Babylon which afflicteth the Israelites in captiuitie, 4. after their reduction into their countrie, 8. shal be vtterly destroyed.
1The word that the Lord hath spoken against Babylon, and against the land of the Chaldeans in the hand of Jeremias the prophet.Parola annunziata dal Signore sopra Babilonia, e sopra la terra de' Caldei per Geremia profeta:THE word that our Lotd hath spoken of Babylon, and the Land of the Chaldees in the hand of Ieremie the prophete.Verbum quod locutus est Dominus de Babylone et de terra Chaldæorum, in manu Jeremiæ prophetæ. 2Declare ye among the nations, and publish it, lift up a standard: proclaim, and conceal it not: say: Babylon is taken, Bel is confounded, Merodach is overthrown, their graven things are confounded, their idols are overthrown.Portate la nuova alle genti, spargetene la fama, alzate i segnali, ditelo ad alta voce, e noi celate, dice: Babilonia è presa, Bel è confuso, è vinto Merodach, sono svergognati i lor simulacri, son conquisi i loro idoli;Declare among the Gentiles, and make it heard, lift vp a signe: proclame and conceale it not: say; Babylon is taken, Bel is confounded, Merodach is ouercome, their sculptiles are confounded, their idoles are ouercome.Annuntiate in gentibus, et auditum facite: / levate signum, prædicate, et nolite celare: / dicite: Capta est Babylon, / confusus est Bel, victus est Merodach, / confusa sunt sculptilia ejus, / superata sunt idola eorum. 3For a nation is come up against her out of the north, which shall make her land desolate: and there shall be none to dwell therein, from man even to beast: yea they are removed, and gone away.Imperocché contro di lei si muoverà da settentrione un popolo, il quale desolerà la sua terra, e non vi rimarrà abitatore dall'uomo fino al giumento: sono spauriti, e se ne vanno.Because a nation is come vp against them from the North, which shal bring her Land into desolation: and there shal be none to dwel therein, from man euen to beast, and they are remoued, and gone away.Quoniam ascendit contra eam gens ab aquilone, / quæ ponet terram ejus in solitudinem, / et non erit qui habitet in ea ab homine usque ad pecus: / et moti sunt, et abierunt. 4In those days, and at that time, saith the Lord, the children of Israel shall come, they and the children of Juda together: going and weeping they shall make haste, and shall seek the Lord their God.In que' giorni, e in quel tempo, dice il Signore, i figliuoli d'Israele, e i figliuoli di Giuda si uniranno insieme pel ritorno, e si affretteranno piangendo, e cercheranno il Signore Dio loro.In those daies, and in that time, saith our Lord, the children of Israel shal come, they and the children of Iuda together: walking and weeping they shal hasten, and shal seeke the Lord their God.In diebus illis, et in tempore illo, ait Dominus, / venient filii Israël ipsi et filii Juda simul: / ambulantes et flentes properabunt, / et Dominum Deum suum quærent:
5They shall ask the way to Sion, their faces are hitherward. They shall come, and shall be joined to the Lord by an everlasting covenant, which shall never be forgotten.Domanderanno della strada, che mena a Sionne, ad essa si volgeranno. Torneranno, e si congiungeranno col Signore in alleanza sempiterna, di cui non si cancellerà giammai la memoria.Into Sion they shal aske the way, their faces hitherward. They shal come, and shal be ioyned to our Lord by an euerlasting couenant, which shal by no obliuion be abolished.in Sion interrogabunt viam, huc facies eorum: / venient, et apponentur ad Dominum fœdere sempiterno, / quod nulla oblivione delebitur. 6My people have been a lost flock, their shepherds have caused them to go astray, and have made them wander in the mountains: they have gone from mountain to hill, they have forgotten their resting place.Gregge smarrito diventò il popol mio, i pastori suoi lo sedussero, e lo fecero andar vagando pelle montagne: ei passò dal monte alla collina, si dimenticò del luogo del suo riposo.My people is become a lost flock, their pastours haue seduced them, and haue made them wander in the mountaynes: they haue passed from mountayne to hil, they haue frogotten their couch.Grex perditus factus est populus meus: / pastores eorum seduxerunt eos, / feceruntque vagari in montibus: / de monte in collem transierunt; / obliti sunt cubilis sui. 7All that found them, have devoured them: and their enemies said: We have not sinned in so doing: because they have sinned against the Lord the beauty of justice, and against the Lord the hope of their fathers.Tutti coloro, che gl'incontravano, li divoravano: e i lor nemici dicevano: Noi non facciam male alcuno; perchè costoro han peccato contro il Signore splendor di giustizia, contro il Signore speranza de' padri loro.Al that found them, haue eaten them: and their enemies said: We haue not sinned: because they haue sinned to the Lord the beautie of Iustice, and to the Lord the expectation of their fathers.Omnes qui invenerunt comederunt eos, / et hostes eorum dixerunt: Non peccavimus: / pro eo quod peccaverunt Domino decori justitiæ, / et exspectationi patrum eorum Domino. 8Remove out of the midst of Babylon, and go forth out of the land of the Chaldeans: and be ye as kids at the head of the flock.Fuggite di mezzo a Babilonia, e uscite dalla terra de' Caldei; e siate come i capri alla testa del gregge;Depart out of the middes of Babylon, and goe forth out of the land of the Chaldees: and be ye as kiddes before the flocke.Recedite de medio Babylonis, / et de terra Chaldæorum egredimini, / et estote quasi hædi ante gregem.
9For behold I raise up, and will bring against Babylon an assembly of great nations from the land of the north: and they shall be prepared against her, and from thence she shall be taken: their arrows, like those of a mighty man, a destroyer, shall not return in vain.Imperocché ecco, che io porrò in movimento, e condurrò a Babilonia le unite schiere di grandi nazioni dalla terra di settentrione, e si disporranno ad assalirla, e di li ella sarà presa. Le lor saette, come di guerrier forte uccisore, non saran senza effetto.Because •oe I rayse vp, and wil bring into Babylon an assemblie of great nations from the land of the North: and they shal be prepared against her, and thereby she shal be taken: his arrow as a valiant mans that is a killer, shal nor returne voide.Quoniam ecce ego suscito, / et adducam in Babylonem / congregationem gentium magnarum de terra aquilonis, / et præparabuntur adversus eam, et inde capietur: / sagitta ejus quasi viri fortis interfectoris: / non revertetur vacua. 10And Chaldea shall be made a prey: all that waste her shall be filled, saith the Lord.E la Caldea sarà depredata: tutti i saccheggiatori suoi si arricchiranno, dice il Signore.And Chaldea shal be for a praye: al that waste it shal be filled, saith our Lord.Et erit Chaldæa in prædam: / omnes vastantes eam replebuntur, ait Dominus. 11Because you rejoice, and speak great things, pillaging my inheritance: because you are spread abroad as calves upon the grass, and have bellowed as bulls.Perchè voi trionfate, e parlate con arroganza per aver desolata la mia eredità; e perchè esultate come i vitelli sull'erba, e come tori, che mugghiano;Because you reioyce, and speake great thinges, spoyling mine inheritance: because you are powred out as calues vpon the grasse, and you haue belowed as bulles.Quoniam exsultatis, et magna loquimini, / diripientes hæreditatem meam: / quoniam effusi estis sicut vituli super herbam, / et mugistis sicut tauri: 12Your mother is confounded exceedingly, and she that bore you is made even with the dust: behold she shall be the last among the nations, a wilderness unpassable, and dry.La madre vostra è confusa altamente, e sarà agguagliata al suolo colei, che vi generò: ecco, che ella sarà abbiettissima tralle genti, deserta, inospita, e senza acque.Your Mother is confounded exceedingly, and made euen with the dust she that bare you: behold she shal be the last among the Gentiles, desolate, without accesse, and drie.confusa est mater vestra nimis, / et adæquata pulveri, quæ genuit vos: / ecce novissima erit in gentibus, / deserta, invia, et arens.
13Because of the wrath of the Lord it shall not be inhabited, but shall be wholly desolate: every one that shall pass by Babylon, shall be astonished, and shall hiss at all her plagues.Per ragione dell'ira del Signore ella sarà disabitata, e tutta ridotta in solitudine: chiunque passerà per Babilonia, rimarrà sbigottito, e insulterà a tutte le sue piaghe.Of the wrath of our Lord it shal not be inhabited, but shal be brought wholly into desolation: euerie one that shal passe by Babylon, shal be astonied, and shal hisse vpon al the plagues thereof.Ab ira Domini non habitabitur, / sed redigetur tota in solitudinem: / omnis qui transibit per Babylonem stupebit, / et sibilabit super universis plagis ejus. 14Prepare yourselves against Babylon round about, all you that bend the bow: fight against her, spare not arrows: because she hath sinned against the Lord.Preparatevi d'ogni parte contro Babilonia, voi tutti, che siete usi a tendere l'arco, assalitela, non risparmiate le frecce; perocché ella ha peccato contro il Signore.Be prepared against Babylon round about al ye that bend bow; ouerthrow her, spare not arrowes: because she hath sinned to our Lord.Præparamini contra Babylonem per circuitum, / omnes qui tenditis arcum: / debellate eam, non parcatis jaculis, / quia Domino peccavit. 15Shout against her, she hath every where given her hand, her foundations are fallen, her walls are thrown down, for it is the vengeance of the Lord. Take vengeance upon her: as she hath done, so do to her.Alzate le grida contro di lei: d'ogni parte ella tende le mani: le sue fondamenta sono cadute, le sue mura sono atterrate, perchè così porta la vendetta del Signore; prendetevi vendetta di lei: come fece ella, fatele voi.Crie against her, she hath geuen the hand euerie where, her foundations are fallen, her walles are destroyed, because it is the vengeance of our Lord. Take vengeance of her: as she hath done, so doe to her.Clamate adversus eam, / ubique dedit manum: / ceciderunt fundamenta ejus, / destructi sunt muri ejus, / quoniam ultio Domini est: / ultionem accipite de ea: / sicut fecit, facite ei. 16Destroy the sower out of Babylon, and him that holdeth the sickle in the time of harvest: for fear of the sword of the dove every man shall return to his people, and every one shall flee to his own land.Sterminate da Babilonia colui, che semina, e colui che maneggia la falce al tempo della mietitura: al lampeggiar della spada della colomba torneran tutti al suo popolo, e ciascheduno si fuggirà al proprio paese.Destroy the sower out of Babylon, and him that holdeth the sickle in the haruest time: at the face of the sword of the doue euerie man shal returne to his people, and euerie one shal slee to his owne land.Disperdite satorem de Babylone, / et tenentem falcem in tempore messis: / a facie gladii columbæ / unusquisque ad populum suum convertetur, / et singuli ad terram suam fugient.
