes, ait Josephus, lib. De Machab. cap. xiii: «Fraterne, fratres, pro lege moriamur; imitemur tres illos in Assyria juvenes, qui vastam illam fornacem contempserunt: nolimus in pietate ostendenda remollescere. Bono es animo, frater, dicebat aliquis. Et alius: Generose perdurato. Alius item cæteros præteritorum commonefaciens: Recordamini, inquit, unde sitis, et cujus patris manu immolari se ob pietatem passus fuerit Isaacus. Denique universi inter se intuentes læti, et admodum alacres, sic dicebant: Consecremus nos ipsos toto corde Deo, qui nobis dedit animas, et impendamus in legis custodiam corpora.» Et paulo post: «Sic enim mortuos nos excipient Abrahamus, Isaacus et Jacobus, cunctique patres laudabunt. Deinde eorum qui restabant singuli fratrum, a quo divellebantur, sic cohortari: Ne nos, frater, dedecoraveris, neve a fratribus nostris, qui jam oppetierunt, degeneraveris.»
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6. DEUS ASPICIET VERITATEM, (id est justitiam, q. d. Deus expendet et præstabit id quod justum est, nos scilicet innocentes et justos esse, ac a te, o tyranne, injuste excruciari, ideoque martyrii laurea coronabit: quare) CONSOLABITUR IN NOBIS, — id est nobis auxilio erit et solatio, nobis suas consolationes ingeret et immittet, ut te tuaque tormenta generose superemus, quemadmodum Moyses in Cantico, Deut. xxxii, 36, cecinit, et promisit Deum esse facturum.
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8. AT ILLE RESPONDENS PATRIA (id est virili) VOCE, — q. d. respondebat, non ut puer voce gracili, sed forti et crassa ut pater et vir, de quo vers. 21. DIXIT (secundus nomine Aber): Non faciam, — non comedam porcinam. Hoc firmum meum est propositum, hæc obfirmata mea voluntas. Audi Josephum multa addentem, et martyrem sua facundia exornantem, forte etiam nonnulla, uti solet, ex suo adjungentem, et phalerantem: «Adducunt satellites ætate secundum, injectisque ferreis manibus, acutis unguibus, eum catapulta (quæ machina est) alligant. Deinde percontati, priusquam eum torquerent, num effugere vellet, postquam generosam ejus sententiam audiverunt, ab imis pedibus exorsi, omnem ejus carnem ferreis illis manibus, usque ad mentum dilaniant, et capitis pellem admotis pardis dilacerant. Quem ille gravissimum dolorem tolerans, sic dicebat: Suave est mortis quodlibet genus ob patriam religionem nostram. Non putas te, o omnium crudelissime tyranne, magis quam me nunc torqueri, cum videas crudelem istam tyrannidis rationem nostra pro pietate patientia vinci? Etenim ego virtutis voluptatibus dolorem levo: tu in impietatis minis excruciaris. Neque vero effugies, impurissime tyranne, pænas iræ divinæ.» Josephum secutus S. Ambrosius, lib. De Jacob et vita beata, lib. II, cap. xi, ait: «Secundus accessit, nec degener fratris munia piæ confessionis implevit. Et cum detraheretur membrana capitis, respondit: Aufertis quidem membranam, sed habeo galeam spiritualem, quam non potestis auferre. Et vere hanc galeam nemo auferre potest: sicut postea Apostolus docuit in Ecclesia Domini, quia caput viri Christus est, et ejus sumus membra. Recte puer istam divino spiritu doctrinam Apostolicam prævidebat: Exuebant immanes bestiæ corium capitis, et pardalicis feritatibus sæviebant. At ille deficiens: Quam dulce est, inquit, mori pro religione! quam suavis omnis acerbitas mortis pro pietate! quia manet horum remuneratio laborum. Tua sunt rex graviora tormenta, tu tuis vehementer torqueris suppliciis, quia vides vinci in potestate.»
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10. POST HUNC TERTIUS ILLUDITUR, ET LINGUAM POSTULATUS CITO PROTULIT, ET MANUS CONSTANTER EXTENDIT, — ut cum lingua, quæ regem despexerat, amputarentur et in sartagine frigerentur. S. Cyprianus, De exhort. martyr., urget to «manus extendit,» aitque: «Manus amputandas constanter extendit multum beatus genere isto supplicii, cui contigit extensis ad pænam manibus passionis Dominicæ instar imitari.»
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11. ET CUM FIDUCIA AIT: E CŒLO ISTA POSSIDEO, SED PROPTER DEI LEGES NUNC HÆC IPSA DESPICIO. QUONIAM AB IPSO ME EA RECEPTURUM SPERO. — Addit Josephus, cap. x: «At ille exclamans: Ignoratis, inquit, eodem me quo mortuos hos et patre satum et matre editum esse, iisdemque nos in ædibus educatos? non abjurabo tam nobilem fraternitatis cognationem. Tum illi hominis libertatem graviter ferentes, laceratoriis machinis manus ejus et pedes exarticulant, laxatisque commissuris, membratim dilacerant et digitos et brachia, et crura, et cubitos confringunt. Cumque eum exstinguere nullo pacto possent, detractam cum summis digitorum capitibus pellem dilaniant. Deinde eum protinus ad rotam ducunt: cui circumjectus, cum vertebratim exarticularetur, cernebat carnem suam discerpi, et ex visceribus distillantes guttas sanguinis, jamque moriturus dixit: Nos quidem, o impurissime tyranne, ob Dei disciplinam, virtutemque hæc patimur; at tu ob impietatem cædesque nefarias immensos feres cruciatus.» Josephum secutus S. Ambrosius De Jacob et vita beata, cap. xi, ait tertium hunc dum excarnificaretur dixisse: «Non faciam voluntatem tuam, non succumbam imperio tuo. Per beatam illam fratrum passionem et nobilem vitam non negabo piam germanitatem. Quæ vis adhibeto supplicia, quibus magis urgeas: hoc proficies asperitate pœnarum, ut majora testimonia nostræ germanitatis accipias. Jussit itaque ei linguam amputari. Et ille exclamans: Victus es, inquit, Antioche, qui organum vocis abscindi jubes. Confessus es te respondere non posse rationi, majoraque probas linguæ nostræ flagella, quam tua verbera. Nos enim tua verbera non timemus, tu nostræ vocis flagella non potes sustinere. Sed hæc pietatis flagella sunt, tua flagella perfidiæ. Sed etiam sublata, gravius te suo cadave murmure flagellabit. Evadere tu putas, Antioche, si vocem eripias? Et tacentes Deus audit, et magis audit. Ecce aperui os meum, laxavi linguam meam, abscinde linguam; sed non abscindes constantiam, non virtutem auferes, non rationem obliterabis, non eripies testimonium veritatis, non eripies cordis clamorem. Si lingua amputatur, sanguis clamabit, et dicetur tibi: Vox sanguinis fratris tui clamat ad me.» Et paulo post: «Loquaciora sunt vulnera, etsi vulnera teguntur, etsi absconditur cicatrix, non absconditur fides; nec tamen plaudas, quod auferendo linguam, confessionem laudis eripias. Satis enim Deum sermone laudavi, nunc passione laudemus.»
