Tobias of the tribe of Nephthali, neuer communicateth in Ierobams scisme. 9. teacheth his sonne to feare God, and flee sinne. 11. Being in captiuitie cateth not forbidden meates, as others do. 13 Amongst other workes of mercie, he lendeth tenne talentes of siluer to Gabelus. 2•. Is persecuted and spoyled. 24. Shorty the king being slaine, he recouereth libertie and his goodes.
1Tobias of the tribe and city of Nephtali, (which is in the upper parts of Galilee above Naasson, beyond the way that leadeth to the west, having on the right hand the city of Sephet,)Tobia della tribù, e della città di Nephthali (la quale è nella parte superiore della Galilea di là da Naaflon, dietro alla strada, che mena a ponente, ed ha a sinistra la città di Sepbet),TOBIAS of the tribe, and cirie of Nepthali (which is in the vpper partes of Galilee aboue Naaslon, beyond the way, that leadeth to the weast, hauing on the right hand the citie Sephet)Tobias ex tribu et civitate Nephthali (quæ est in superioribus Galilææ supra Naasson, post viam quæ ducit ad occidentem, in sinistro habens civitatem Sephet) 2When he was made captive in the days of Salmanasar king of the Assyrians, even in his captivity, forsook not the way of truth,Essendo stato fatto prigioniero a tempo di Salmanasar re degli Assiri, nella stessa sua schiavitù non abbandono la via della verità,when he was captiue in the daies of Salmanasar the king of the Aslyrians, yet being in captiuitie, he forsooke not the way of truth,cum captus esset in diebus Salmanasar regis Assyriorum, in captivitate tamen positus, viam veritatis non deseruit, 3But every day gave all he could get to his brethren his fellow captives, that were of his kindred.Talmente che di tutto quel, che poteva avere, ne faceva parte ogni dì ai fratelli compagni di sua schiavitù, che eran della sua stirpe.so that he imparted al things that he could make, dayly to his brethren captiues with him, which were of his kinred.ita ut omnia quæ habere poterat, quotidie concaptivis fratribus, qui erant ex ejus genere, impertiret. 4And when he was younger than any of the tribe of Nephtali, yet did he no childish thing in his work.Ed essendo egli dei più giovani tra tutti quelli della tribù di Nephthali, nulla fece di puerile nelle sue azioni.And whereas he was yonger then al the tribe of Nephthali, yet did he no childish thing in his worke.Cumque esset junior omnibus in tribu Nephthali, nihil tamen puerile gessit in opere. 5Moreover when all went to the golden calves which Jeroboam king of Israel had made, he alone fled the company of all,E finalmente quando tutti andavano ai vitelli di oro fatti da Jeroboam re d'Israele, egli solo fuggiva la compagnia di tutti,Finally when al went to the golden calues, which Ieroboam the king of Israel had made, he alone fled the companies of al,Denique, cum irent omnes ad vitulos aureos quos Jeroboam fecerat rex Israël, hic solus fugiebat consortia omnium. 6And went to Jerusalem to the temple of the Lord, and there adored the Lord God of Israel, offering faithfully all his firstfruits, and his tithes,Ma se n'andava a Gerusalemme al tempio del Signore ad adorarvi il Signore Dio d'Israele, offerendo puntualmente tutte le sue primizie, e le sue decime,and went into Ierusalem to the temple of our Lord, and there adored our Lord God of Israel, offering faithfully al his first fruites, and his tithes,Sed pergebat in Jerusalem ad templum Domini, et ibi adorabat Dominum Deum Israël, omnia primitiva sua et decimas suas fideliter offerens, 7So that in the third year he gave all his tithes to the proselytes, and strangers.In guisa tale che il terzo anno dava ai proseliti, e ai forestieri tutta la decima.so that in the third yeare he ministred al the tithing to the proselytes, and strangers.ita ut in tertio anno proselytis et advenis ministraret omnem decimationem.
8These and such like things did he observe when but a boy according to the law of God.Queste, e simili cose a norma della legge di Dio facea da fanciullo.These thinges and the like to these did he obserue being a childe according to the law of God.Hæc et his similia secundum legem Dei puerulus observabat. 9But when he was a man, he took to wife Anna of his own tribe, and had a son by her, whom he called after his own name,Divenuto poi uomo, prese per moglie Anna di sua tribù, e di lei ebbe un figliuolo, a cui diede il suo nome,But when he was a man, he tooke to wife Anna of his owne tribe, and he begat a sonne of her, geuing him his owne name,Cum vero factus esset vir, accepit uxorem Annam de tribu sua, genuitque ex ea filium, nomen suum imponens ei: 10And from his infancy he taught him to fear God, and to abstain from all sin.Al quale ancor fanciullo insegnò a temere Dio, e guardarsi da ogni peccato.whom from his infancie he taught to feare God, and to abstayne from al sinne.quem ab infantia timere Deum docuit, et abstinere ab omni peccato. 11And when by the captivity he with his wife and his son and all his tribe was come to the city of Ninive,Quando adunque egli colla moglie, e col figliuolo fu condotto schiavo nella, città di Ninive con tutta la sua tribù,Therfore when by the captiuitie he was come with his wife and sonne into the citie of Niniue, with al his tribe, (Igitur, cum per captivitatem devenisset cum uxore sua et filio in civitatem Niniven cum omni tribu sua 12(When all ate of the meats of the Gentiles) he kept his soul and never was defiled with their meats.Tutti gli altri mangiando de' cibi de' Gentili, egli custodì l'anima sua, e giammai si contaminò colle loro vivande.when al did eate of the meates of the Gentiles) he kept his soule, and neuer was contaminated in their meates.(cum omnes ederent ex cibis gentilium), iste custodivit animam suam, et numquam contaminatus est in escis eorum. 13And because he was mindful of the Lord with all his heart, God gave him favour in the sight of Salmanasar the king.E perchè egli ebbe in cuor suo memoria del Signore, fecegli Dio trovar grazia dinanzi al re Salmanasar,And because he was mindful of our Lord in al his hart, God gaue him grace in the sight of Salmanasar the king,Et quoniam memor fuit Domini in toto corde suo, dedit illi Deus gratiam in conspectu Salmanasar regis, 14And he gave him leave to go whithersoever he would, with liberty to do whatever he had a mind.Il quale gli diè permissione di andare dovunque volesse, e di fare tutto quello, che gli piaceva.and he gaue him leaue to goe whithersoeuer he would, hauing libertie to doe what thinges soeuer he would.et dedit illi potestatem quocumque vellet ire, habens libertatem quæcumque facere voluisset.