17Israel is a scattered flock, the lions have driven him away: first the king of Assyria devoured him: and last this Nabuchodonosor king of Babylon hath broken his bones.Israele è un gregge disperso: i lioni lo hanno sbandato: il primo a divorarlo fu il re di Assur: quest'ultimo, Nabucodonosor re di Babilonia lo ha disossato.Israel is a flock dispersed, lyons haue cast him out: first the king of Assur did eate him: last this Nabuchodonosor the king of Babylon hath spoyled his bonesGrex dispersus Israël: / leones ejecerunt eum. / Primus comedit eum rex Assur: / iste novissimus exossavit eum / Nabuchodonosor rex Babylonis. 18Therefore thus saith the Lord of hosts the God of Israel: Behold I will visit the king of Babylon and his land, as I have visited the king of Assyria.Per questo il Signore degli eserciti, il Dio d'Israele parla così: Ecco che io visiterò il re di Babilonia, e la sua terra, come visitai il re di Assur;Therefore thus saith the Lord of hostes the God of Israel: Behold I wil visite the king of Babylon and his land, as I haue visited the king of Assur:Propterea hæc dicit Dominus exercituum, Deus Israël: / Ecce ego visitabo regem Babylonis et terram ejus, / sicut visitavi regem Assur: 19And I will bring Israel again to his habitation: and he shall feed on Carmel, and Bason, and his soul shall be satisfied in mount Ephraim, and Galaad.E ricondurrò Israele all'antica sua stanza, e pascolerà sul Carmelo, e in Basan, e i colli di Efraim, e di Galaad sazieranno le loro brame.and I wil bring Israel againe to his habitation: and Carmel shal be fed, and Basan, and in mount Ephraim, and Galaad his soule shal be filled.et reducam Israël ad habitaculum suum: / et pascetur Carmelum et Basan, / et in monte Ephraim et Galaad saturabitur anima ejus. 20In those days, and at that time, saith the Lord, the iniquity of Israel shall be sought for, and there shall be none: and the sin of Juda, and there shall none be found: for I will be merciful to them, whom I shall leave.In que' giorni, e in quel tempo, dice il Signore, si farà ricerca dell'iniquità d'Israele, e questa più non sarà: e del peccato di Giuda, e questo non troverassi; perch'io agli avanzi di lui farò misericordia.In those daies, and in that time, saith our Lord, the iniquitie of Israel shal be sought, and it shal not be: and the sinne of Iuda, and it shal not be found: because I wil be propicious to them, whom I shal leaue.In diebus illis, et in tempore illo, ait Dominus, / quæretur iniquitas Israël, et non erit, / et peccatum Juda, et non invenietur: / quoniam propitius ero eis quos reliquero.
21Go up against the land of the rulers, and punish the inhabitants thereof, waste, and destroy all behind them, saith the Lord: and do according to all that I have commanded thee.Muovi contro la terra dei dominatori, e punisci gli abitatori suoi, e devasta, e uccidi que', che van dietro a loro, dice il Signore, e fa secondo tutti gli ordini, che io ti ho dati.Ascend vpon the land of them that rule, and visite vpon the inhabitants thereof, destroy, and kil the thinges that are behind them, saith our Lord: and doe according to al thinges that I haue commanded thee.Super terram dominantium ascende, / et super habitatores ejus visita: / dissipa, et interfice quæ post eos sunt, ait Dominus, / et fac juxta omnia quæ præcepi tibi. 22A noise of war in the land, and a great destruction.Romor di battaglia sopra la terra, e sterminio grande.A voice of battel in the land, and great destruction.Vox belli in terra, et contritio magna. 23How is the hammer of the whole earth broken, and destroyed! how is Babylon turned into a desert among the nations!Come mai è stato spezzato, e stritolato il martello di tutta quanta la terra? Come mai Babilonia è tralle nazioni un deserto?How is the hammer of the whole earth broken, and destroyed? how is Babylon turned into a desert among the nations?Quomodo confractus est et contritus malleus universæ terræ ? / quomodo versa est in desertum Babylon in gentibus ? 24I have caused thee to fall into a snare, and thou art taken, O Babylon, and thou wast not aware of it: thou art found and caught, because thou hast provoked the Lord.Io ti ho colta al laccio, e se' stata presa senza saperlo, o Babilonia: tu se' stata scoperta, e fermata, perchè facesti guerra al Signore.I haue snared thee, and thou art taken Babylon, and thou knewest it not: thou art found & apprehended, because thou hast prouoked our Lord.Illaqueavi te, et capta es, Babylon, / et nesciebas: / inventa es et apprehensa, / quoniam Dominum provocasti. 25The Lord hath opened his armoury, and hath brought forth the weapons of his wrath: for the Lord the God of hosts hath a work to be done in the land of the Chaldeans.Il Signore ha aperto il suo tesoro, e ne ha tratti fuora gli strumenti dell'ira sua, perchè il Signore Dio degli eserciti ne ha bisogno per la terra de' Caldei.Our Lord hath opened his treasure, and brought forth the vessels of his wrath: because the Lord the God of hostes hath a worke in the land of the Chaldees.Aperuit Dominus thesaurum suum, / et protulit vasa iræ suæ, / quoniam opus est Domino Deo exercituum, / in terra Chaldæorum.
26Come ye against her from the uttermost borders: open that they may go forth that shall tread her down: take the stones out of the way, and make heaps, and destroy her: and let nothing of her be left.Muovetevi contro di lei dalle ultime regioni: fate largo, affinchè passino que', che debbono conculcarla; togliete dalla strada le pietre, e fatene mucchi. Fate macello di lei, fin che nulla vi resti.Come ye vnto her from the vttermost borders, open that they may goe forth that shal tread her downe: take the stones out of the way, and bring it into heapes, and kil her: neither let there be anie thing left.Venite ad eam ab extremis finibus; / aperite ut exeant qui conculcent eam: / tollite de via lapides, et redigite in acervos: / et interficite eam, nec sit quidquam reliquum. 27Destroy all her valiant men, let them go down to the slaughter: woe to them, for their day is come, the time of their visitation.Sterminate tutti i suoi guerrieri, siano strascinati al macello: guai a loro; perocché il loro dì è venuto, il tempo, in cui saran visitati.Destroy al her valiants, let them descend into slaughter: woe vnto them, because their day is come, the time of their visitation.Dissipate universos fortes ejus: / descendant in occisionem: / væ eis, quia venit dies eorum, / tempus visitationis eorum ! 28The voice of them that flee, and of them that have escaped out of the land of Babylon: to declare in Sion the revenge of the Lord our God, the revenge of his temple.Voce di que', che fuggono, e di quegli, che si sono salvati dalla terra di Babilonia, affin di portare a Sionne la nuova della vendetta del Signore nostro Dio, vendetta del suo tempio.A voice of them that flee, and of them, that haue escaped out of the land of Babylon: to tel in Sion the reuenge of the Lord our God, the reuenge of his temple.Vox fugientium, / et eorum qui evaserunt de terra Babylonis, / ut annuntient in Sion ultionem Domini Dei nostri, / ultionem templi ejus. 29Declare to many against Babylon, to all that bend the bow: stand together against her round about, and let none escape; pay her according to her work: according to all that she hath done, do ye to her: for she hath lifted up herself against the Lord, against the Holy One of Israel.Dite alla moltitudine, a tutti quelli, che tendon arco: Fermatevi di contro a lei tutt'all'intorno, affinchè non ne scappi nissuno: rendete a lei secondo le opere sue; fate a lei secondo tutto quel, ch'ella ha fatto: perocché ella si è inalberata contro il Signore, contro il Santo d'Israele.Declare ye against Babylon to verie manie, to al that bend bow: stand together against her round about, and let none escape: repay her according to her worke: according to al thinges, that she hath done, doe ye to her: because she is erected against our Lord, against the holie one of Israel.Annuntiate in Babylonem plurimis, / omnibus qui tendunt arcum: / consistite adversus eam per gyrum, / et nullus evadat: / reddite ei secundum opus suum: / juxta omnia quæ fecit, facite illi, / quia contra Dominum erecta est, / adversum Sanctum Israël.