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13. ET HOC ITA DEFUNCTO QUARTUM VEXABANT. — Hi posteriores plus passi sunt quam priores. Primo, quia acrius in eos ira regis efferbuit ob tot acres priorum in regem exprobrationes. Secundo, quia hi ætate erant juniores, ideoque viribus, et animo infirmiores. Tertio, quia hi compatiendo fratribus ita excruciatis per compassionem patiebantur eadem quæ ipsi. Quarto, quia eadem passuros se mox cernebant. Itaque acri fratrum tortura, et longa suæ torturæ repræsentatione, æque ac exspectatione gravius torquebantur. Unde S. Leo, sermone in nativit. septem Machab.: «Regis impietas, inquit, id excogitavit, ut victoriam sibi, et de primis promitteret, quos sine tolerantiæ cruciaret exemplo et de postremis, quos in supplicio torqueret alieno, multiplicatæ sunt martyrum palmæ; et dum singuli in omnibus vincunt, præter coronas proprias, omnes acquisivere septenas.» Addit S. Ambrosius, lib. De Jacob.: «Et hoc perempto, ait, jussit quartum vinciri ad rotam, ut ejus vertigine membris omnibus solveretur,» etc. an forte quia torquere, etiam versare est poetis atque oratoribus? an potius quia initium cruciatuum erat in equuleo, sive in rota distendi, ad fustium et nervorum diverberationem? Ita Salianus.
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14. ET CUM JAM ESSET AD MORTEM, SIC AIT: POTIUS (satius) EST AB HOMINIBUS MORTI DATOS SPEM (resurrectionis vitæ et gloriæ æternæ: hanc enim vivam habuere hi septem fratres; ideoque illa animati regi et tormentis resultarunt, imo insultarunt: porro spem vocant rem speratam, puta vitam et gloriam æternam per metonymiam) EXSPECTARE A DEO, ITERUM AB IPSO RESUSCITANDOS; TIBI ENIM RESURRECTIO AD VITAM NON ERIT, — sed ad gehennam et mortem immortalem. Addit Josephus, cap. x, eum dixisse: «Non sic urentem habetis ignem adversum me, ut ego remollescam;» cumque Antiochus ei linguam præscindi juberet, subjecisse: «Etiamsi vocis instrumentum auferas, etiam silentes exaudit Deus; nam divinarum laudum cantatricem linguam amputas.» Josephum paraphrasten paraphrastice explicans illustransque S. Ambrosius, lib. De Jacob, cap. xi: «Et hoc perempto, inquit, jussit quartum vinciri ad rotam, ut ejus vertigine membris omnibus solveretur. At ille cum torqueretur immaniter: Dissolvis, inquit, corporis membra, sed adjungis gratiam passioni, nec eripis solatium morti. Est enim vox tonitrui in rota, quia in bono et inoffenso vitæ istius cursu cæleste resultat oraculum, sicut in Joanne et Jacob filiis tonitrui resultabat. Itaque illud quod legi, nunc manifestius recognosco, quia rota intra rotam currit, nec impeditur. Teres enim vita sine ulla offensione in quavis passione versatur, et intra hanc quoque rota currit.»
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15. ET CUM ADMOVISSENT QUINTUM, VEXABANT EUM — cruciando, ut cæteros priores. Addit Josephus cap. xi: «Satellites eum constringunt, et ad catapultam trahunt, eoque catapultæ in genua alligato, genibus ferreis pedicis astrictis, ejus lumbos circum orbicularem cuneum inflectunt, ita ut totus circum rotam, scorpii instar, inflexus exarticularetur. Hoc pacto cum et spiritus ejus opprimeretur, et corpus angeretur, dixit: Præclara tu quidem nolens, o tyranne, confers in nos beneficia, dum efficis ut tanto generosioribus doloribus nostram pro lege tolerantiam exeramus.» S. Ambrosius vero loco citato de hoc sic ait: «Quintus cum sisteretur, cæso prius, eidem jussit ignes admoveri, subjici, incendi. Manabat e vulneribus cruor, et effossis ulceribus sanguis effusus ipsos flammarum exstinguebat globos. At ille inter flammarum crepitus audiebatur dicens: Gratias tibi, Domine, quod dedisti nobis dicere: Transibimus per ignem. Et sicut alibi idem tuus dicit Propheta: Igne nos examinasti, sicut igne examinatur argentum. Adstabo tibi sicut aurum purgatus incendio: et si quid fuit culpæ, ignis exussit. Itaque et iste transfiguratus e corruptela ad incorruptionem, vitam exhalavit.» Porro Gorionides ait quintum dixisse: «Noli in corde tuo cogitare quasi me Deus reliquerit, quia ex suo in me amore ad istam me gloriam duxit. Tu vero impius, blasphemus et rabidus es, ideoque te odio prosequens, te excitat ad omnia ista in nos facienda, quasi ipse paratus ad vindictam de te tuoque semine sumendam, et suum contra te totamque domum tuam furorem accendet.»