15He therefore went to all that were in captivity, and gave them wholesome admonitions.Egli adunque andava visitando tutti quelli, che erano in cattività, e dava loro ricordi di salute.He therfore went to al that were in the captiuitie, and gaue them holesome admonitions.Pergebat ergo ad omnes qui erant in captivitate, et monita salutis dabat eis. 16And when he was come to Rages a city of the Medes, and had ten talents of silver of that with which he had been honoured by the king:or Essendo egli arrivato a Rages città dei Medi, e avendo riscosso dicci talenti di argento di quello, ond'era stato graziato dal re,And when he was come into Rages a citie of the Medes, and had ten talentes of siluer of these wherwith he had beene honoured of the king:Cum autem venisset in Rages civitatem Medorum, et ex his quibus honoratus fuerat a rege, habuisset decem talenta argenti: 17And when amongst a great multitude of his kindred, he saw Gabelus in want, who was one of his tribe, taking a note of his hand he gave him the aforesaid sum of money.E in una gran frotta di gente della sua stirpe avendo veduto in miseria Gabelo, che era della sua tribù, mediante una ricevuta di pugno gli fidò la detta somma di danaro.and when in a great multitude of his kinred, he saw Gabelus stand in nede, who was of his tribe, vnder a bil of his hand he gaue him the sayd weight of siluer.et cum in multa turba generis sui Gabelum egentem videret, qui erat ex tribu ejus, sub chirographo dedit illi memoratum pondus argenti. 18But after a long time, Salmanasar the king being dead, when Sennacherib his son, who reigned in his place, had a hatred for the children of Israel:Passato poi molto tempo, morto il re Salmanasar, a e succeduto a lui nel regno Sennacherib suo figliuolo, il quale non potea vedere i figliuoli d'Israele,But after much time, Salmanasar the king being dead, when Sennacherib his sonne reigned for him, and estemed the children of Israel odious in his sight:Post multum vero temporis, mortuo Salmanasar rege, cum regnaret Sennacherib filius ejus pro eo, et filios Israël exosos haberet in conspectu suo, 19Tobias daily went among all his kindred and comforted them, and distributed to every one as he was able, out of his goods:Tobia andava attorno visitando i suoi parenti, e li consolava, e faceva loro parte de' suoi beni secondo le sue forze:Tobias dayly went through al his kinred, and conforted them, and diuided to euerie one, as he was able, of his goods:Tobias quotidie pergebat per omnem cognationem suam, et consolabatur eos, dividebatque unicuique, prout poterat, de facultatibus suis:
20He fed the hungry, and gave clothes to the naked, and was careful to bury the dead, and they that were slain.Dava da mangiare agli affamati, vestiva gl`ignudi, e dava con sollecitudine sepoltura a morti, e agli uccisi.the hungrie he nourished, and to the naked he gaue clothes, and the dead, and them that were slayne, he buryed carefully.esurientes alebat, nudisque vestimenta præbebat, et mortuis atque occisis sepulturam sollicitus exhibebat. 21And when king Sennacherib was come back, fleeing from Judea by reason of the slaughter that God had made about him for his blasphemy, and being angry slew many of the children of Israel, Tobias buried their bodies.E finalmente essendo tornato il re Sennacherib fuggitivo dalla Giudea per ragion del flagello, onde lo avea percosso Iddio per le sue bestemmie, e molti per ira mettendo a morte de' figliuoli d'Israele, Tobia seppelliva i loro corpi.Finally when king Sennacherib was returned fleing from Iewrie the shaughter, that God had made about him for his blasphemie, and being angrie slewe manie of the children of Israel, Tobias buryed their bodies.Denique cum reversus esset rex Sennacherib, fugiens a Judæa plagam quam circa eum fecerat Deus propter blasphemiam suam, et iratus multos occideret ex filiis Israël, Tobias sepeliebat corpora eorum. 22But when it was told the king, he commanded him to be slain, and took away all his substance.La qual cosa essendo stata riferita al re, comandò che fosse ucciso, e confiscò tutto il suo:But when it was told the king, he commanded him to be slayne, and tooke al his substance.At ubi nuntiatum est regi, jussit eum occidi, et tulit omnem substantiam ejus. 23But Tobias fleeing naked away with his son and with his wife, lay concealed, for many loved him.Ma Tobia fuggitosi ignudo col suo figliuolo, e colla moglie, stette nascosto, perchè era amato da molti.But Tobias fleing with his sonne and with his wife, nakedly lay hid, because manie loued him.Tobias vero cum filio suo et cum uxore suo fugiens, nudus latuit, quia multi diligebant eum. 24But after forty-five days, the king was killed by his own sons.Ma di lì a quarantacinque giorni il re fu ucciso da suoi figliuoli.But after fourtie fiue dayes the king was slayne of his owne sonnes,Post dies vero quadraginta quinque occiderunt regem filii ipsius, 25And Tobias returned to his house, and all his substance was restored to him.E Tobia se ne tornò a casa sua, e gli furon restituiti tutti i suoi beni.and Tobias returned into his house, and al his substance was restored to him.et reversus est Tobias in domum suam, omnisque facultas ejus restituta est ei.