30Therefore shall her young men fall in her streets: and all her men of war shall hold their peace in that day, saith the Lord.Per questo cadrà la sua gioventù nelle sue piazze, e tutti i suoi guerrieri saran senza fiato in quel giorno, dice il Signore.Therefore shal her yongmen fal in her streetes: and al her men of warre shal hold their peace in that day, saith our Lord.Idcirco cadent juvenes ejus in plateis ejus, / et omnes viri bellatores ejus conticescent in die illa, / ait Dominus. 31Behold I come against thee, O proud one, saith the Lord the God of hosts: for thy day is come, the time of thy visitation.Eccomi a te, o superbo, dice il Signore Dio degli eserciti; perocché è venuto il tuo giorno, il tempo, in cui sarai visitato.Behold I to thee thou prowd one, saith our Lord the God of hostes: because thy day is come, the time of thy visitation.Ecce ego ad te, superbe ! / dicit Dominus Deus exercituum: / quia venit dies tuus, / tempus visitationis tuæ. 32And the proud one shall fall, he shall fall down, and there shall be none to lift him up: and I will kindle a fire in his cities, and it shall devour all round about him.E caderà il superbo, e precipiterà, né saravvi chi lo rialzi; e appiccherò il fuoco alle sue città, il quale divorerà tutte le cose all'intorno.And the prowd shal fal, and tumble downe, and there shal be none to raise him vp: and I wil kindle a fire in his cities, and it shal deuoure al thinges round about him.Et cadet superbus, et corruet, / et non erit qui suscitet eum: / et succendam ignem in urbibus ejus, / et devorabit omnia in circuitu ejus. 33Thus saith the Lord of hosts: The children of Israel, and the children of Juda are oppressed together: all that have taken them captives, hold them fast, they will not let them go.Queste cose dice il Signore degli eserciti: I figliuoli d'Israele, e insieme i figliuoli di Giuda soffrono oppressione: tutti coloro, che li fecero prigionieri, li ritengono, non voglion lasciarli andare.Thus saith the Lord of hostes: The children of Israel, and the children of Iuda fusteyne calumnie together: al that haue taken them, hold them, they wil not let them goe.Hæc dicit Dominus exercituum: / Calumniam sustinent filii Israël, / et filii Juda simul: / omnes qui ceperunt eos, tenent: / nolunt dimittere eos. 34Their redeemer is strong, the Lord of hosts is his name: he will defend their cause in judgment, to terrify the land, and to disquiet the inhabitants of Babylon.Il forte lor Redentore, il cui nome si è Signor degli eserciti, sosterrà in giudizio la loro causa, e metterà in ispavento la terra, e scuoterà gli abitatori di Babilonia.Their strong redeemer, the Lord of hostes is his name, in iudgement wil defend their cause, to terrifie the land, and to stirre vp the inhabitantes of Babylon.Redemptor eorum fortis, / Dominus exercituum nomen ejus: / judicio defendet causam eorum, / ut exterreat terram, / et commoveat habitatores Babylonis.
35A sword is upon the Chaldeans, saith the Lord, and upon the inhabitants of Babylon, and upon her princes, and upon her wise men.La spada contro i Caldei, dice il Signore, e contro gli abitanti di Babilonia, e contro i suoi principi, e contro de' suoi sapienti.The sword to the Chaldees, saith our Lord, and to the inhabitants of Babylon, and to her princes, and to her wise men.Gladius ad Chaldæos, ait Dominus, / et ad habitatores Babylonis, / et ad principes, et ad sapientes ejus. 36A sword upon her diviners, and they shall be foolish: a sword upon her valiant ones, and they shall be dismayed.La spada contro i suoi indovini, i quali saranno stolti: la spada contro i suoi campioni, che tremeranno.The sword to her diuiners, who shal be foolish: the sword to her valiants, who shal be afraid.Gladius ad divinos ejus, qui stulti erunt: / gladius ad fortes illius, qui timebunt. 37A sword upon their horses, and upon their chariots, and upon all the people that are in the midst of her: and they shall become as women: a sword upon her treasures, and they shall be made a spoil.La spada contro i suoi cavalli, e contro i suoi cocchi, e contro tutto il popolo, che ella contiene, e saran come femmine: la spada contro i suoi tesori, che saran saccheggiati.The sword to his horses, and to his chariots, and to al the common people, that is in the middes of her: and they shal be as wemen: the sword to her treasures, which shal be spoyled.Gladius ad equos ejus, et ad currus ejus, / et ad omne vulgus quod est in medio ejus: / et erunt quasi mulieres: / gladius ad thesauros ejus, qui diripientur. 38A drought upon her waters, and they shall be dried up: because it is a land of idols, and they glory in monstrous things.Le sue acque si seccheranno, e si asciugheranno: perchè questa è terra de' simulacri, e si gloriano de' loro mostri.There shal be drought vpon her waters, and they shal be dryed vp: because it is a land of sculptiles, and they glorie in monstrous thinges.Siccitas super aquas ejus erit, et arescent, / quia terra sculptilium est, et in portentis gloriantur. 39Therefore shall dragons dwell there with the fig fauns: and ostriches shall dwell therein, and it shall be no more inhabited for ever, neither shall it be built up from generation to generation.Per questo la abiteranno i dragoni, e i fauni, che mangian fichi salvatici, e la abiteranno gli struzzoli: ed ella non sarà ripopolata in eterno, né sarà rifabbricata per generazioni, e generazioni.Therefore shal the dragons dwel with the foolish murderers: and the ostriches shal dwel in it: and it shal no more be inhabited for euer, neither shal it be built euen to generation and generation.Propterea habitabunt dracones cum faunis ficariis, / et habitabunt in ea struthiones: / et non inhabitabitur ultra usque in sempiternum, / nec exstruetur usque ad generationem et generationem.
40As the Lord overthrew Sodom and Gomorrha, and their neighbour cities, saith the Lord: no man shall dwell there, neither shall the son of man inhabit it.Nella stessa guisa, che il Signore distrusse Sodoma, e Gomorra, e le sue vicine, dice il Signore; così uomo non avrà quivi sua stanza, né figliuolo di uomo vi dimorerà.As our Lord ouerthrew Sodom and Gomorrha, and the neighbours thereof, saith our Lord: there shal no man dwel there, and sonne of man shal not inhabite it.Sicut subvertit Dominus Sodomam et Gomorrham, / et vicinas ejus, ait Dominus, / non habitabit ibi vir, / et non incolet eam filius hominis. 41Behold a people cometh from the north, and a great nation, and many kings shall rise from the ends of the earth.Ecco che un popolo, ed una nazione grande vien da settentrione, e molti regi si muoveranno dalle estremità della terra.Behold a people cometh from the North, and a great nation, and manie kinges shal rise from the endes of the earth.Ecce populus venit ab aquilone, / et gens magna, et reges multi / consurgent a finibus terræ. 42They shall take the bow and the shield: they are cruel and unmerciful: their voice shall roar like the sea, and they shall ride upon horses: like a man prepared for battle against thee, O daughter of Babylon.Ei daran di piglio all'arco, e allo scudo: sono crudeli, e senza misericordia: le loro voci come un mar, che fa strepito, e saliranno su' loro cavalli come un sol uomo preparato a combatter contro di te, o figliuola di Babilonia.They shal take bow and shield: they are cruel and vnmerciful: their voice shal sound as the sea, and they shal mount vpon horses: as a man prepared to battel against thee ô daughter of Babylon.Arcum et scutum apprehendent: / crudeles sunt, et immisericordes: / vox eorum quasi mare sonabit, / et super equos ascendent, / sicut vir paratus ad prælium contra te, filia Babylon. 43The king of Babylon hath heard the report of them, and his hands are grown feeble: anguish hath taken hold of him, pangs as a woman in labour.Ne ha udito la fama il re di Babilonia, ed è mancato il vigore nelle sue braccia: è oppresso di affanno, e di dolore come donna, che partorisce.The king of Babylon hath heard the fame of them, and his handes are dissolued: anguish hath caught him, sorow as a woman in trauel.Audivit rex Babylonis famam eorum, / et dissolutæ sunt manus ejus: / angustia apprehendit eum, / dolor quasi parturientem. 44Behold he shall come up like a lion from the swelling of the Jordan to the strong and beautiful: for I will make him run suddenly upon her: and who shall be the chosen one whom I may appoint over her? for who is like to me? and who shall bear up against me? and who is that shepherd that can withstand my countenance?Ecco uno, che quasi lione dal gonfio Giordano va sopra alla beltà robusta; perocché io farò, che egli a lei corra subitamente; e quai saranno i forti, che io porrò a difesa di lei? imperocché chi è simile a me? E chi a me si opporrà? E qual è quel pastore, che sostener possa il mio volto?Behold as a lion he shal come vp from the pride of Iordan to the strong beautifulnes: because I wil make him runne sodenly to her: and who shal be a chosen one, whom I may appoint ouer her? For who is like to me? and who shal abide me? and who is this pastour, that can resist my countenance?Ecce quasi leo ascendet, / de superbia Jordanis ad pulchritudinem robustam, / quia subito currere faciam eum ad illam. / Et quis erit electus, quem præponam ei ? / quis est enim similis mei ? / et quis sustinebit me ? / et quis est iste pastor, qui resistat vultui meo ?
45Therefore hear ye the counsel of the Lord, which he hath taken against Babylon: and his thoughts which he hath thought against the land of the Chaldeans: surely the little ones of the flocks shall pull them down, of a truth their habitation shall be destroyed with them.Udite adunque il disegno, che il Signore ha formato nella sua mente contro di Babilonia, e quello, che egli ha risoluto intorno alla terra de' Caldei: Io giuro, che i più deboli dell'esercito li getteranno per terra, io giuro, che saran distrutte con essi le loro abitazioni.Therefore heare ye the counsel of our Lord, which he hath conceiued in his minde against Babylon: and his cogitations, which he hath thought vpon the land of the Chaldees: Vnles the litle ones of the flockes shal plucke them downe, vnles their habitation shal be destroyed with them.Propterea audite consilium Domini / quod mente concepit adversum Babylonem, / et cogitationes ejus / quas cogitavit super terram Chaldæorum: / nisi detraxerint eos parvuli gregum, / nisi dissipatum fuerit cum ipsis habitaculum eorum. 46At the noise of the taking of Babylon the earth is moved, and the cry is heard amongst the nations.All'annunzio della cattività di Babilonia si è smossa la terra, e le strida si sono udite tralle nazioni.At the voice of the captiuitie of Babylon the earth is moued, and the crie is heard amongst the Nations.A voce captivitatis Babylonis commota est terra, / et clamor inter gentes auditus est.
50:1
Year of the World 3409, Year before Christ 595.
Calmet
Prophet. He had spoken against them in the fourth year of Joachim, and now is more explicit in the fourth of Sedecias, (chap. 51:60.) sending his predictions to be read, and then thrown into the Euphrates. The fall of Babylon was gradual. It was in consequence of her pride and cruelty, ver. 11, 17, 23, 29., and Isaias 47:6. (Calmet)
Worthington
It had shewn the greatest enmity to the Jews, and was at last overthrown by the Medes and Persians. (Worthington)
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Calmet
Declare. This is grand. Let all the captives publish these tidings. (Calmet)
Challoner
Bel, etc. Bel and Merodach were worshipped for gods by the men of Babylon. (Challoner)
Calmet
Merodach might be an ancient king deified. (Calmet)
Worthington
These greatest of their idols could neither save the people nor themselves. (Worthington)
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A nation, etc., viz., the Medes, (Challoner) under Darius, (Daniel 5:31.; Theodoret; Grotius) or rather under Cyrus, who came upon Babylon from the north, after conquering Asia; though he was born to the east of that city, Isaias 61:2, 25. He was a Mede by his mother, and ruler of that nation. He gave liberty to the Jews, as the prophet inculcates ten times.