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18. POST HUNC DUCEBANT SEXTUM, ET IS MORI INCIPIENS SIC AIT: NOLI FRUSTRA ERRARE; NOS ENIM PROPTER NOSMETIPSOS HÆC PATIMUR PECCANTES IN DEUM NOSTRUM. Nota: Acre ideoque illustre fuit martyrium horum septem Machabæorum; ideoque Ecclesia eorum celebrat festum præ aliis sanctis veteris Testamenti prima die augusti, præsertim Romæ, ubi sacra eorum lipsana requiescunt in templo S. Petri ad vincula, ut testatur S. Augustinus, serm. 109, cap. vi, ac magno populi concursu et devotione frequentantur. Causæ sunt multæ: prima, quod hi primi expresse et publice certarint pro vera Dei fide et cultu; secunda, quod in veteri Testamento id fecerint, cum obscura esset fides, et cognitio tam Dei et Christi, quam futuræ vitæ et resurrectionis; tertia, quod passi sint in ætate tenera et juvenili, cum vita summe est jucunda, et mors summe acerba; quarta, quod persecutorem et tortorem habuerunt Antiochum Epiphanem tyrannum sævissimum et crudelissimum; quinta, quod fortissime ei restiterint, imo singuli eum acriter increparint, et scelestissimum nuncuparint; sexta, quod omnis generis tormenta subierint, ut flagra et nervos taurinos, vers. 1, linguæ amputationem æque ac manuum et pedum, item excoriationem capitis et forte totius corporis, vers. 4, ollas et sartagines in quibus igne, pice, sulphure cremabantur et torrebantur, vers. 3. A Judæis his disce, Christiane, quid tibi faciendum sit in qualibet tentatione, persecutione, afflictione, quæ longe est minor, quamque generose eam superare debeas: «Nondum enim usque ad sanguinem restitistis,» Hebr. xii. Quis te in tympano distendit et pulsavit? Quis in olla bullivit? Quis in sartagine frixit? uti septem his fratribus contigit, qui tamen omnia forti alacrique animo sustinuerunt, ut tu in tuis modicis idem facias spe beatæ æternitatis. «Quod enim in præsenti momentaneum est, et leve tribulationis nostræ supra modum in sublimitate æternum gloriæ pondus operatur in nobis.» II Cor. iv. Porro stimuli ad hæc omnia generose sustinenda et superanda Machabæis fuere: primo fides et spes in Christum mox futurum, ex cujus meritis prævisis Deus dedit eis copiosam gratiam, fortitudinem et constantiam; secundo, spes melioris vitæ et beatæ resurrectionis, quod scilicet membra, quæ tormentis exponebant a Deo illis reddenda forent in resurrectione, eaque splendida et gloriosa; tertio, quod cruciatus futurus esset modicus et brevis; præmium vero in cœlo immensum et æternum. Hoc enim omnes martyres animavit in tormentis etiam acerrimis; unde S. Sebastianus S. Marcum et Marcellianum ob parentum complorationem vacillantes corroboravit hoc dilemmate: Cruciatus vobis inferendi, aut erunt graves, aut leves. Si graves, cito mortem inferent, et vos ad cœlum transmittent. Si leves, erunt toleratu faciles. Utroslibet ergo fortiter sustinete, quia dolor brevis æternum vobis pariet gaudium. Momentum enim quod cruciat; æternum est quod delectat. Quarto, quod mater singulos animose hortaretur et acriter stimularet ad persistendum in patria religione; quinto, Eleazari senis de quo, cap. præced., in diris tympani cruciatibus verum patientiæ exemplum.
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20. Supra modum autem mater mirabilis, — quæ in Græcorum Calendario nuncupatur Salome; a Josepho Salomona; a Gorionide et Genebrardo Anna, id est gratia; a S. Thoma Machabæa, quia Machabæorum mater. Rursum a Josepho cap. xv, Abrau; quia, inquit, «piæ Abrahami tolerantiæ filia recordata est;» ac sicut Abraham suum Isaac, sic ipsa septem filios Deo immolavit. Miris elogiis eamdem celebrat Josephus. «Non ita luna, inquit, in cœlo cum astris venusta stat, sicut tu, quæ septem stellas, scilicet septem filios ad pietatem illuminasti, gloriosa coram Deo stas, et in cœlo una cum illis infixa es.» Unde cap. xv, ejus robur admirans exclamat: «O mater gentis, vindex legis, pietatis propugnatrix, victrixque certaminis quod per viscera gestum est! O maribus continentia generosior, et viris patientia fortior. Sicut enim arca Noe in universo illo totius mundi diluvio mundum ferens, fluctus constanter sustinuit: sic et tu custos illa legis, cum affectionum diluvio obruereris undique, vehementibusque quasi tormentorum ventis tundereris, susceptum pro pietate certamen egregie pertulisti.» Quocirca S. Cyprianus, lib. De exhort. ad martyrium: «Tam grande, inquit, martyrium Deo præbuit virtute oculorum suorum, quam præbuerunt filii ejus tormentis et passione membrorum.» Et D. Chrysostomus, hom. 4 De verbis Isaiæ: «Mater, inquit, martyrum septies ipsa martyrium præstitit; dum enim illi torquebantur, illa plagam accipiebat.» S. Ambrosius, lib. I Offic. cap. xli: «Spectabat, inquit, læta filiorum, quot funera, tot trophæa, et morientium vocibus plusquam psallentium cantibus delectabatur: pulcherrimam ventri sui cytharam (septem quodammodo fidibus instructam) in filiis suis cernens et pietatis harmoniam omni lyræ numero dulciorem.» Quam virtutem D. Gregorius Nazianzenus, Orat. xxii, incredibiliter admiratus: «O virilem, inquit, animum in muliebri corpore! O sacrificium, Abrahæ sacrificio majus ac præstantius! Nam ille unum alacri animo obtulit, hæc autem populum universum filiorum Deo consecravit.»