1:1
Calmet
Tobias, "good God," (Tirinus) is styled Tobis, by the ancient Latin version and St. Ambrose, and Tobit by the Greek and Syriac. These copies and the Hebrew give a genealogy which does not agree. (Calmet)
Haydock
Grabe's edition, "The book of the words (or transactions) of Tobit, Son of Tobiel, son of Ananiel, son of Adouel, (manuscript has Nave) son of Galael, (manuscript, Gamael) of the seed of Asiel, of the tribe of Nephthali, (2) who was made captive in the days of Enemessar, king of the Assyrians, from Thisbe, (manuscript, Thibe) which is on the right properly (manuscript, of Kudis; Haydock) or Cades, capital (Calmet) of Nephthali in Galilee, above Aser. I, Tobit, walked in the ways of truth and of justice all the days of my life." (Haydock)
Du Hamel
Nehemias and the prophets frequently speak of themselves in the first person. The truth of the history is the same. (Du Hamel)
Beyond, or behind; (post; Haydock) as the Hebrews speak with reference to a man turned towards the east. Hence this way would be on the west, and Sephet on the north.
1:2
Year of the World 3283, Year before Christ 721.
Salmanasar. When Osee was conquered, in the year of the world 3283. See 4 Kings 17:6.
Calmet
Truth. His constancy in the observance of the true religion was so much the more wonderful, as he was rich, and lived among the wicked. (Calmet)
1:3
Kindred. Greek adds, "who went along with me....to Ninive."
1:4
Calmet
Younger. "Very young," (Haydock) or the youngest of those who administered their own affairs. The parents of Tobias were deceased. (Calmet)
Greek, "when I was young in my country, in the land of Israel, all the tribe," etc.
1:5
Haydock
All, or the greatest part; (Haydock) for some still feared God; (chap. 2:2.; Worthington) and the Greek of Tobias 5:14 or 19 informs us that Ananias and Jonathan accompanied Tobias. (Haydock)
Calmet
Greek is more diffuse. (Calmet)
Menochius
(4) "All the tribe of Nephthali, of my father, departed from the house of Jerusalem, which city had been chosen from all the tribes of Israel, for all the tribes to offer sacrifice; and the temple of the tabernacle of the most High was sanctified, and was built for ever; (5) and all the tribes, apostatizing together, sacrificed to Baal, to the heifer; (Comp. ed., to the power of Baal) and the house of Nephthali, of my father, likewise. (6) And I alone went frequently to Jerusalem, at the feasts" (Haydock) of the Passover, ete. (Menochius)
Calmet
The other versions are nearly similar. (Calmet)
Haydock
But we cannot specify all these variations. (Haydock)
Justiniani
The number has induced some to conclude, not improbably, that there were two originals; (Tirinus) the Syriac by the elder, and the Chaldee by the younger Tobias. (Justiniani.)
Calmet
But this is destitute of proof. (Calmet)
1:7
Calmet
Strangers. See Deuteronomy 14:28., (Menochius) Leviticus 27:30. (Calmet)
Haydock
Greek, "And the third I gave to whom it belonged, as Debbora, my father's mother, ordered me, as I was left an orphan by my father; (9) and when I was," etc. (Haydock)
1:9
Calmet
Man. The Jews married young: but the time was not fixed. (Calmet)
Haydock
After. Greek, "Tobias." They always style the father Tobit. (Haydock)
1:11
Menochius
Ninive, called Ninus by Pliny, etc. (Menochius)
Calmet
It was so large, as easily to receive a whole tribe, which was sold for slaves. (Calmet)
1:12
Calmet
Meats, such as had been immolated to idols, (Menochius) or were forbidden to the Jews. (Calmet)
1:14
Munster
And he. Greek, "I was his marketter," (Haydock) to provide provisions for the palace. "He set me over all he had, till the day of his death." (Munster.)
1:16
Rages means "rupture," by frequent earthquakes, and was (Menochius; Calmet) the residence of the Parthian kings, in spring, (Athen. 12:2.) in the mountain, separating their country from Media.
Calmet
Honoured for his salary. (Calmet)
1:17
Ulpian
Money. People might formerly make use of what was merely deposited in their hands. (Ulpian.)
The old Latin version has, "I committed to him ten talents in gold."
1:18
Year of the World 3287.