Desolate. Herodotus, Xenophon, etc., say not that Cyrus demolished any part of the city; but Berosus informs us that he took it without opposition, and levelled the outer walls. Hystaspes did more damage. (Herodotus 3:150.)
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Calmet
Weeping for joy and compunction. Israel returns, as well as Juda. (Calmet)
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Covenant. They renewed the old one under Nehemias, and never publicly broke it, as they had done. Yet the covenant of Christ is more properly meant.
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Haydock
Shepherds; kings, (Calmet) and false prophets. (Haydock)
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Not sinned: the Jews were such notorious offenders. But in what had they injured the Chaldeans?
Beauty. Hebrew, "dwelling or fold."
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Kids; rams. This comparison was not ignoble. Go boldly out of the city, before it be besieged.
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Calmet
Nations. Cyrus had Armenians, etc., in his army. (Calmet)
Thence, by the bed of the Euphrates, the waters of which were mostly let out into the marshes. Thus the city was taken, while the people were feasting. (Herodotus 1:191.)
Calmet
Aristotle (Pol. 3:3.) says, three days passed before all the citizens were apprised of its fate, it was so extensive: but this is incredible. If we follow the account of Berosus, Cyrus routed Nabonides, who fled to Borsippe, while he took Babylon and demolished the outer walls. (Josephus, contra Apion i.) (Calmet)
Worthington
North, with respect to Babylon. (Worthington)
Calmet
The Persians lay rather to the south, and to the east of Palestine, (Haydock) if our maps be accurate. (Calmet)
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Haydock
Bulls. You have rioted in Juda, and treated my people cruelly. (Haydock)
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Calmet
Dust, like a suppliant, Isaias 47:1. (Calmet)
Haydock
Dry. The country shall be equally unfruitful. The waters of the Euphrates being let off, gave a passage to the enemy, ver. 9. (Haydock)
Calmet
Babylon soon lost its splendour. (Calmet)
Pliny
Vologeses completed its ruin. (Pliny, [Natural History?] 6:26.)
Haydock
It ceased to be the metropolis or mother city. (Haydock)
Worthington
The whole country was laid waste. (Worthington)
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Hand, to form leagues; or she faints, (Septuagint) and submits, Lamentations 5:6.
50:16
Calmet
Harvest. Such were usually unmolested. (Calmet)
Curt. v
Babylon was so large, that people sowed corn within the walls. (Curt. v.)
Pliny
The environs were well cultivated. (Pliny, [Natural History?] 18:17.)
Dove, or the destroyer; for the Hebrew word signifies either the one or the other. (Challoner) (Chap. 25:38., and 46:16.)
Haydock
Literally, "from before the sword of the dove." The power of Babylon is no more. (Haydock)
Worthington
The king is compared to a dove, for his swiftness; or God is meek, though terrible. (Worthington)
Calmet
Land. The other nations were set free as well as the Jews. (Calmet)
50:17
Haydock
Bones. He completely ruined the nation, which the Assyrians had left. (Haydock)
Worthington
They led the ten tribes away, and the Chaldeans took the rest, 4 Kings xviii., and xxv. (Worthington)
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Assyria. This monarchy was subdued by Nabopolasser.
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Israel; the ten tribes, whose country is specified.
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None. Idolatry shall not be re-established.
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Rulers: the most potent empire of Babylon.
All. Hebrew, "anathematize them and their posterity."
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Hammer. The violent injustice of the Chaldeans is thus entitled.
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Aware. Men seemed to rise out of the earth, ver. 9.
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Armoury. Fire and war are the Lord's weapons, Job 38:22.
Work: punishment, Jeremias 48:10.
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That. Hebrew, "her granaries; trample on her as on heaps of corn, destroy," etc. He alludes to the custom of oxen trampling out the corn, Jeremias 51:33.
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Voice. I hear the captives proclaiming this at their return.
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Haydock
Peace, in the grave; (Calmet) or shall submit quietly, 1 Machabees 1:3. (Haydock)
50:31
Calmet
Proud. So the Chaldeans are often styled in the Psalms. (Calmet)
Calmet
The prophet addresses Nabuchodonosor, or rather Baltassar, (Menochius) under whom the city was taken, (Josephus, etc.) by Darius and Cyrus. He may be the Nabonides of Berosus, the question is so much perplexed. Yet "we are convinced that Darius reigned at Babylon before Cyrus, and took the city after the death of Baltassar." (Calmet)
Haydock
Most commentators are of a different opinion. (Haydock)
50:33
Calmet
Israel. Samaria had been destroyed forty-four years before the fourth of Joakim, from which period many of Juda had been captives seventy years, till Cyrus became their deliverer, and chastised the Chaldeans. (Calmet)
Worthington
Both kingdoms had been oppressed by a strong hand, till a stronger, even God himself, delivered them. (Worthington)
50:34
Calmet
Name. He gives victory to Cyrus. Thus the Lord directs all for the sake of his elect, and laughs at the vain projects of men. (Calmet)
50:35
Strabo xvi
Wise men. They were styled Chaldeans, and inhabited a certain part of the city, being employed in astronomical and mathematical observations. They disapproved of those who cast nativities. (Strabo xvi.)
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Diviners. Hebrew, "impostors." They were nowhere more plentiful, Daniel 1:20. Fortune-tellers were consulted on every occasion. The eastern nations are still much addicted to this superstition.
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Drought. Cyrus almost drained the Euphrates, Jeremias 51:42., and Isaias xxi.
Calmet
Things, fit to terrify children, Baruch 6:14. (Calmet)
Haydock
Protestants, "they are made upon their idols." (Haydock)
50:39
Challoner
Fig-fauns. Monsters of the desert, or demons in monstrous shapes; such as the ancients called fauns and satyrs: and as they imagined them to live upon wild figs, they called them fauni-ficarii, or fig-fauns. (Challoner)
Maldonat reads sicariis, "ruffians." Sixtus V and St. Jerome, (in Isaias 13:21.) have fatuis, "foolish wild men." Hebrew, "the Tsiim with the iim shall dwell there, and the daughters of the Yahana (Haydock; swans) shall there reside," or "fishermen among the rushes shall dwell," etc.
Ever. Its situation is unknown. There is still a town of the same name, but not in the same place.
50:42
Cruel. The Medes will not spare for money, ver. 3., and Isaias 13:7.
50:43
Calmet
King. Baltassar, (though he was succeeded by Darius) or Nabonides, ver. 31. (Calmet)
50:44
Haydock
And beautiful. Hebrew, "habitation." (Haydock)
Calmet
He will rush into the fold, Jeremias 49:19. (Calmet)
Worthington
The king of Babylon had ruined many. Others shall destroy him, rushing on like the Jordan. (Worthington)
50:2
Bel, etc.... Bel and Merodach were worshipped for gods by the men of Babylon.
50:3
A nation, etc.... Viz., the Medes.
50:16
The dove.... Or the destroyer; for the Hebrew word signifies either the one or the other.
50:39
Fig fauns.... Monsters of the desert, or demons in monstrous shapes: such as the ancients called fauns and satyrs; and as they imagined them to live upon wild figs, they called them fauni ficarii or fig fauns.
50:1
Babylonians and other Chaldees the greatest enimies of the Iewes were at last ouerthrowne by the Medes and Persians.
Concordanza Isa. 13. & 21.
50:2
Bel and Merodoch greatest idols of the Chaldees could neither saue their •hen•s nor them selues.
50:4
The Iewes Returning from captiuirie wept for ioy; as Ioseph did seing his bretheren. Gen. 42. 43. & 45.
50:9
The Medes and Persians dwelling on the North to Babylon ouerthrew al Chaldea.
50:12
The whole countrie of Chaldea is made a praye to the spoylers.
50:16
God resembled to a doue in meeknes, is seuere when he punisheth enormious sinners, ch. 25. v 38 & 46. v. 16. Or, the king of Babylon is resembled to a doue for his swiftnes.
50:17
The Assirians ledde the tenne tribes into captiuitie. 4. Reg. 18. and the Chaldees the two tribes. 4. Reg. 25.
50:33
Al the Iewes of both kingdomes being holden captiues in strong handes.
50:34
VVere redemed by a stronger arme, by God him self.
50:40
Concordanza Gen. 19.
50:44
As the king of Babylon like a lion destroyed and deuoured others: so at last others destroyed him, and al his forces, cōming sodenly vpon him.
As when •o•d•• swelling ouerfloweth the land.
Concordanza Iob. 4•.
50:46
Concordanza Apoc. 16.
50:17
Afraate † 346 d.C. Aphrahat: Select Demonstrations 5.16
… For the first beast was the kingdom of Babylon, which was like a lion. For thus Jeremiah wrote saying:— Israel is a wandering sheep. The lions caused them to wander. First the king of Assyria devoured him. And this last was stronger than he, Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon .
50:23
san Girolamo † 420 d.C. The Letters of St. Jerome 107.6
… If you take precautions to save your daughter from the bite of a viper, why are you not equally careful to shield her from “the hammer of the whole earth”?