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21. Singulos illorum (dum singuli ordine ætatis ab Antiocho evocati irent ad examen et tormenta, mater singulos ad constantiam) hortabatur voce patria, (id est Hebraica, ait Josephus. Melius Salianus vocem patriam interpretatur generosam et virilem, qualis solet esse vox patris, q. d. Hortabatur voce non materna et feminea, sed patria et virili: unde vox «patrius» non a patria, sed a patre deducitur, idemque est quod paternus: hoc enim significat Græcum πατρῴος, q. d. loquebatur viriliter, ut pater, non feminee ut mater. Quocirca explicans subdit:) fortiter (Græce generose) repleta sapientia, et femineæ cogitationi masculinum animum (vocemque) inserens. Audi Nazianzenum, Orat. xxii, affectu et gestus hujus heroinæ graphice depingentem: «Strenua mater, et vere illorum tali virtute præditorum parens; illa, inquam, præclara et magnanima legis alumna, prius quam gaudio, simul ac timore afficiebatur, atque in duorum affectuum confinio posita erat: nam ut ex eorum fortitudine, iisque quæ videbat lætitiam capiebat; sic rursus cum incertum pugnæ eventum, incredibilemque tormentorum magnitudinem secum reputaret, timore angebatur: ac proinde illos non secus, atque avicula pullos suos arripiente angue aut alia quapiam insidiosa fera, circumvolabat, stridebat, obsecrabat, una cum ipsis certabat, nihil denique non dicebat ac faciebat, quo illos ad victoriam paratiores alacrioresque redderet. Cruoris guttas rapiebat, fragmenta membrorum excipiebat, reliquias adorabat, hunc colligebat, illum porrigebat, alium parabat, omnibus acclamabat: Euge, filii mei, euge strenui mei milites, euge in corporibus ferme incorporei, euge legis canæque senectutis meæ, atque civitatis quæ vos aluit, et ad eam virtutis magnitudinem evexit, præsidium ac propugnaculum. Paulum adhuc et vicimus, defatigantur carnifices: hoc unum extimesco. Paulum adhuc, et ego inter mulieres beata, et vos inter adolescentes beati. At fortasse matris vos desiderium angit? nequaquam vos deseram. Hoc vobis polliceor, non tam liberos meos odi.»
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24. ANTIOCHUS AUTEM — cruciabatur rex constantia tanta martyrum, quod eos expugnare non posset, sed a singulis vinceretur; ideoque pudefactus et indignans se a pueris despici, septimum fortissime aggreditur, ut eum vincens cæteros vicisse videatur, sed ab eo magis quam ab aliis victus cum acrius præ aliis ipse regi insultaret, rex desperans actusque in furorem in eum præ cæteris desæviit: quare minimus hic natu frater cæteros fratres suos ætate majores tam cruciatibus, quam animositate et tolerantia heroica superavit. ET RES NECESSARIAS EI PRÆBITURUM. — Ex Græco verti potest se ei crediturum negotia sua, hoc est eum amicum intimum et secretum habiturum, cui regni sui negotia et regimen credat et committat, quemque provinciis suis quasi præsidem præficiat.
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25. Vocavit REX MATREM, — ut mater filio suaderet obedire regi.
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27. ITAQUE INCLINATA AD ILLUM (filium natu minimum), IRRIDENS CRUDELEM TYRANNUM (nota animos plusquam masculos in femina), ait patria voce (loquens sermone Hebraico, non Græco, quali loquebatur Antiochus, ut secretius et intimius infimum filii cor pungeret et feriret. Ita Josephus; aut potius «patria,» id est virili «voce.» Sic vers. 8, secundus patria, id est virili voce dixit: «Non faciam.» Vide dicta vers. 21, q. d. Loquebatur forti voce et generosa, non quasi femina et mater, sed quasi pater et vir:) FILI MI, MISERERE MEI, — ne tu solus turpi apostasia me matrem tuam contristes et excrucies, sed potius sollicitam de te solo tua constantia lætifices: valde enim me affliget, si tu a fratribus tuis degener, tyranno consentias, animamque tuam perdas, ac me fratresque tuos æterno dedecore afficias. Audi S. Gregorium Nazianzenum, Orat. 22 De Machabæis: «Mater omnium matrum sacratissima effecta sum, nihil mundo reliqui feci; omnia Deo tradidi; thesaurum meum, spes meas, senectutis altrices. Quam magnifice honorata sum! Quam excellenter senectus mea curata atque tractata est! Habeo educationis vestræ præmia, o filii, quoniam omnes virtutis causa decertantes vidi, omnes victores aspexi: mihi vero carissimi filii, nequaquam mortui atque exstincti; sed Deo oblati estis, nec lacerati, sed compacti et coagmentati, non fera vos abripuit, non fluctus obruit, non latro jugulavit, non hostis oppressit, non vis belli sustulit, non denique ullus humanus casus.» ET LAC TRIENNIO DEDI. — Hoc multæ matres fecerunt per triennium, idque medicis rationibus probat et laudat Franciscus Valesius Sacræ philos. cap. lxxxiii. Si quis infans ultra triennium matris lac sugat vulgari scommate Manotreptus vocatur, ait S. Augustinus in Psal. xxx.