Calmet
Time. Salmanasar reigned fourteen years; seven after the captivity, which to people in distress would appear long. (Calmet)
Haydock
Greek, "And after Enemessar was dead, Sennacherib, his son, reigned in his stead; and his ways ceased, (or his high roads were stopped) and I could no longer go into Media." (Haydock)
Haydock
We find nothing in history to confirm this stoppage: (Calmet) but it might be in consequence of the wars. (Houbigant) See the preface. (Haydock)
Israel. This hatred was augmented, after the unfortunate expedition into Palestine. (Calmet) (Menochius) (4 Kings 19:35.)
1:19
Calmet
Goods, under Sennacherib; though he was now deprived of his place. (Calmet)
Haydock
Greek, Syriac, and Hebrew insinuate, that this happened under his predecessor. (Haydock)
1:20
Menochius
Slain, by order or connivance of Sennacherib. (Menochius)
Calmet
Tobias buried the dead, out of charity, and the belief of a future resurrection. Hence arises the respect for tombs and the relics of the saints. (Calmet)
Calmet
The pagans imagined that the souls could not rest till their bodies were interred. (Homer, Virgil vii., etc.) (Calmet)
1:21
Year of the World 3294.
1:23
Menochius
Loved him, even of the Assyrians. The Jews were not able to afford him shelter. (Menochius)
1:24
Forty. Arabic, twenty-five; Greek and Syriac, fifty; other Greek copies, fifty-five days. Fagius says Tobias was hidden nineteen days. It seems, therefore, we should date these forty-five days from the return of Sennacherib.
Calmet
Sons. See 4 Kings 19:37., and Isaias 37:38. (Calmet)
Haydock
Greek adds, "and they fled to the mountains of Ararat, and Sacherdoc, (our Assaraddon) his son, reigned in his stead; and he appointed Achiachar Anael, the son of my brother, over all the accounts of his kingdom, and over all his government. And Achiachar petitioned for me; and I came to Ninive. But Achiachar was cup-bearer, (Alexandrian manuscript, receiver of wine) and keeper of the ring, and governor and keeper of accounts; and Sacherdonosos gave him the second place. But he was my nephew. And when I returned to my house, and my wife Anna, and my son Tobias, were restored to me, at the feast of Pentecost," etc. (Haydock)
Calmet
This seems contrary to ver. 23. Yet the Hebrew copies agree in this particular, and mention the dignity of Akikar. But we may judge what credit these additions deserve. (Calmet)
Haydock
They merit some attention, as they may be original. See Preface. (Haydock)
1:5
Not absolutly al, but very manie: for some of the same tribe and kinred did also feare God. c. •. v. 2.
1:12
Origene † 254 d.C. A Letter from Origen to Africanus 1
… Tobias himself says, “Because I remembered God with all my heart; and the Most High gave me grace and beauty in the eyes of Nemessarus, and I was his purveyor; and I went into Media, and left in trust with Gabael, the brother of Gabrias, at Ragi, a city of Media, ten talents of silver.”
1:19
Origene † 254 d.C. A Letter from Origen to Africanus 1
… any when he came fleeing from Judea, I buried them privily (for in his wrath he killed many).” Think whether this great catalogue of Tobias’s good deeds does not betoken great wealth and much property, especially when he adds, “Understanding that I was sought for to be put to death, I withdrew myself for fear, and all my goods were forcibly taken away.”
1:22
Origene † 254 d.C. A Letter from Origen to Africanus 1
And another captive, Dachiacharus, the son of Ananiel, the brother of Tobias, was set over all the exchequer of the kingdom of king Acherdon; and we read, “Now Achiacharus was cup-bearer and keeper of the signet, and steward and overseer of the accounts.”
1:1
1. Tobias ex tribu et civitate Nephtali. — In Graeco additur Tobiae genealogia hoc modo: Liber sermonum Tobiae, filii Tobiel, filii Ananiel, filii Adiel, filii Gabael de semine Asiel, addit Hebraeus filii Nenathiel; ergo Tobiae pater fuit Tobiel, avus Ananiel, proavus Aduel, vel forte Adiel, abavus Gabael, tritavus Asiel, tetartavus Nenathiel. Avia paterna fuit Debbora, sic enim vers. 8, in Hebraeo et Graeco legitur: Sicut mandaverat mihi Debbora mater patris mei, propterea quod a patre meo relictus sum orphanus. Haec ergo avia probe et pie educavit Tobiam, ut ipse suam probitatem illi debeat. Sic Macrina discipula S. Gregorii Thaumaturgi, avia S. Basilii, eum cum fratribus et sorore Macrina educans in omni virtute insignem efformavit, magnumque effecit. Simili modo Ludmilla enutriens S. Wenceslaum ducem Bohemiae, eum sanctum et martyrem reddidit. Porro Tobias fratrem habuit Anaelem, cujus filii duo Achiacharus, et Nasbas, vel Nabac nominantur in Graeco, vers. 8, de quo plura vers. ult. Denique ex eo quod liber sermonum Tobiae liquet Tobiam hujus libri esse auctorem, ideoque Tobias hic in Graeco et Hebraeo deinceps semper loquitur in prima persona dicens: Ego Tobias in viis veritatis ambulavi, etc. Rursum hinc patet librum hunc ab eodem bis fuisse conscriptum; primo