50:31
san Gregorio Nazianzeno † 389 d.C. Select Orations of Saint Gregory Nazianzen 27
I. I am to speak against persons who pride themselves on their eloquence; so, to begin with a text of Scripture, “Behold, I am against thee, O thou proud one,”
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sant'Ambrogio † 397 d.C. Exposition of the Christian Faith 3.1.4
… The course of prophetic speech avoids neither the Giants nor the Valley of the Titans, and Isaiah spake of sirens and the daughters of ostriches. Jeremiah also hath prophesied concerning Babylon, that the daughters of sirens shall dwell therein,
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2. Annuntiate in gentibus. Sunt verba Prophetae jubentis ut apud omnes gentes annuntient excidium Babylonis, eo quod ipsa omnibus pene gentibus jugum servitutis imposuerat, ut ipsae iam de excusso hoc jugo laetissimum libertatis recuperatae nuntium accipiant. Levate signum, id est vexillum, ut ad illud populi convocentur in praelium ad excidium Babylonis; ita Sanchez: vel potius in signum excidii ejus, et victoriae de ea partae, ut omnes gentes ab eis oppressae festos dies agant, ac triumphum de exstincta Chaldaeorum tyrannide, deque recuperata libertate. Unde sequitur: «Dicite: Capta est Babylon,» gentium dominatrix, malleus orbis, monarcha universi; io, triumphe. Addit Sanchez per signum posse accipi lapides terminales, vel deos Terminos, qui in limitibus agrorum erigebantur, ut eos ab aliorum praediis disterminarent, quales multos hic Romae videmus priscae gentilitatis indices, q. d. O Judaei! capta jam Babylone, evertite titulos et signa, quae Chaldaei in Judaea excitaverunt, quasi ejus heri et domini; ac vestra pro iis restituite. Jam enim, excusso Chaldaeorum jugo, Judaea vobis, quasi avitis heris et dominis restituetur. Propheta ergo hic in spiritu praevidens futura, ea hic inducit quasi jam facta et praeterita; cum enim adhuc capienda esset Babylon, ait: «Capta est;» qui inducit gentes de ea capta exsultantes et gratulantes, sic: Confusus est (id est certe confundetur) Bel, victus est (vincetur) Merodach. Sunt hi duo dii et idola Babyloniorum. Ita Rabanus et Vatablus. Nota: Bel, sive Belus, fuit Nemrod primus rex et tyrannus in orbe, conditorque imperii Babylonici, ut dixi Genes. X, 8. Hunc Ninus filius inter deos retulit; indeque idola passim in Scriptura vocantur Bel, Baal, Baalim: primi enim Babylonii, inde Phoenices et Judaei, inde Carthaginenses coluerunt Bel sive Belum. Merodach fuit filius Baladan, qui primus, declinante imperio Assyriorum, imperium Babylonium restituit, ideoque inter deos relatus videtur, aeque ac Saturnus, Jupiter, Hercules aliique primi gentium principes ab iis inter deos relati sunt. Secundo, per Merodach potest accipi cum Theodoreto, Hugone et Lyrano Balsasar: hic enim proprie victus est et caesus a Cyro, hicque dictus est Evilmerodach, ut dixi Daniel. cap. V, 1. Sicut enim a primo Pharaone ceteri Aegypti reges dicti sunt Pharaones, a Caesare Caesares, a Seleuco reges Asiae dicti sunt Seleucidae: ita a primo Merodach ejus posteri, Babylonis reges dicti sunt Merodach. Confusus est ergo Bel; quia suis cultoribus Babyloniis contra Cyrum opitulari non potuit, iisque est spoliatus, imo cum iis ductus est captivus in Persidem: «victus est Merodach,» sive deus, sive Balsasar.
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3. Gens ab aquilone. Medi enim et Persae, qui orientales sunt Babyloni, aquilonares gentes, scilicet Armenos, Hircanos, Sacas, Cadusios et alios convocarunt contra Babylonem, ut Chaldaeum communem tyrannum tollerent. Adde, Media aliquantulum vergit ad aquilonem Babylonis. Vocat eos potius aquilonares, quam orientales: quia aquilo Judaeis erat infaustus et infestus, aeque ac horribilis, ex eo quod ex aquilone, puta ex Chaldaea, acre sibi intentari flagellum primo audierant, deinde reipsa experti sunt. Haerebat in auribus et mente eorum illa Jeremiae cap. I, vox: «Ab aquilone pandetur omne malum super omnes habitatores terrae.» Ergo aquilo eis erat in proverbium, ut, cum grandem cladem aut malum significare vellent, aquilonem nominarent. Sensus itaque est, q. d. Vos, o Judaei! vestrum habuistis aquilonem, puta Chaldaeos; scitote et illos suum aquilonem habituros, scilicet Persas et Medos, gentesque eis confaederatas. Ita Sanchez. Moti sunt, movebuntur, id est dispergentur. Et abierunt, id est fugient, vel ibunt in captivitatem.
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4. Venient filii Israel, ipsi et filii Juda simul. Nota: Cyrus et postea Artaxerxes, non tantum duabus, sed et decem tribubus dedit facultatem redeundi: multi ergo illorum ex Media et vicina Assyria (utramque enim jam occupabat victor et monarcha Cyrus) redierunt, et junxerunt se Judae et Esdrae sub uno capite, quasi una respublica. Unde omnes vocati sunt Judaei, non Samaritae, Rubenitae, Gaditae, etc. Insinuat id Josephus XI Antiq. V, et colligitur ex Isaiae XLI, 24, aliisque locis, quibus Deus promittit se tam Israel quam Juda e captivitate reducturum. Venient. Hebraice הלוך nilchu, sociabunt se, conjungent se. Flentes prae laetitia ob reditum ex Babylone tempore Cyri; secundo et magis, q. d. Fideles tempore Christi, cujus typus erat Cyrus, flebunt prae gaudio, redeuntes ex captivitate diaboli.
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5. In Sion interrogabunt viam, dicentes: Quae est via in Judaeam, in Jerusalem? mystice, in Ecclesiam. Huc facies eorum, scilicet directe respicient et contendent. Venient, et apponentur. Hebraice nilvu, id est copulabuntur, agglutinabuntur, et indivulse adhaerebunt Domino, ejusque populo foedere sempiterno, quod scilicet duret semper, id est tamdiu quamdiu durabit judaismus et Judaeorum respublica; secundo et proprie, foedus hoc sempiternum, est foedus Evangelicum, quod sancivit Christus cum suis fidelibus.
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6. Grex perditus (q. d. Errabat Israel per montes instar ovium, quia) pastores, (id est reges,) seduxerunt eos (dum) fecerunt eos vagari in montibus (ad sua idola colenda vagari, inquam, ex uno monte et idolo ad alium; hinc) obliti sunt cubilis sui, id est templi, in quo solebant requiescere. Ita Theodoretus et Rabanus. Secundo, Chaldaeus, Vatablus et Maldonatus, explicant de poena exsilii et captivitatis, q. d. Populus meus seductus a regibus et pseudoprophetis peccavit; hinc sine pastore, sine rege, sine sacerdote errat in captivitate: et de monte in montem ductus est, donec veniret Babylonem; ubi multo tempore exsulans, quasi oblitus est cubilis, id est patriae suae: paupertas enim, servitus, aerumnae quas tot annis in Babylone patitur, ita eum opprimunt, ut patriae uberis, laetae et felicis memoriam ei excusserint. Hinc dixit vers. praeced.: «In Sion interrogabunt viam.» Hinc secundus sensus sequitur ex primo: fuit enim effectus et poena primi. (1) רעים roim, pastores, hoc loco non sunt tantum reges, verum et sacerdotes et prophetae, quorum erat, populum recte ducere, in vero Dei cultu tenere.... Montes ovibus periculosi sunt, si virgultis intricentur, per quae callem invenire nequeunt. Respicitur ad cultum superstitiosum et impium qui in montibus potissimum exerceri solebat. (Rosenmuller.) (2) S. Hieronymus נוה neve, ejusdem cum מנוה (נוה מנוה) nomine significationis putavit... J. D. Michaelis probat Graecam Alexandrinam verborum נוה צדק neve tsedeq, interpretationem, νομὴν δικαιοσύνης, pascuum justitiae, quae interpretatio eo magis nobis placet, quod perstat in similitudine pecoris, vers. 6.
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7. Comederunt, expilarunt eos. Et hostes eorum (Judaeorum) dixerunt: Non peccavimus expilando Judaeos, imo putavimus nos obsequium praestare Deo, perdendo gentem tam impiam, quae ita peccavit in Dominum tam sanctum et justum; ideoque ab eo praedae omnium exposita videtur, ac data in direptionem et spolium. Sic enim non peccant milites, dum urbem hostilem in praedam a duce datam capiunt et expilant. Unde sequitur: «Pro eo quod peccaverunt Domino.» Decori justitiae. Sic vocat Deum, primo, quod populum suum antequam peccaret decorasset justitia; secundo, quod decor esset populi propter leges justitiae, quas illi dederat et quibus eum gubernabat; tertio, quod ejus justitiam et pietatem multis beneficiis decoraret et praemiaret. Potest secundo verti, habitaculo justitiae, id est in quo, cum justi essent, confidebant, et a quo quasi in habitaculo protegebantur, dicentes: «Qui habitat in adjutorio Altissimi, in protectione Dei coeli commorabitur.» Unde Chaldaeus vertit: Peccaverunt discedendo a Deo habitaculo justitiae et veritatis. Et exspectationi (id est spei) patrum, in quem patres sperabant, puta Domino Deo peccaverunt: hic est enim exspectatio Israel, cap. XIV, 8. Vide ibi dicta, ne frustra, et cum chartae temporisque dispendio eadem repetamus.
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8. Estote quasi haedi ante gregem. Nemo ex vobis in reditu ex Babylone in Judaeam refugiat primas tenere, imo quisque conetur esse primus in agmine redeuntium: sicut haedi, id est hirci jam statae aetatis et roboris (hos enim significat hebraeum עתודים attudim) generose et festinanter, etiam per arduas rupes, montes et saxa gregem praecedere solent, et ante eum exsilire; laeti enim et secure redibitis, etsi ardua quaedam superanda sint. Unde Chaldaeus vertit: Estote quasi principes in capite populi, q. d. Hactenus quasi grex sine ductore errastis, nunc constituite vobis principes, qui populum antecedant, et redite in ovile vestrum. Aliter Theodoretus, q. d. Estote superiores Babyloniis, sicut arietes aut hirci superiores sunt ovibus. Alii exponunt, q. d. Redite, o Judaei! e Babylone hilares et alacres, instar haedorum prae gaudio subsilientium, juxta illud Poetae: Haedique petulci Floribus insultant. Et sane huc quoque respicit Propheta. Tropologice Hugo: Haedi, ait, sunt paenitentes, qui fugiunt Babylonem, id est confusionem vitiorum, eorumque viciniam et occasiones, juxta illud Apoc. XVIII, 4: «Exite de illa (Babylone), populus meus, ut ne participes sitis delictorum ejus, et de plagis ejus non accipiatis.»