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28. PETO, NATE, UT ASPICIAS AD CŒLUM ET TERRAM, ET AD OMNIA QUÆ IN EIS SUNT, ET INTELLIGAS QUIA EX NIHILO FECIT ILLA DEUS, — ac proinde cogites te quoque ex nihilo a Deo creatum, et eum solum quasi creatorem timeas, ames, colas, eique obedias; nec timeas tyrannum, quem pariter Deus creavit, eique limites sæviendi præfixit, ut non plura nec majora tibi possit inferre tormenta, quam Deus permiserit, qui scit quantum commode pati possis, quamque copiosam gratiam et robur ad ea sustinendum sit tibi daturus ut te in terra victorem, in cœlo triumphantem præmiet, et corpus a tyranno laceratum, sanum et gloriosum tibi in resurrectione restituat. Audi S. Ambrosium, lib. II De Jacob, cap. xi et xii, paraphrastice hæc illustrantem: «Miserere mei, quæ te in utero tot mensium curriculo portavi, ne uno momento confundas senectutem meam, ne decolores tot fratrum tuorum trophæa, ne sacrum eorum comitatum relinquas, ne consortium deseras. Te adhuc isti exspectant triumphi. Aspice in cœlum, unde hausisti spiritum, ad Patrem omnium: aspice in terram, quæ tibi ante alimoniam ministravit; aspice ad fratres, qui collegam requirunt: aspice ad matrem, quæ tibi lac dedit: redde mercedem pii sanguinis, noli a fratribus, noli a matre divelli. Temporales opes sunt, quas promittit Antiochus, temporales honores: perpetua corona quæ a Deo omnipotente defertur. Vos mihi septem dierum lumina dedit Dominus, sextum jam diem clausi, et omnium opera bona valde. Debes mihi, fili, ut quæ in illis sex laboravi, in te requiescam septimo, tanquam a sæculi operibus jam feriata.» Simili robore et ardore S. Symphorosa e capillis suspensa filios ad sui imitationem et martyrii æmulationem incitabat, teste Usuardo, Beda et aliis. «Eia, inquit, o mea non tam pignora, quam viscera! Attendite ad petram unde excisi estis. Patrem habuistis Getulium Christi martyrem: matrem habetis Symphorosam ad martyrium festinantem, et exultantem. Quid dubitatis vestros sequi, o boni filii, parentes, et quæ vobis pro Christo infligentur, non tormenta, sed blandimenta reputare? Hos patior femina imbecilla cruciatus: patimini et vos constantes viri. Meo nutriti lacte, vestro me sanguine recreate. Porrexi ubera, reddite vulnera. Hoc beneficio maternum obsequium rependite. Nullum mihi charius vestræ in me charitatis argumentum. Vivam, si vos pro Christo mori sensero. Felicissima erit vita vestra, si felicissima pro Christo morte coronetur.» Pari fortitudine mater S. Melitonis qui junior erat 40 Martyrum (quorum festum Ecclesia celebrat die 9 martii), cum ei adhuc spiranti carnifex parcere vellet, eum impulit ad martyrium. 30. CUM HÆC ILLA ADHUC DICERET, AIT ADOLESCENS: QUEM SUSTINETIS, — id est qualem me fore exspectatis? An ut Antiocho obediam? minime gentium: Deo enim et matri divina consilia suggerenti parebo, ac fratribus meis me similem experemini, uti hactenus experti estis. Sic «sustine,» vers. 17, sumitur pro «exspecta.» Porro Gorionides ait septimum dixisse: «Quid me tardas, et pergere non sinis una cum sanctis fratribus meis? mihi haud persuaseris ut vanitates tuas complectar. Non recedam a Domino et sancta ejus ac inmaculata lege, quam Moysis servi sui opera dedit Israeli populo suo, et filiis servorum suorum. Et tu, o Belial pessime, malorum inventor, Antioche homo injuriose, osor veritatis, quam blasphemas et calumniaris, quo ibis, et quo fugies a facie Domini nostri, cujus est terra, et plenitudo orbis, et qui habitant in ea? Adhuc vivificabit nos et exaltabit, et magnificabit præ omnibus, vel super omnem gentem.»
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36. NAM FRATRES MEI MODICO NUNC DOLORE SUSTENTATO (fortiter tolerato) SUB TESTAMENTO ÆTERNÆ VITÆ EFFECTI SUNT, — id est vita æterna fruuntur in limbo, exspectantes beatam Dei visionem in cœlis post mortem Christi, quæ vita eis a Deo promissa est per testamentum, id est fœdus et pactum quod cum Hebræis iniit, et per Mosen Exodi xxiv, et passim in Deut. conscripsit. Audi S. Ambrosium: «Itaque proripiens se juvenis, ait: Quid sustinetis? Et multa vociferans, quia nequaquam divelli posset a fratrum consortio, quorum multo beatiora essent funera quam regia imperia; dum argueret conviciis regem, et ipse acerbis excruciatus tormentorum generibus, vitæ hujus munus absolvit.» Porro Josephus, cap. xv, hæc aliter enarrat; sic enim ait: «Solvite me, inquit (erat enim septimus hic filius catenis vinctus quasi reus), ut regem et ejus amicos omnes alloquar. Hoc illi pueri promisso supra modum gavisi protinus eum solvunt. Et ille, cum ad propinquam quamdam cucurrisset sartaginem: O impie, inquit, et omnium improborum sceleratissime tyranne, non veritus es, cum a Deo tum bona cætera, tum regnum acceperis, et ejus servos interficere, et pietatis cultores excruciare, pro quibus te reservat Fas, et densiori et eidem æterno igni, atque tormentis nulla unquam sæculorum serie intermittendis. Non veritus es, homo belluine, ejusdem tecum generis hominum, et iisdem ortorum elementis linguas præcidere, eosque in hunc modum vexatos torquere. Enim vero illi fortiter occumbentes sua in Deum pietate perfuncti sunt: at tu, misere, plorabis, qui virtutis propugnatores insontes interemeris. Itaque ipse moriturus a fratrum meorum virtute non aufugiam.» Hæc fatus seipsum in sartagines dejicit atque animam ponit.» At hoc non consentit cum eo quod subdit S. Scriptura, dicens: 38. IN ME VERO ET IN FRATRIBUS MEIS DESINET OMNIPOTENTIS IRA — quasi in victima pro peccatis totius Israelis. Id factum est anno sequenti, ut audiemus cap. viii; fuit ergo hæc cygnea vox puri et innocentis Jacob, qua ipse quasi vetus propheta moriens promeruit, et prædixit salutem Israeli.