Chaldaice, sed breviter, ex quo S. Hieronymus nostram vulgatam Latinam traduxit; secundo etiam Chaldaice (licet Serarius malit Hebraice, idque bis scilicet semel a patre Tobia, et secundo ab ejus filio), sed fusius, ex quo traducta est versio Graeca, nisi malis initio fusius conscriptum, deinde ab ipso auctore, vel alio quopiam fuisse nonnihil abbreviatum. Ex tribu et civitate — quae a tribu idem nomen accepit, ideoque proprie, ut habent Graeca Complutensia (licet Romani habeant kyriac, quae vox quid significet, ignoratur), id est proprie, vocetur "Nephtali," ex qua prognati fuere plures Christi discipuli et Apostoli, ut patet Isaiae ix, 1, quorum typus et forte parens fuit noster Tobias. In superioribus (regionibus) Galilaeae — e quibus scilicet Jordanis exoriens, quasi e superiore loco in inferiorem defluit, ideoque una Galilaea superior, altera inferior dicitur. Sicut Germania superior dicitur ea quae adjacet Rheno nascenti, indeque quasi e superiore in inferiorem locum (qui exinde Germania inferior dicitur) defluenti, ait Serarius. Galilaea superior dicitur quoque Galilaea gentium, quia pars ejus a Salomone data fuit gentili regi Tyri Hiram, indeque a Tyriis et aliis gentibus incolebatur. Eadem dicitur quoque Samaria, quia reges Israel dominantes in Samaria, quasi metropoli, Galilaeam sibi habebant subjectam; alioqui Samaria proprie non erat Galilaea, sed inter Galilaeam et Judaeam erat interjecta. Porro urbs haec Nephtali, in qua natus est Tobias, in Graeco vocatur Thesbe, in qua natus est Elias, indeque dictus Thesbites. Ita Salianus, Serarius et alii, licet Adrichomius Thesbe collocet in tribu Gad non Nephtali.
1:2
2. Cum captus esset in diebus Salmanasar. — Graece corrupte vocatur Enemassar. Captus est ergo Tobias anno sexto Ezechiae regis Juda, qui fuit nonus, et ultimus Osee regis Israel, quo Salmanasar decem tribus, ac inter eos Tobiam abduxit in Assyriam, lib. IV Reg. xviii et xviii, licet enim pater Salmanasaris, puta Teglatphalasar multos ex decem tribubus jam ante abduxisset, tamen multos pariter in Samaria et Nephtali reliquit, quos omnes tandem abduxit Salmanasar. Viam veritatis (scilicet viam verae fidei et religionis aeque ac charitatis et virtutis) non deseruit, — q. d. inter idololatras solus fere Tobias mansit verus piusque Dei cultor. Magnae hoc fuit constantiae et virtutis, quam jam imitantur Catholici in Anglia, Scotia, Saxonia, etc., ideoque laurea coelesti digni, utpote nobiles illustresque fidei athletae. "Platonem non accepit nobilem philosophia, sed fecit," ait Seneca, epist. 44. Hebraeorum est proverbium: "Myrtus semper est myrtus, etiamsi inter urticas sit." Vide S. Gregorium, lib. I Moral. cap. 1: "Sicut, ait, gravioris culpae inter bonos bonum non esse, ita immensi est praeconii bonum etiam inter malos exstitisse." D. Bernardus, serm. 48 in Cantica: "Non mediocris, ait, titulus perfectae virtutis, inter pravos vivere bonum et inter malignantes innocentiae retinere candorem." Exempla sunt in Machabaeis, Job, Loth, quem idcirco laudat S. Petrus, II Epistolae, cap. ii, in Noe et Abraham, et in Philippensibus cap. ii, in Pergamenis, Apoc. ii.
1:3
3. Ita ut omnia, quae habere poterat, quotidie concaptivis fratribus (Israelitis) qui erant ex ejus genere, impertiret, — tum ut eorum captivitatem solaretur, tum ut eorum fami et paupertati succurreret, tum ut eos in vera fide et religione conservaret, ne illi desciscerent ad idola Assyriorum, ut ab eis vitae subsidia impetrarent. Laudatur hic Tobias ante conjugium a septem virtutibus: primo, a constantia in fide; secundo, a charitate in suos cives et contribules, vers. 3; tertio, quod fugerit malorum consortia vers. 5; quarto, ab observantia legis divinae, vers. 6; quinto, a pietate in Deum, ibidem; sexto, quod fideliter Deo offerret omnes decimas et primitias, ibidem; septimo, quod a puero caetera legis praecepta servaret, vers. 8.
1:4
4. Cumque esset junior omnibus (omnium), nihil tamen puerile gessit in opere. — Idem fecit S. Malachias Hiberniae Episcopus; nam ut in ejus Vita scribit S. Bernardus: "Agebat senem moribus, annis puer, expers lasciviae puerilis." Et unum quoddam subjungit: "Quod non modo bonae, sed et magnae cujusdam insigne spei in puero dedisse indicat. Cum enim excitus opinione magistri cujusdam, ad eum litterarum discendarum causa venisset, eumque subula ludentem, et sulcos, nescio quos, in pariete facientem vidisset, eo, inquit, solo visu offensus puer serius, quod levitatem redoleret, resiluit ab eo." Talem etiam describit Nazianzenus, orat. 20, S. Basilium. Aureum est dogma S. Augustini in Psal. Ciii: "Sit, inquit, senectus vestra puerilis, et sit pueritia senilis, id est, ut nec sapientia vestra sit cum superbia, nec humilitas sine sapientia, ut laudetis Dominum ex hoc nunc, et usque in saeculum." Nam ut de nonnullis queritur Seneca, epist. 4: "Auctoritatem habemus senum, vitia puerorum, nec puerorum tantum, sed infantium. Illi levia, hi falsa formidant, nos utraque."