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9. Inde, ex eo loco in quo primo Cyrus posuerit sua castra, Babylon capietur quasi primo conflictu et oppugnatione. Ita Vatablus. Significat Cyrum non mutaturum castra, non vocaturum novas copias, sed per prima sua castra brevi et facile expugnaturum Babylonem. Perperam Hugo et Dionysius legunt in die; hebraice enim est משם misscam, id est inde: neque de die capta est Babylon, sed noctu, Daniel. cap. V, 30. Sagitta ejus (id est earum, scilicet gentium, erit) quasi viri fortis interfectoris. Hebraice משכיל maskil, id est orbantis; vel, ut Septuaginta et Vatablus, prudentis (maskil enim per schin significat orbare, per sin intelligere), id est sagittandi periti. Quis est hic mystice? utique concionator, qui spiritu Dei plenus, verba ignea jaculatur ad cor, ut cor Babyloniorum, id est peccatorum, penetret, ut sermones ejus sint quasi sagittae potentis acutae in corda inimicorum Christi, ut eos Christo occidat, imo redivivos resuscitet. Ad litteram Aelamitis, id est Persis, tribuitur in Scriptura arcus et sagittae, quia haec erant praecipua eorum arma: unde sagittandi erant peritissimi, et scopum hostemque quem vellent destinato ictu, certo configebant.
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10. Replebuntur, spoliis locupletabuntur, et, ut hebraice est, saturabuntur.
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11. Quoniam exsultatis (causam dat excidii Babylonis, scilicet quod exsultarit in perditione haereditatis Domini, id est Judaeorum), et magna (id est superba, sit locuta, tribuens sibi victoriam et) quoniam effusi estis. Significat eorumdem aviditatem in expugnanda et diripienda terra Judaeorum, quod, sicut vitulus irruit in herbam, et eam depascitur avidissime, eaque se impinguat ferociens et lasciviens, ideoque mugiens: ita ipsi depasti sint Judaeam et Judaeos. Ita Rabanus et Hugo. Hoc recte de vitulo, minus recte de tauro; taurus enim ob herbam non mugit, sed vel ob feminam, vel ob hostem jam protritum a se; tunc enim superbit, et victoriam celebrat mugitu, eoque insultat victo. Unde Pagninus vertit: Sicut vitula quae pascit germina, et exsultastis sicut tauri habita victoria. Et hoc proprie significat hebraeum צהל tsahal, id est hinnire, uti hinniunt equi victorum. Hinc per catachresin eumdem gaudii affectum et sonum significat in bubus et tauris, quem illi exprimunt per mugitum. Ita Delrio, adagio 871. Sic Christus ait Psalm. XXI, 13: «Circumdederunt me vituli multi: tauri pingues obsederunt me.»
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12. Mater vestra, Babylon, ut patet ex seq. Adequata pulveri, plane eversa est, et solo adaequata. Est hyperbole. Novissima erit in Gentibus, abjectissima erit inter gentes.
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13. Sibilabit, id est obstupescet, vel irridebit. Vide cap. praeced. vers. 17.
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15. Ubique (scilicet) clamate (quod) dedit manum, id est victa est Babylon, et victam se fatetur: miles enim, cum hosti dat manum, dat et arma, seque suaque omnia ei quasi victori et domino dedit et subjicit. Sic ait Turnus ad Aeneam victorem, Aeneid. XII: Vicisti, et victum tendere palmas Ausonii videre: tua est Lavinia conjux. Rursum, victus victori protendit manum supplicem, ut ab eo vitam et veniam impetret. Ita Saxo victus a Carolo Quinto, equo desiliens, manum ei porrigens, ait: «Clementissime Caesar, victum me tibi sisto, veniamque peto.» Cui Caesar: «Jam me Caesarem agnosces et vocas, qui me ante Carolum a Gandavo vocitabas.» Septuaginta vertunt, dissolutae sunt manus ejus; Chaldaeus, tradita est in manus eorum, scilicet hostium. Aliter Rabanus et Hugo, q. d. Babylon ad omnia regna vastanda extendit manum suam; hinc et ipsa vastabitur. (1) Dedit manum, gestu submittentium sese, et fidem ac submissionem pollicentium, vel quasi vinciendas manus praebentium, ut Thren. V, 6; II Paralip. XXX, 8, phrasis Latinis quoque usitata. Cicero, lib. De Amicitia, cap. XXVI, ad extremum: «Det manus vincique se patiatur.» Lactantius, Institut. lib. V, cap. I: «Timent enim ne a nobis revicti manum dare aliquando cogantur.» (Rosenmuller.) (2) «Destructi sunt muri ejus.» Id non factum est cum Cyrus Babylonem expugnavit, qui per Euphratem exsiccatum urbem ingressus est, sed sub Dario Hystaspe, qui omnes muros ejus effodit, portasque evertit, teste Herodoto, lib. III, cap. CLIX. (3) Hoc nonnulli, ut Grotius, eo referunt, quod Babylon ambitum habuit magis regionis quam urbis, uti inquit Aristoteles, Polit. lib. III, cap. 11. Hinc in urbe multi erant agri, in quibus seri et meti solebat (Plinius, Hist. natural. lib. XVIII, cap. XVII); ita ut urbs sibi ipsa semper ad alimenta procuranda sufficeret nec penuria posset ad deditionem cogi. (Rosenmuller.)
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16. Disperdite satorem, q. d. Interficite in Babylone, non solum milites, sed et agricolas qui serunt; quibus tamen in excidiis urbium solet parci, ita ut nemo remaneat, neque qui serat neque qui metat. Ita Theodoretus. Unde Septuaginta vertunt: Dispergite semen de Babylone. Chaldaeus putat «satorem» vocari Nabuchodonosorem, qui serebat ubique bella et clades; eumdem dici messorem, quia gladio demetebat gentes. A facie gladii columbae, id est metu gladii Persici, extenti in columbam, id est in exercitum Chaldaeorum, quisque fugit. Vide dicta cap. XXV, 38. Nec enim columba habet gladium quo feriat, sed collum quo gladio hostili juguletur. Pro columbae Septuaginta vertunt, Graeci, quia Cyrus, ait Theodoretus, Iones aliosque Graecos prius a se victos secum contra Babylonem duxit. Verum ipsi perperam pro iona, id est columba, legerunt iavan, id est Graecia, ut dixi cap. XXV. Non recte ergo aliqui hic per columbam intelligunt Medos et Persas; eo quod cum imperio etiam militare vexillum Chaldaeorum, habens insigne columbae, ad eos translatum sit: nam hoc necdum translatum erat. Adde: Persarum insigne erat nunc aquila, teste Xenophonte, lib. VII Cyripaed.; nunc effigies solis, teste Curtio, lib. III.
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17. Grex dispersus, q. d. Israel, quia unum Deum deseruit, sparsus per idola; ideo ut grex sparsus, factus est praeda tyrannis, qui feri sunt instar leonum. Nam primo, Salmanasar «comedit,» id est vastavit, decem tribus quasi carnes circumdantes ossa, relinquens tantum ipsa ossa, id est tribum Juda fortissimam, in qua erat regnum, sacerdotium et templum, quasi ossa et robur populi; sed haec ossa perfregit, comminuit et avulsit Nabuchodonosor; itaque plane rempublicam Judaeorum evertit, et quasi exstinxit. Ita passim Hebraei, Graeci et Latini. Causam dat excidii Babylonis: quia nimirum ipsa excidit Judaeos.
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19. Pascetur Carmelum, in pinguibus Carmeli, puta Judaeae, pascuis laute pascetur Juda quasi grex Domini (antea dispersus, ut dixit vers. 17) eaque depascetur rediens e Babylone. Ita Septuaginta. Ex Carmelo totam Judaeam, utpote fertilem et opimam, intelligit per synecdochen. Saturabitur anima, id est appetitus eorum, sic capitur anima, Psalm. XLI, 3, Psalm. LXII, 6. Isaiae V, 14.
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20. Quaeretur iniquitas Israel, et non erit, q. d. Si (hoc enim saepe omittunt et subaudiunt Hebraei), vel etiamsi quaeratur iniquitas Israel, non invenietur: quia Judaei post reditum e Babylone, non amplius coluerunt idola, uti fecerant ante, ob quae capti et puniti sunt. Ita Theodoretus, Hugo, Lyranus. Consequenter non invenietur «iniquitas,» id est poena iniquitatis, puta captivitas, fames, paupertas, exsilium, etc. q. d. Nullae apparebunt captivitatis et cladis reliquiae. Ita Sanchez, ut sit metonymia in hac voce frequens in Scriptura. Secundo et verius, q. d. Tempore Christi, per Christum omnis eorum iniquitas delebitur et auferetur. Ita Vatablus et Dionysius. Quos reliquero. Ex Israel enim reliquiae salvae factae sunt, Rom. IX, 27, et cap. XI, 5.
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21. Ascende (scilicet, o Dari et Cyre!) super (id est contra) terram dominantium, (id est Chaldaeorum, qui quasi «malleus» totam terram percusserunt, ut dicitur vers. 23), visita et dissipa (Babylonem), et interfice incolas. Ita Theodoretus. Est apostrophe Dei et Prophetae ad hostes Chaldaeorum. Nota: Pro visita Chaldaeus, Vatablus et Hebraei retinent Hebraeum pekod, vertuntque: Ascende contra habitatores pekod, quasi pekod sit nomen urbis in Chaldaea: vel potius Babylon dicatur pekod, id est visita vel visitare, id est visitatio, ut suo nomine moneatur semper, se brevi a Deo visitandam esse et puniendam. Simile est Isaiae VIII, 3, Ezech. XXIII in Hebraeo. Interfice quae post eos sunt, dele omnem posteritatem eorum, puta filios et nepotes. Juxta omnia quae praecepi. Praeceptum vocat impulsum et instigationem, quem Deus immisit Persis ad invadendam Babylonem, uti dixi Canon. XXXVII.