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39. TUNC REX ACCENSUS IRA IN HUNC SUPER OMNES CRUDELIUS DESÆVIT, INDIGNE FERENS SE DERISUM — tam a matre quam a filio.
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40. Et hic itaque mundus (ab esu carnis porcinæ, ab apostasia, a violatione legis) obiit per omnia in Domino confidens, — quod ab eo membra ejus amore laniata reciperet gloriosa in beata resurrectione. Porro horum septem Machabæorum martyria fuere totidem miracula, inter quæ uti atrocius, ita generosius et illustrius fuit hoc septimi, et omnium minimi. Nec enim puer tot tamque horrenda tormenta continuo viribus naturæ ferre et superare potuisset, multo minus tantam alacritatem et animositatem qua tyranno insultavit, ostendere. Hoc ergo fuit opus gratiæ Dei per merita prævisa Christi, cujus hi septem martyres fuere typi, ideoque plagis cæsi, ad palos distenti, et igni frixi fuere, uti Christus flagellatus, in cruce distentus, et igne tum doloris, tum amoris pro nobis assus frixusque fuit. Sic post Christum pueri et puellæ, ut S. Agnes, S. Vitus, S. Celsus, S. Pancratius, tum tormentorum acerbitate et varietate, tum animi robore et alacritate superarunt martyres viros: nimirum: Major in exiguo regnavit corpore virtus. Et «virtus» divina «in infirmitate» humana «perficitur.» In parvis enim magnus vincit et triumphat Christus, ideoque ipse «infirma mundi elegit, ut confundat fortia,» ut «qui gloriatur» non in se, sed «in Domino glorietur» I Corinth. i.
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41. NOVISSIME AUTEM POST FILIOS ET MATER CONSUMPTA EST. — Græce ἐτελεύτησε, id est mortua est. At quo genere mortis? Primo, alicui putant eam mortuam ex ingenti gaudio, quod videret omnes filios tam gloriose de tyranno triumphasse. Ita Marius Victorinus in carmine De Machabæis: Dum puer, inquit, ista gerit, solverunt gaudia matrem. Jamque ut erat laxata malis jam voce negata Suspirans, interque manus collapsa suorum Concidit exanimis, resolutaque membra quierunt, Sic ipsa et mater Sanctorum in parte recepta est. Sic nonnullæ Romanæ matres gaudio exanimatæ sunt, cum subito viderunt filios, quos in pugna contra Annibalem cecidisse audierant, teste Livio, lib. xxii, et Valerio, lib. ix, cap. xii. Secundo, Gorionides ait eam a Deo postulasse mortem, et impetrasse. «Hæc, inquit, mulier fortis stans super eorum cadaveribus, palmas suas in cœlum expandit, et dixit: O Deus excelse, Deus sæculi, abeam, quæso, cum filiis meis, ego ancilla tua, in locum quem parasti eis. Et cum hæc dixisset, reddidit animam suam, et exiit spiritus ejus, et cecidit ipsa super filios, et cum ipsis obiit. sicque fidelissimis filiis felicissima tandem mater adjuncta est.» Tertio, verisimilius est eam frixam fuisse in sartagine instar filiorum, hoc enim significat τὸ «consumpta est:» et hoc exigebat, tum ejus magnanimitas et magnanima tyranni irrisio, tum ipsius tyranni in eam indignatio et furor. Addit Josephus eam seipsam in ignem sibi paratum injecisse, uti fecit S. Apollonia ex Dei instinctu. Audi Josephum ex Græco ejus textu: «Novissime filiis omnibus consumptis, admirabilis tantorum athletarum parens in cruenta pœnarum carnificina flexis repente genibus, corporis a Deo dissolutionem efflagitabat. Non enim vivendi cupiditate, sed filiorum causa tantum tempus protraxisse. Septem igitur triumphos mater pientissima suscepit. Antiochus faucibus stridet, matrem generosam affligere jubet, tyrannice rapitur, teneris nudatur artubus, in altum manus alligantur, sævius illuditur flagellis, læsis mæret uberibus, ac flammivomæ adjecta sartagini ambustos ultro filios concomitatur in pænas.» Merito S. Ambrosius, lib. II De Jacob. cap. xi: «Quis, inquit, hanc beatam neget, quæ quasi septem vallata mœnibus, inter corpora filiorum nullum sensit mortis incursum? Quis, inquam, dubitet de ejus beatitudine, quæ septem turribus circumdata in paradisi sedem caput extulit; quæ septem filiis cincta, sacratissimum Deo chorum, non solum canorum vocibus, sed etiam passionibus ad concinendas Domini laudes cœlestibus invexit altaribus? Quam bonus fidei partus, quam tutus portus iste pietatis, quam splendida lucerna Ecclesiæ, septeno fulgens lumine, et octavo utero cunctis luminibus oleum subministrans!» Quocirca S. Augustinus de ea ait serm. 109 De diversis, cap. vi: «Discant feminæ de matris illius tanta patientia, ineffabili virtute, quæ noverat conservare filios suos. Habere noverat quæ perdere non timebat. Isti in se singuli sentiendo, illa vivendo in omnibus passa est. Facta mater septem martyrum, septies martyr, a filiis non separata spectando et filiis addita moriendo.» Et cap. vii, ait eam dixisse filio: «Ibi te mihi servabit Christus, unde non tollet Antiochus.» Rursum S. Ambrosius, lib. II De Jacob, cap. xii: «Non sic luna, inquit, inter stellas refulget, ut inter filios mater: et cum eos ad martyrium illuminatura deduceret, refulgebat, et cum amplexata victores in medio