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5. Cum irent omnes ad vitulos aureos (a Jeroboam primo rege Israelis deos erectos et evectos, lib. III Reg. xii, 28), hic solus fugiebat consortia omnium, sed pergebat in Jerusalem, — ad Deum verum adorandum in templo. "Solus," hoc est pene solus, nam Hebraeus et Graeca addunt cum eo ivisse Ananiam et Jonathan. Tobias ergo fuit quasi sol Israelis; sol enim dictus est, eo quod solus luceat. S. Epiphanius, haeresi 30, Josephum a Constantino Magno comitem creatum dilaudat, quod Scytopoli "solus ipse orthodoxus esset," caeteri vero omnes Ariani. S. Gregorius Nazianzenus, orat. 20, laudat S. Basilium quod secum corruptos Atheniensis Academiae mores devitarit. "Et quis, ait, fluvius per salsum mare dulcis fluit, aut creditur, si quod in igne, quo omnia consumuntur, animal saltitare, id nos inter omnes adolescentes, pravos scilicet et corruptos eramus." Et quia multorum risus et convicia sunt audienda, audiatur Epictetus, Enchirid. cap. xix: "Vis esse sapientiae studium suscipere cupis? Ad hoc te teipsum statim para, ut deridearis, quasi te subsannaturi sint multi, et quasi dicturi: Iste nobis repente philosophus advenit: et unde nobis hoc supercilium?" Addit loco citato Nazianzenus, "Cum sodalibus versabantur, non petulantissimis, sed temperatissimis; non pugnatissimis; sed maxime pacificis, et quibuscum agere utilissimum, scientes facilius esse morbum a sociis accipere, quam virtutem eis dare, cum et proclivius sit morbi participem fieri, quam sanitatem largiri." Pergebat in Jerusalem, — addit Graecus in festis scilicet tribus anni praecipuis, nimirum Paschae, et Pentecostes, et Tabernaculorum, uti jubet lex, Exodi xxiii, 24.
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7. In tertio anno. — Erat hoc tertium decimarum genus a lege praescriptum, Deut. xiv, 22. Vide quae ibidem de tribus decimis annotavi. Hae fuere septem illustres Tobiae virtutes ante conjugium, sequentur totidem post conjugium, nimirum prima, pia filii institutio, vers. 9; secunda, abstinentia a cibis gentilicis, vers. 12; tertia, quod memor fuerit Dei in toto corde suo, vers. 13; quarta, quod concaptivis monita salutis daret, vers. 15; quinta, quod Gabelo egenti magnum argenti pondus mutuarit, vers. 17; sexta, quod in persecutione Sennacherib suos animarit, omnique ope et opera adjuverit, vers. 19; septima, quod esurientes aluerit, nudos vestiverit, et mortuos sepeliverit, vers. 20.
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9. Cum vero factus esset vir, accepit uxorem Annam, — virilem enim aetatem, et fortitudinem exigit conjugium, tum ad prolem validam generandam, tum ad labores, et onera conjugii et familiae fortiter subeunda. Sapienter Pindarus, et ex eo Athenaeus, lib. XI De coenis Sapientum: "Ne, inquit, actionem aliquam prosequaris animi maturiorem numero annorum tuorum," hoc est, ne ante justam aetatem connubium ineas. Audi Aristotelem, lib. VII Polit. cap. xvi: "Est autem adolescentum conjunctio improba ad filiorum procreationem, in cunctis enim animalibus juveniles partus imperfecti sunt, et feminae crebrius quam mares, et parva corporis forma gignuntur: quocirca necesse est hoc idem in hominibus provenire. Hujus autem conjectura fuerit, quod in quibuscumque civitatibus consuetudo est adolescentes mares, puellasque conjugari, in eisdem inutilia, ac pusilla hominum corpora existunt, in partu quoque laborant magis puellae, ac pereunt plures." Et paulo post: "Ad continentiam quoque utile est nuptias fieri seriores; intemperatiores enim esse videntur, cum puellae Veneri assuescunt. At masculorum corpora crescere impediuntur, si adhuc augescente semine consuetudinem incant." Verum ob ardores juventutis et periculum incontinentiae, multis salutarius est tantam aetatem non exspectare, sed citius uxorem ducere.
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10. Filium (suum) ab infantia Deum timere docuit, et abstinere ab omni peccato. — Idem filios suos docuit David, Psalm. xxxiii, 12, et Salomon, Prov. iv, 4, et Eccli. cap. xxx, vers. 1 et seq. Sic S. Blanca filio suo S. Ludovico, Franciae regi, hoc crebro inculcabat: "Fuge peccatum: malo te videre agentem animam, quam peccatum lethale in Deum tuum admittentem."
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12. Cum omnes ederent ex cibis Gentilium (puta idolothytis, id est iis quae idolis fuerant immolata, vel lege Mosaica vetitis, uti erat caro porcina, etc.), iste nunquam contaminatus est. — Idem fecit Daniel, cap. 1, Eleazarus, et Machabaei, lib. II Machab. cap. vi et vii, qui maluerunt ab Antiocho excarnificari, et in sartagine frigi, quam suillam lege vetitam edere.