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22. Vox belli, clamor bellicus auditur, q. d. Audire mihi videor tubarum clangorem, et fragorem armorum Cyri Persarum, ac videre quam gravi contritione et ruina lapsa sit Babylon.
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23. Quomodo confractus est, et contritus malleus universae terrae? hoc est Babylon, quae quasi malleus adamantinus percussit et contuditt totam terram; ita ut nihil quantumvis durum vel aeneum ei resistere, aut ejus ictum sustinere posset, quin confringeretur et dissiliret. Sic Fredericus II Imperator jactabat se esse malleum Romae, et Romanae Ecclesiae, quin et totius orbis; sed ab Innocentio II aliisque Pontificibus confractus et contritus est, ut dixi Isaiae I, 10. Sic de Assyriis ait Isaias cap. X, 5: «Vae, Assur, virga furoris mei!» et de Cyro, per quem Deus castigavit Chaldaeos, cap. XLV, 1: «Cujus apprehendi dexteram.» Sic Attila vocatus fuit «metus orbis et flagellum Dei.» Praeclare S. Augustinus in Psalm. LXXIII: «Impietas, inquit, eorum tanquam securis Dei facta est, facti sunt instrumentum irati, non regnum placati. Facit enim hoc Deus, quod plerumque facit et homo. Aliquando iratus homo apprehendit virgam jacentem in medio, fortasse qualecumque sarmentum: caedit inde filium suum, ac deinde projicit sarmentum in ignem, et filio servat haereditatem. Sic aliquando Deus per malos erudit bonos.» Quocirca qui erudiuntur per malos, iis irasci non debent, nec eis imputare suas plagas, sed Deo juste castiganti. Pulchre B. Dorothaeus, Doctrina VII: «Nos vero, inquit, cum verbum ullum in nos dictum audivimus, canes imitamur. Hi enim, si quis in eos lapidem jecerit, jaciente demisso, lapidem remordent. Ita nos, Deo relicto, qui nobis hujuscemodi tribulationes ad peccatorum nostrorum purgationem procurat, ad lapidem, hoc est ad proximum, currimus.» Secus fecit S. Job, qui spoliatus a Chaldaeis, percussus morbo a Satana, dixit: «Dominus dedit, Dominus abstulit,» non Chaldaei, non Satan. Unde S. Augustinus in Psalm. XXXI: «Prorsus, inquit, ad Deum tuum refer flagellum tuum, quia nec diabolus tibi aliquid facit, nisi ille permittat, qui desuper habet potestatem.» Symbolice S. Augustinus, tract. De Honestate mulierum, tom. IX, docet quod malleus Babylonicus olim dominans, et conterens totam terram, id est omnes homines, sit luxuria: «Et quamvis, inquit, post adventum Christi per universa monasteria monachorum, et per clericos, vel etiam laicos castitatem servantes, quasi confractus malleus ille videatur; tamen adhuc multo plures sunt, qui ab illo malleo quotidie confringuntur, quam illi qui de ruina collisionis illius liberantur.» S. Gregorius, lib. XXXIV Moral. cap. X, per malleum accipit diabolum, S. Paulinus, epist. 12, curam rerum temporalium. Quomodo versa est in desertum Babylon in gentibus? inter gentes, vel potius instar aliarum gentium, in desertum et solitudinem redacta est Babylon? (1) Malleum vocat Chaldaeos pari de causa, ut ob quam Francorum quidam dictus est Martellus. (Grotius.)
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24. Illaqueavi te quasi feram laqueo inopino et improviso; quia capta est Babylon cum festum ageret, et Balsasar cum suis se inebriaret. Daniel. V, 1; tunc enim Cyrus Euphratem in fossas avertit, et sicco alveo milites in urbem immisit, et cives somno vinoque sepultos trucidarit. Haec est siccitas, de qua Jeremias hic. Idem insinuat Jeremias, cap. seq., vers. 32. Tradit Frontinus, lib. V, cap. VII, hoc strateagemate jam dicto ter captam fuisse Babylonem, scilicet primo, a Semiramide; secundo, a Cyro; tertio, ab Alexandro. Aliter Maldonatus, q. d. Deus immittet Chaldaeae sterilitatem et ariditatem. Nota: Noster legit יבשת tubescu, id est arescent; unde vertit: «Siccitas super aquas;» Septuaginta vero legerunt alio puncto יבשו iabosu, id est, erubescent super aquas.
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25. Aperuit Dominus thesaurum suum. Causam dat et modum, quo tanta urbs tam facile capta et eversa est, nimirum quod Deus aperuerit armarium, vel armamentarium suum, scilicet Persidem et Mediam, ait Vatablus. Vel potius secretarium omnipotentiae suae et justitiae vindicativae, in quo infinita continentur tela et supplicia, quae in hostes immittat, puta error, torpor, praefidentia, fames, pestis, bellum, etc., quin et grandines, tonitrua, fulmina, omnesque creaturae: hae enim militant et pugnant pro Deo contra insensatos. Ex hoc Deus deprompsit Darium et Cyrum, eorumque exercitus, vires et animos, quasi arma, quibus Babylonem everteret, unde Babylonis eversionem vocat opus Dei. Ita Theodoretus. Subdit enim: Quoniam opus est Domino Deo exercituum in terra Chaldaeorum, q. d. Sicut architectus volens aedificare palatium, ad id lapides, calcem, operas, fabros omniaque necessaria accersit; et sicut rex parans bellum, milites, duces, arma, annonam reliquaque quibus opus est, studiose comparat: ita et Deus accersivit et comparavit Cyrum et Persas; quia opus hoc excidii Babylonis per eos peragere destinabat; ideoque eis copias, pecunias, robur, animos reliquaque opportuna ad hoc opus suppeditavit.
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26. Venite ad eam ab extremis finibus, scilicet, o Persae! cogite ab extremis regionibus milites contra Babylonem. Aliter Vatablus et Pagninus vertunt, scilicet: Venite ad eam in fine ejus, quasi dicat: O Dari et Cyre! invadite Babylonem, instat finis imperii ejus; unde Septuaginta vertunt: Quia venerunt tempora ejus, excidii scilicet, ut terminentur ejus imperium et monarchia. Aperite (scilicet portas et urbes) ut exeant milites qui Babylonem oppugnent et conculcent. Sanchez censet haec a Deo dici ad angelos Persarum custodes et praesides, q. d. Vos, o angeli Persarum praesides! removete claustra et remoras, quae hactenus Persarum cohibuerunt ardorem, et ambitiosum contra Chaldaeos pugnandi et dominandi desiderium. Haec enim imperiorum claustra et repagula commemorat Zacharias cap. VI, 1, et Isaias cap. XLV, 1, agens de Cyro et Persis. Vatablus vertit: Aperite granaria ejus, et diripite; hebraice enim, אבום abus significat praesepe, horreum; unde et Septuaginta vertunt: Aperite apothecas ejus, scrutamini eam quasi speluncam, q. d. O Persae! studiose scrutamini Babylonis apothecas, ac thesauros ac opes in iis quasi speluncis reconditas vestigate et diripite. Noster abus deducit a בוס bus, id est calcavit. Potest, secundo, verti cum Vatablo: Conculcate eam sicut calcari solent in area manipuli tritici, ut grana exprimant. Ita R. David et R. Salomon. Tertio, R. Joseph vertit: Elevate cumulos cumulos, id est facite multos cumulos de spoliis Chaldaeorum. Tollite de via lapides, et redigite in acervos. q. d. Facite viam planam et expeditam, ne quid remoretur Persas Babylonem venturos ut eam vastent. Solent enim duces exercitus praemittere fossores et caesores, qui arbores et sepes sternant, viamque exercitui venturo complanent et dilatent, quales vidimus in bellis Belgicis, quos ipsi pionniers, Itali guastatori vocant. Sic Annibal aceto rupit et complanavit Alpes, ut copias transmitteret in Italiam. Ad hos ergo fossores hic convertit se Propheta, jubetque ut vias Persis sternant in Babylonem.
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27. Fortes. Hebraice פרים parim, id est juvencos, id est fortes quasi juvenes tauros. Comparat Chaldaeos vitulis et juvencis mox mactandis et laniandis.
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28. Vox scilicet, audietur fugientium Judaeorum; aliqui enim Judaei mox ut coepit obsideri Babylon, ex ea profugerunt Hierosolymam, ibique nuntiarunt jam obsideri et expugnari Babylonem; itaque impleri ultionem quam ob cladem Judaeis et Gentibus illatam ei intentarat et praedixerat Jeremias, ac proinde propediem Judaeos ex ea liberandos et redituros in patriam.
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29. Annuntiate in Babylonem. Id est, dicite passim, et convocate eos qui sagittandi periti sunt, ut designato loco conveniant, ituri contra Babylonem, quod Galli dicunt: Donnez le rendez-vous: ita Maldonatus; unde Hebraea habent: Annuntiate contra Babylonem multis: omnes jaculantes arcu castrametamini contra eam. Secundum opus suum, sicut ipsa fecit et vastavit alias gentes.
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31. Ecce ego ad te (id est contra te venio), o superbe! Alloquitur Deus Nabuchodonosorem, vel potius Balsasar, et sub eo quemvis superbum.
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33. Calumniam, id est, ut Hebraeus, Septuaginta et Chaldaeus, vim et oppressionem, id est violentam captivitatem sustinent Judaei, ad eam injuste et quasi per calumniam damnati in tyrannico Chaldaeorum tribunali et judicio. Ad hoc enim alludens subdit: 34. Redemptor eorum fortis, q. d. Esto fortes sint Chaldaei, fortiterque Judaeos in Babylone detineant; tamen fortior iis est Dominus, qui Judaeos e Babylone redimet et liberabit. Judicio (id est in justitia, sive juste) defendet Deus causam eorum (Judaeorum), ut exterreat terram (Chaldaeorum; Vatablus vertit: Ut requiem det terrae (aliis gentibus)), et commoveat habitatores Babylonis.