filiorum jaceret. O vere mater adamante fortior, melle dulcior, flore fragrantior! o indissolubile pietatis vinculum! o vere valida charitas sicut mors dura, sicut inferi zelus devotionis ac fidei! Nulla tantarum diluvia passionum tuam potuerunt charitatem excludere, nulla inundare eam flumina tantarum acerbitatum. Sicut arca in illo mundi diluvio totius orbis spatiis innocua ferebatur, ita et tu adversus fluctus tam gravium passionum pietate immobilis restitisti, et cum posses salutem filiorum eligere, noluisti.» Similis prorsus huic septem Machabæorum matri fuit S. Felicitas septem filiorum totidemque martyrum mater, quæ eosdem peperit cælo quos genuerat terræ. Cum enim sub Antonio Imperatore, Publius Præses ei diceret: «Miserere filiis tuis, juvenibus bonis, et flore primæ juventutis florentibus,» respondit Felicitas: «Misericordia tua impietas est, et exhortatio tua crudelitas est.» Et conversa ad filios suos dixit: «Videte, filii, cœlum, et sursum aspicite: ibi vos exspectat Christus cum sanctis suis. Pugnate pro animabus vestris, et fideles vos in amore Christi exhibete.» Nec tantum dixit, sed et fecit; nam et ipsa gloriosum obiit martyrii agonem; unde S. Augustinus, serm. 410 De diversis, de ea ait: «Fecundior virtutibus quam fœtibus; videns certantes in quibus et ipsa certabat, et in omnibus vincentibus etiam ipsa vincebat.» Et S. Gregorius, hom. 3 in Evang.: «Non ergo, inquit, hanc feminam martyrem dixerim, sed plus quam martyrem, quæ septem pignoribus ad regnum præmissis, toties ante se mortua ad pænas prima venit, sed pervenit octava. Aspexit mater, et cruciata, et imperterrita, filiorum mortem; spei gaudium tribuit, adhibuit dolorem naturæ. Timuit viventibus, gavisa est morientibus. Optavit nullum post se relinquere, ne si quem haberet superstitem, non posset habere consortem.» Similis eidem fuit S. Symphorosa, quæ septem filiis uti magistra fidei, ita et dux ad martyrium exstitit; cujus triumphum septemplicem, imo octuplicem quotannis recolit Ecclesia die 18 julii. Hic ergo gloriosus fuit septem Machabæorum duce matre martyrii triumphus, quem passim Patres miris encomiis celebrant, ut S. Gregorius Nazianzenus, Orat. 22, quæ tota est de Machabæis; S. Ambrosius, locis citatis; S. Augustinus, in epist. 1 S. Joannis, tract. 8, et serm. 109 De diversis; S. Cyprianus, lib. IV, epist. 6; S. Chrysostomus, hom. De Nativit. septem Machab.; Prudentius, hymno De Romano mart.; Gaudentius Brixianus, tract. De Machabæis; S. Leo, serm. in Nativit. 7 Machabæis; S. Ephrem, serm. De morte; Victorinus Afer, in carmine De Machabæis; S. Prosper, part. II Præd. cap. xl; S. Bernardus, epist. 98; Theophilus Alexandrinus, epist. 3 Paschali, quem audi: «Quid memorem insignes Machabæorum victorias, qui ne illicitis carnibus vescerentur, et communes tangerent cibos, corpora obtulere cruciatibus, totiusque orbis in Ecclesiis Christi laudibus prædicantur, fortiores pænis, ardentiores, quibus comburebantur, ignibus? Victa sunt in eis omnia crudelitatis ingenia, et quidquid ira persecutoris invenerat, patientium fortitudo superavit; inter pænas, magis paternæ legis quam dolorum memores. Lacerabantur viscera, tabo et sanie artus diffluebant, et tamen sententia perseverabat immobilis: liber erat animus, et mala præsentia futurorum spe despiciebant. Lassabantur tortores, et non lassabatur fides: frangebantur ossa, et volubili rota omnis compago nervorum atque artuum solvebatur, et in immensum spirantia mortem incendia consurgebant: plenæ erant ferventis olei sartagines, et ad frigenda sanctorum corpora terrore incredibili personabant; et tamen inter hæc omnia paradisum animo deambulantes, non sentiebant quid patiebantur, sed quod videre cupiebant. Mens enim Dei timore vallata flammas superat, varios tormentorum sprevit dolores; cumque semel virtuti se tradiderit, quidquid adversi evenerit, calcat et despicit. Qualis fuit Paulus scribens: In iis omnibus superamus per eum qui nos dilexit.» Audi rursum S. Ambrosium, lib. II De Jacob et vita beata, cap. xii: «Talis hæc pugna est, ut ille gloriosius vicerit, qui crudelius occisus fuerit. Itaque nemo timuit, nemo trepidavit, nullus ad mortem ex tot fratribus pigrior fuit, sed omnes tanquam ad immortalitatis viam, ita ad mortem per acerba supplicia cucurrerunt. Et mater consona cernens filiorum agmina tanquam pia anima sui membris corporis in filiis offerebat, et per artus proprios videbatur sibi subire tormenta.» Et lib. xi, epist. 