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13. Et quoniam memor fuit Domini (et omnium praeceptorum ejus) in toto corde suo, — ut totum cor applicaret, et daret ad cognoscendam et exsequendam in omnibus Dei legem et voluntatem, hinc Deus ei vicem, et gratiam rependit; nam, ut sequitur: Dedit illi Deus gratiam in conspectu Salmanasar regis. — Ex hac gratia regis tria ab eo insignia accepit beneficia. Primum exprimitur, vers. 14: "Et dedit, inquit, illi potestatem quocumque vellet ire, habens libertatem quaecumque facere voluisset," qua libertate optime usus est Tobias, obeundo domos Hebraeorum, eisque monita salutis dando, ut sequitur. Secundum fuere ampla dona et munera, adeo ut ex eis decem talenta tradiderit Gabelo, ac copiosas in egentes Hebraeos eleemosynas fecerit, ut patet vers. 19 et 20. Fuit ergo Tobias ex regiis donis et officio, de quo mox, dives et opulentus. Tertium addunt Graeca, quae habent, et fui emptor Regis, Graece agorastes, id est omnium, quae ad regem spectarent, emptor et procurator, sive esset annona, sive vestes, sive equi, sive arma, sive praedia, etc.; fuit ergo Tobias dispensator domus regiae, uti fuit Joseph Pharaonis, Genes. xxv, unde Hebraea habent: Constitutus fuit super omnia quae habuit Salmanasar. Fuit igitur Tobias oeconomus regis, quae prima est in aula regia dignitas, ideoque honorata, et magni stipendii lucrique: ex quo proinde Tobias evasit locuples, ut omnibus Hebraeis egentibus sua liberalitate succurreret.
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16. Et ex his quibus honoratus (id est muneratus et ditatus) fuerat a rege, habuisset decem talenta argenti. — Nonnulli, ait Serarius, decem haec talenta confecisse putant 3072 coronatos Francicos; alii sexies mille, eo quod uni talento dent coronatos sexcentos; alii, ut Cardanus, libro De Libris suis, uni talento dant ducatos quingentos, unde decem talenta facerent quinque millia ducatorum. Nil enim certi hic assignari potest, eo quod ignoremus an talentum hoc fuerit Babylonicum, an Persicum, an Hebraeum: sed certum est ingentem fuisse summam plurium millium aureorum; unde patet Tobiae opulentia, aeque ac charitas et liberalitas in Gabelum, aliosque Hebraeos inopes.
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17. Et cum multa turba generis sui (gentis suae) Gabelum egentem videret, qui erat ex tribu ejus (Nephtali) sub chirographo (prudenter, ut sibi cautum foret de debito) dedit illi memoratum pondus argenti. — Pro "dedit," Graece est aparithmei, id est deposuit, quasi haec pecunia fuerit depositum datum Gabelo ut illud servaret, donec Tobias illud repeteret, et in egenos Judaeos, in Rages et Media degentes, distribueret; ita tamen, ut Gabelo potestatem faceret eo utendi pro urgenti necessitate sua: quare depositum hoc fuit simul et mutuum; sed nullam mutui usuram exegit Tobias, imo nec quidpiam petiit pro lucro sibi cessante et damno emergente, ait S. Ambrosius, lib. De Tobia, cap. xxiv: "Non pignus quaesivit, non fidejussorem poposcit." Et cap. ii: "Plus honestati quam necessitati consulens cui sua deerant, alimoniam commodaverat proximo suo, quam toto vitae suae tempore in tanta indigentia non reposcit. Ubi se fessum vidit, ut depositum senectute, insinuavit filio: non tam cupiens commodatum reposcere, quam sollicitus ne fraudaret haeredem." Vide hic charitatem et liberalitatem Tobiae.
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18. Post multum vero temporis, mortuo Salmanasare, cum regnaret Sennacherib filius ejus pro eo, et filios Israel exosos haberet, — ab initio regni sui, sed maxime post acceptam cladem 185 millium caesorum ab Angelo in Judaea, anno 14 Ezechiae regis Juda.
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19. Tobias quotidie pergebat per omnem cognationem suam, et consolabatur eos, dividebatque unicuique, prout poterat, de facultatibus suis. 20. Esurientes alebat, nudisque vestimenta praebebat, atque occisis sepulturam sollicitus exhibebat. — Ecce hae sunt opera pietatis, et misericordiae tam corporalis quam spiritualis, in quibus opes et vires suas pie sancteque exhausit Tobias, ob quae martyrii spem, ac pene rem, et lauream consecutus est; uti S. Januarius, S. Marius et Martha cum filiis, pluresque alii visitantes, alentes et sepelientes martyrum corpora, martyrii coronam adepti sunt. Tobiae aemulator fuit S. Malachias Episcopus Hiberniae, de quo ita scribit S. Bernardus in ejus Vita post initium: "Denique cura erat ei maxima in sepeliendis defunctis pauperibus, quod hoc sibi non minus humilitatem saperet, quam humanitatem. Nec defuit novo nostro Tobiae rediviva a muliere tentatio, imo a serpente per mulierem. Germana ejus indignitatem (ut sibi videbatur) officii exhorrens: Quid facis (inquit) o insane? Dimitte mortuos sepelire mortuos suos. Et hoc illi quotidie exprobrans ingerebat, sed respondebatur mulieri stultae, juxta stultitiam suam. Misera, tu eloquii casti vocem tenes, sed virtutem ignoras. Ita ministerium ad quod coactus accesserat, devotus tenuit, indefessus exercuit."