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36. Gladius ad divinos (contra divinos et astrologos Chaldaeorum veniet), qui stulti erunt, id est apparebunt, quia nesciunt divinare suum interitum.
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38. Siccitas super aquas ejus erit. Nota ex Xenophonte, lib. VII Cyripaedia, Herodoto, lib. I, Theodoreto, Vatablo, Capella et a Castro, hac arte Cyrum cepisse Babylonem: scilicet Euphratem qui Babylonem interluit, in multas latas et altas fossas ad hoc a milite ante factas derivavit, ea nocte qua Babylonii quasi securissimi festa et convivia agitabant, ita ut sicco alveo militem in urbem immiserit, et cives somno vinoque sepultos trucidarit. Haec est siccitas, de qua Jeremias hic. Idem insinuat Jeremias, cap. seq., vers. 32. In portentis, id est in portentosis et monstrosis deorum suorum et idolorum figmentis. Hebraice אימים emim significat terrores, id est homines vel deos terrificos et truces.
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39. Dracones cum faunis ficariis. Ita Romana: non fatuis sicariis, ut habent Plantiniana; nec fatuis siccariis, id est in locis siccis habitantibus, uti legit et explicat Maldonatus. Hebraice est ציים ואת איים tsiim et iim, quod Chaldaeus vertit, Cercopitheci cum felibus; alii, feles cum ululis; optime Pagninus vertit, ferae et monstra aut spectra, puta daemones qui desertas terras vel insulas incolunt. Hebraeum enim ציי tsia significat aridum desertum, איי ii insulam; unde Noster, Isaiae XXXIV, 21 et 22, vertit, bestias et ululas; et Isaiae XXXIV, 14, vertit, daemones et onocentauros; hic vertit, dracones cum faunis ficariis. Fauni sunt monstra, id est bestiae (ex infando congressu hominum cum bestiis, verbi gratia pastorum cum capris prognatae), aut daemones instar hominum in sylvis et montibus desertis degentes. Dicuntur ficarii, quia caprifico sustentantur, ejusque ficus comedunt. Significat ergo summam desolationem Babylonis, ut scilicet fiat spelunca draconum, ferarum et daemonum. Vide dicta Isaiae XXXIV, 14. Nota: Fauni dicuntur, quasi fari nesciant, quia incondite loquuntur et strident ut bestiae, v. g. caprissando ut hirci: aut, ut Hesychius, dicuntur Fauni, quasi φαινόμενοι phainomenoi, id est ostendentes seipsos: vel quia raro videntur, vel quia daemones solent sub eorum specie apparere, qualis forte fuit ille quem S. Antonius vidit offerentem sibi palmulas, et alter quem sibi iter ad S. Paulum primum Eremitam ostendentem conspexit. Non inhabitabitur ultra usque in sempiternum. Quaeres, quomodo Jeremias et Isaias dicunt omnino desolandam esse Babylonem, cum post Nabuchodonosorem etiam sub tempora Alexandri Magni opibus inclyta fuerit, et unum e septem spectaculis et miraculis mundi? Respondeo hanc prophetiam non simul, sed sensim et successive impletam esse: primo enim per Cyrum Babyloni adempta est monarchia et imperium; secundo, Darius Hystaspis Babylonem repugnantem expugnavit, et moenia solo aequavit, teste Herodoto, lib. III, et Justino, lib. I; tertio, Seleucus Nicanor, condita prope Babylonem Seleucia, quae et Babylonia inde est dicta, exhausit Babylonem civibus et opibus, eaque transtulit Seleuciam; idem fecere Parthi condita Ctesiphonte juxta Babylonem, testis est Plinius, lib. VI, cap. XXVI; quarto, tempore Adriani Imperatoris: «Babylon, inquit Pausanias, lib. VIII, omnium quas unquam sol vidit urbium maxima, jam nihil praeter muros reliqui habet;» quinto, tempore Theodosii Imperatoris, S. Hieronymus in cap. XIII Isaiae, scribit venationes tantum regias esse Babylone, et omnis generis bestias tantum murorum ejus ambitu coerceri. Adhuc hodie visuntur priscae Babylonis ruinae, quae miram ejus amplitudinem et magnificentiam satis arguunt et testantur. Unde allegorice in Babylone excidium mundi et reproborum, ac nominatim Romae, quae ad Neroniana tempora redibit, eritque sceleratissima in fine mundi, est adumbratum, ut dixi Apocal. cap. XVII.
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41. Reges. Xenophon, lib. V Cyripaediae: Cyrus, inquit, contra Babylonem et alias gentes, multos secum reges abduxit, vel sponte addictos, vel armis subactos, ut Embdam Armeniorum, Antucham Hyrcaniorum, Damaram Cadusiorum, Craesum Lydiorum, etc.
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44. Ecce quasi leo ascendet de superbia Jordanis. Cap. XLIX, 19, idem dixit de Nabuchodonosore, et de eo hic accipiunt Rabanus, Hugo, Lyranus, quod Judaea victa superbus quasi triumphator ad urbem suam pulchram Babylonem ascenderit. Secundo, Vatablus: Darius Medus, inquit, ascendit contra Chaldaeum, de superbia Jordanis; id est ob superbam Judaeae gloriam, et magnificentiam a Chaldaeo profligatam et conculcatam. Tertio et optime, a Castro explicat, quasi dicat: Sicut leo ascendere solet de pascuis turgidi Jordanis ad praedam, sic veniet Persa contra Babylonem pulchram et invictam urbem. Cetera usque ad finem cap., explicata sunt cap. praeced. a vers. 19 ad 22, ubi eadem contra Idumaeos dicta sunt. Vide hic, o christiane! humanarum rerum vicissitudinem, considera et compara Babyloniorum sortem cum ea ex qua prolapsi sunt, indeque collige quod a caducis ad aeterna mentem transferre, atque Deo rebusque coelestibus adhaerere, tantummodo sit sapere: «Nemo enim valet mobilia diligere, et ipse immobilis stare,» ait S. Gregorius, lib. VII Moral. cap. XXVIII; vel juxta novam editionem, cap. XXIV: «Sit ergo res temporalis in usu, aeterna in desiderio; illa in itinere, haec in perventione,» ait idem S. Gregorius, homil. 36 in Evangel. (1) Hoc interpretes fere eo referunt, quod Cyrus Babylonem ita expugnavit, ut Euphrate, qui urbem inaccessam fecit, in paludem derivato, per alveum, ex quo abscesserat, in urbem ingressus est... Sed aquarum exsiccandarum mentio pertinet ad deserti descriptionem, in quod Babylon sit redigenda, ut quod mox vers. 39, de feris in ejus loco commorantibus dicitur. (Rosenmuller.) Justum enim est, ait Aristoteles V Ethic. ex Rhadamento, ut, quod quis injuste aliis damni intulit, idem subeat et patiatur. Haec enim est lex talionis: Occidens occidatur, mutilans mutiletur, agens in exsilium exsulet, erretque vagus toto orbe, comburens comburatur, exscindens exscindatur. luitque delere eorum nomen, regnum et gentem. Justum enim est, ait Aristoteles... Malleus universae terrae? hoc est Babylon, quae quasi malleus adamantinus percussit et contuditt totam terram; ita ut nihil quantumvis durum vel aeneum ei resistere, aut ejus ictum sustinere posset, quin confringeretur et dissiliret. Sic Fredericus II Imperator jactabat se esse malleum Romae, et Romanae Ecclesiae, quin et totius orbis; sed ab Innocentio II aliisque Pontificibus confractus et contritus est, ut dixi Isaiae I, 10. Sic de Assyriis ait Isaias cap. X, 5: «Vae, Assur, virga furoris mei!» et de Cyro, per quem Deus castigavit Chaldaeos, cap. XLV, 1: «Cujus apprehendi dexteram.» Sic Attila vocatus fuit «metus orbis et flagellum Dei.» Praeclare S. Augustinus in Psalm. LXXIII...
50:19
Galaad (v.), a est dalla montagna dei Drusi. È un vasto piano di natura vulcanica, circondato da monti, cantato dai profeti per la sua fecondità, al pari di Galaad e Saron (Is. 33, 9; Ier. 50, 19; Mi. 7, 14; v. Ps. 67, 16 s.; Nah. 1, 4), celebre per i suoi pascoli popolati di tori (simbolo di ferocia e superbia; Ps. 21, 13; Ez. 39, 18), una volta ricoperto di foreste di querce …
… perseguitati (Am. 9, 2-3) e con i fianchi ammantati di ricca vegetazione, il C. è spesso ricordato nella S. Scrittura come simbolo di grazia e prosperità per la sua ubertosità, o come simbolo di desolazione per il suo disboscamento (Is. 33, 9; Ier. 4, 26; 50, 19; Am. 1, 2).
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Le quattro città divennero il tipo della perversità e della conseguente rovina (Deut. 29, 22; Sodoma, Ex. 16, 79; Sodoma e Gomorra Is. 1, 9; 13, 19; Jer. 23, 14; 48, 18; 50, 40; Am. 2, 9; Adama e Seboim Os. 11, 8). « Testimonio di tanta malvagità rimane una landa fumante e alberi che danno frutti immaturi, e, a ricordo di un'anima incredula, ritta, una statua …
La catastrofe, già presentata da Mosè (Deut. 29, 22) come immagine dei castighi che colpiranno i nemici di Dio, è spesso rievocata nella tradizione biblica o con il solo nome di S. (Ez. 16, 49; Mt. 11, 23-24; Lc. 10, 12) o associata con G. (Am. 4, 11; Is. 1, 9; 13, 19; Ier. 23, 14; 49, 18; 50, 40; Mt. 10, 15; Rom. 9, 26; Iud. 7; II Pt. 2, 6: esempio per quelli che in avvenire sarebbero vissuti da empi).
Douay-Rheims (Challoner) · Vulgata Clementina · Douay-Rheims originale (Douai 1609-10), trascrizione EEBO-TCP (CC0) · La Sacra Bibbia, tradotta dalla Volgata da Antonio Martini (1769-1781) (LaParola (laparola.net), Martini OSIS text, Public domain (LaParola's electronic edition marks it 'Dominio pubblico')). Pubblico dominio.