7: «Haud degener Abrahamidarum et Machabæorum concertatio puerorum, quorum alii super flammas canebant, alii cum exurerentur, non rogabant ut parceretur, sed invehebantur ut amplius persecutor inflammaretur.» Porro S. Cyprianus De exhort. mart. ad Fortunatum, Machabæorum fortitudinem exaggerat ex eo quod tam generose Antiocho tyranno insultarint. «Quale, inquit, illud levamentum fuit martyri, quam grande solatium! in cruciatibus suis non tormenta propria cogitare, sed tortoris sui supplicia prædicare.» De matre vero ista subjungit: «Admirabilis quoque mater, quæ nec sexus infirmitate fracta, nec multiplici orbitate commota, morientes liberos spectavit libenter, nec pœnas illas pignorum, sed et glorias computavit, tam grande martyrium Deo præbens virtute oculorum suorum, quam præbuerant filii ejus tormentis et passione membrorum.» Tropologice, S. Chrysostomus, hom. de Machab., docet nos imitari debere Machabæos in robore, ut cum aliqua tentatio nos invadit, cum eis dicamus resolute: «Non faciam,» non violabo legem, non offendam Deum meum: «Quantam illi, inquit, patientiam in periculis corporalibus ostenderunt, tantam nos in passionibus irrationalibus continentiam demonstremus: id est contra iram et avaritiam, vel inanis gloriæ concupiscentiam, divino timore moniti sensibus repugnantes, et consilia diaboli destruentes in nobis. Si enim cupiditatum ignes vicerimus, sicut illi tyrannidis ignem vicerunt, poterimus juxta ipsos et matrem eorum, pari gloria constituti similes haberi.» Denique singuli hi Machabæi martyres minitantes et prædicentes imminens Antiocho Dei judicium et supplicium, veri fuere vates. Nam Antiochus post triennium gravibus pudendisque morbis afflictus interiit, ut audiemus cap. ix; filius ejus Eupator vix biennium regnavit interfectus a Demetrio consobrino suo, qui quasi Seleuci filius regnum jure sibi debitum occupavit; itaque omnis Antiochi familia exstincta fuit. Porro Machabæi hi Sanctorum catalogo adscripti sunt in Romano martyrologio ad diem primum augusti, ubi sic legimus: «Antiochiæ passio Sanctorum septem fratrum Machabæorum cum matre sua, qui passi sunt sub Antiocho Epiphane rege; horum reliquiæ Romam translatæ in Ecclesia S. Petri ad vincula conditæ fuerunt.» Quare mirum est nonnullos apud Serarium contendere eas Coloniam Aggripinam esse translatas, ubi et horum Machabæorum Ecclesia exstat, quam cum ibi degerem sæpius vidi et visitavi, nisi quis dicat partem earum esse Romæ, partem Coloniæ; multorum enim Sanctorum facta est hæc reliquiarum distributio.
7:1
… Tutto il racconto è evidentemente calcato sull'episodio dei sette fratelli maccabei (II Mach. 7, 1-51) senza alcuna verità storica. …
nel martirio dei sette fratelli maccabei (II Mach. 7, 1).
… Questa fede vibra nelle parole della madre dei Maccabei e dei suoi sette figli, in cui l'annunzio del castigo eterno è fieramente lanciato in faccia ai persecutori (II Mach. 7, 1-39), e permea tutto il libro della Sapienza, secondo cui i cattivi saranno oppressi da indicibili pene e inutilmente gemeranno nel Giudizio universale, quando saranno testimoni della …
SETTE FRATELLI MACCABEI, SANTI
… Il capitolo (II Mach. 7, 1-41) che ne racconta la morte crudele, oltre ad essere un entusiastico omaggio reso alla costanza dei giovani, è ricchissimo di insegnamento teologico, come sulla creazione dal nulla (7, …
7:9
… retribuzione futura: immortalità gloriosa dei giusti e castigo degli empi nell'aldilà, che saranno sanciti dal giudizio divino (ibid. 5, 1-25). Nel martirio dei sette fratelli splende la speranza della gloria nell'aldilà « nel seno della divina pietà » (II Mach. 7, 9-29); i santi defunti seguono quanto avviene in terra e intercedono per Israele (ibid. 15, 12-16: sommo sacerdote Onia, Geremia); la f. è concepita anche come luogo di purificazione …
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MACCABEI (GR. ΜΑΚΚΑΒΑΙ͂ΟΙ, VOLG. MACHABAEI)
L'autore presenta i nemici come strumenti della giustizia divina, le sofferenze dei martiri come mezzi di riconciliazione, le vittorie di Giuda come segno della misericordia di Dio. Con parole di profonda commozione sono insegnate la risurrezione di corpi (II Mach. 7, 11; 12, 43-44; 14, 46), l'efficacia della preghiera e del sacrificio per i defunti e della preghiera dei santi per coloro che si trovano ancora sulla terra (ibid. 13, 43-44; 15, 12-16), …
7:27
… Quando lo ebbe svezzato (a circa tre anni, secondo l'uso ebraico: II Mach. 7, 27) o allevato (l'ebraico gāmal ha i due significati), lo condusse a Silo e lo presentò al Signore offrendo sacrifici di ringraziamento. …
7:37
… l'« uomo intero ». Nell'ultimo periodo del Vecchio Testamento si trova una nuova terminologia adoperandosi πνεῦμα (rūah) per designare lo spirito vivificatore di Dio, mentre ψυχή (néphēš) è il principio superiore interno all'uomo; così II Mach. 6, 30; 7, 37; 14, 38; Sap. 4, 14; 7, 27; 8, 19 sg.; 9, 15; 10, 16.
… Prima di Gesù Cristo, pare fosse universalmente riconosciuto inoltre il valore della espiazione attraverso la sofferenza, la morte e soprattutto il martirio (II Mach. 7, 37; Siphrē su Num. 25, 13, ecc.). …
Douay-Rheims (Challoner) · Vulgata Clementina · Douay-Rheims originale (Douai 1609-10), trascrizione EEBO-TCP (CC0) · La Sacra Bibbia, tradotta dalla Volgata da Antonio Martini (1769-1781) (LaParola (laparola.net), Martini OSIS text, Public domain (LaParola's electronic edition marks it 'Dominio pubblico')). Pubblico dominio.