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22. At ubi nuntiatum est regi (Sennacherib), jussit eum occidi, et tulit omnem substantiam ejus. — Tobias ergo spolium bonorum omnium, ac fugam, et exilium, quin et sententiam mortis pro fide et charitate sua libens accepit, fuit igitur ipse confessor, et voto martyr. Audi S. Ambrosium, lib. De Tobia, cap. 1: "Ob virtutes scilicet agendas quibus praeditus fuerat, subiit aerumnam captivitatis, quam ferebat humiliter ac patienter, communem magis injuriam, quam privatam dolens; nec sibi virtutum suffragia nihil prodesse deplorans, sed magis eam contumeliam minorem suorum peccatorum pretio arbitratus." Pie et sapienter S. Bernardus in Sentent.: "Martyrium sine sanguine, ait, triplex est: Parcitas in ubertate, quam habuit David et Job; largitas in paupertate, quam exercuit Tobias, et vidua in Evangelio; castitas in juventute, qua usus est Joseph in Aegypto."
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23. Tobias vero cum filio suo et cum uxore sua fugiens, nudus latuit. — Hebraea habent Tobiam delituisse per dies novemdecim.
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24. Post dies vero 45 (a clade accepta, et fuga ex Judaea) occiderunt regem filii ipsius. — Vide dicta IV Reg. xxxii, 21.
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25. Et reversus est Tobias in domum suam omnisque facultas (opum) restituta est ei. — Quae nimirum adhuc supererat. Nam multa fuisse ab officialibus regis, satellitibus et militibus consumpta, direpta, distracta, dissipata, liquet ex eo quod Anna uxor Tobiae texendo quaesierit victum, ut dicitur cap. ii, 19. Unde S. Ambrosius, cap. 1: "Vix tandem, inquit, per amicum potuit, direpto patrimonio, egenus et exsul restitui suis." Ubi nota to per amicum; nam Hebraea et Graeca addunt Tobiam bonis suis restitutum fuisse per Achiacharium, sive Akakarum, nepotem suum, qui in magna erat gratia et honore apud Asarhaddon (quem Graeca vocant Sarchedon) filium et successorem Sennacherib. Achiacharus enim (quem Noster, cap. xi, vers. 20, vocat Achior) erat filius Anaelis, qui erat frater Tobiae, quem Asarhaddon constituit primo, suum pincernam; secundo, ab annulo regio, ut quasi sigillifer eo litteras regias obsignaret, qualis fuit Mardochaeus apud Assuerum, Esther, cap. iii; tertio, totius imperii Assyriorum dioiketen, id est gubernatorem; quarto, rationibus omnibus praefectum, seu Rationalem; quinto, secundum a se sive vicarium suum, ut habent Hebraea et Graeca.
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1. Piazzaforte cananea, che Giosuè espugnò ed incendiò (Ios. 11, 1. 10. 13), detta Aser in Tob. 1, 2 (testo greco), assegnata alla tribù di Neftali (Ios. 19, 36). Situata presso Cades di Neftali (I Mach. 11, 63. 67, 73), a nord del lago di Semacontide o Hüleh (Flavio Giuseppe, Ant. …
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Tutte le p. spettarono sempre ai sacerdoti (Num. 18, 13, 19; Deut. 18, 4; Neh. 10, 36[37]; Ez. 44, 30). Nessuna offerta è così attestata e raccomandata come questa delle p. (I Sam. 2, 29; II Par. 31, 5: Ezechia la rimette in onore; Neh. 10, 36: è ripresa dopo l'esilio; Ez. 44, 30; Mal. 3, 8; Tob. 1, 6; Prov. 3, 9; Ezel. 7, 34 [31]; 35, 10; I Mach. 3, 49). I rabbini posteriori, basandosi su Deut. 8, 8, determinarono l'offerta delle p. nei sette frutti comuni della Palestina: frumento, …
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AHIQAR (ARAMAICO AHIA-IAQAR : « IL FRATELLO È PREZIOSO » O « CARO »)
AHIQAR (aramaico Ahia-iaqar : « il fratello è prezioso » o « caro »). - Sapiente assiro, cancelliere di Sennacherib (705-681 a. C.) poi di Asarhaddon (681-669). È menzionato dalla Volgata, col nome di Achior (v.) solo in Tob. 11, 20 (unito a Nabath), come congiunto di Tobia ; altre sei volte (Tob. 1,21.22; 2,10; 11,17.18; 14,10.15) dalla Bibbia greca dei Settanta (col nome di Achiacharos, cod. Sin. Achicharos) e dalle antiche versioni latine (col nome di Achichar).
Douay-Rheims (Challoner) · Vulgata Clementina · Douay-Rheims originale (Douai 1609-10), trascrizione EEBO-TCP (CC0) · La Sacra Bibbia, tradotta dalla Volgata da Antonio Martini (1769-1781) (LaParola (laparola.net), Martini OSIS text, Public domain (LaParola's electronic edition marks it 'Dominio pubblico')). Pubblico dominio.