Expositions on the Book of Psalms 76
76.1 Psalm LXXVI PL 36, 970
1. The Jews are wont to glory in this Psalm which we have sung, saying, “Known in Judæa is God, in Israel great is the name of Him:” and to revile the Gentiles to whom God is not known, and to say that to themselves alone God is known; seeing that the Prophet saith, “Known in Judæa is God.” In other places therefore He is unknown. But God is known in very deed in Judæa, if they understand what is Judæa. For indeed God is not known except in Judæa. Behold even we say this, that except a person shall have been in Judæa, known to him God cannot be. But what saith the Apostle? He that in secret is a Jew, he that is so in circumcision of the heart, not in letter but in spirit. There are therefore Jews in circumcision of the flesh, and there are Jews in circumcision of the heart. Many of our holy fathers had both the circumcision of the flesh, for a seal of the faith, and circumcision of the heart, for the faith itself. From these fathers these men degenerating, who now in the name do glory, and have lost their deeds; from these fathers, I say, degenerating, they have remained Jews in flesh, in heart Heathens. For these are Jews, who are out of Abraham, from whom Isaac was born, and out of him Jacob, and out of Jacob the twelve Patriarchs, and out of the twelve Patriarchs the whole people of the Jews. But they were generally called Jews for this reason, that Judah was one of the twelve sons of Jacob, a Patriarch among the twelve, and from his stock the Royalty came among the Jews. For all this people after the number of the twelve sons of Jacob, had twelve tribes. What we call tribes are as it were distinct houses and congregations of people. That people, I say, had twelve tribes, out of which twelve tribes one tribe was Judah, out of which were the kings; and there was another tribe, Levi, out of which were the priests. But because to the priests serving the temple no land was allotted, but it was necessary that among twelve tribes all the Land of promise should be shared: there having been therefore taken out one tribe of higher dignity, the tribe of Levi, which was of the priests, there would have remained eleven, unless by the adoption of the two sons of Joseph the number twelve were completed.
What this is, observe. One of the twelve sons of Jacob was Joseph.…This Joseph had two sons, Ephraim and Manasse. Jacob, dying, as though by will, received those his grandsons into the number of sons, and said to his son Joseph, “The rest that are born shall be to thee; but these to me, and they shall divide the land with their brethren.” As yet there had not been given nor divided the land of promise, but he was speaking in the Spirit, prophesying. The two sons therefore of Joseph being added, there were made up nevertheless twelve tribes, since now there are thirteen. For instead of one tribe of Joseph, two were added, and there were made thirteen. There being taken out then the tribe of Levi, that tribe of priests which did serve the Temple, and lived by the tithes of all the rest unto whom the land was divided, there remain twelve. In these twelve was the tribe of Judah, whence the kings were. For at first from another tribe was given King Saul, and he was rejected as being an evil king; after there was given from the tribe of Judah King David, and out of him from the tribe of Judah were the Kings. But Jacob had spoken of this, when he blessed his sons, “there shall not fail a prince out of Judah, nor a leader from his thighs, until there come He to whom the promise hath been made.” But from the tribe of Judah there came Our Lord Jesus Christ. For He is, as the Scripture saith, and as ye have but now heard, out of the seed of David born of Mary. But as regardeth the Divinity of our Lord Jesus Christ, wherein He is equal with the Father, He is not only before the Jews, but also before Abraham himself; nor only before Abraham, but also before Adam; nor only before Adam, but also before Heaven and earth and before ages: for all things by Himself were made, and without Him there was made nothing. Because therefore in prophecy hath been said, “there shall not fail a prince out of Judah,” etc.: former times are examined, and we find that the Jews always had their kings of the tribe of Judah, and had no foreign king before that Herod who was king when the Lord was born. Thence began foreign kings, from Herod. Before Herod all were of the tribe of Judah, but only until there should come He to whom the promise had been made. Therefore when the Lord Himself came, the kingdom of the Jews was overthrown, and removed from the Jews. Now they have no king; because they will not acknowledge the true King. See now whether they must be called Jews. Now ye do see that they must not be called Jews. They have themselves with their own voice resigned that name, so that they are not worthy to be called Jews, except only in the flesh. When did they sever themselves from the name? They said, “We have no king but Cæsar.” O ye who are called Jews and are not, if ye have no king but Cæsar, there hath failed a Prince of Judah: there hath come then He to whom the promise hath been made. They then are more truly Jews, who have been made Christians out of Jews: the rest of the Jews, who in Christ have not believed, have deserved to lose even the very name. The true Judæa, then, is the Church of Christ, believing in that King, who hath come out of the tribe of Judah through the Virgin Mary; believing in Him of whom the Apostle was just now speaking, in writing to Timothy, “Be thou mindful that Jesus Christ hath risen from the dead, of the seed of David, after my Gospel.” For of Judah is David, and out of David is the Lord Jesus Christ. We believing in Christ do belong to Judah: and we acknowledge Christ. We, that with eyes have not seen, in faith do keep Him. Let not therefore the Jews revile, who are no longer Jews. They said themselves, “We have no king but Cæsar.” For better were it for them that their king should be Christ, of the seed of David, of the tribe of Judah. Nevertheless because Christ Himself is of the seed of David after the flesh, but God above all things blessed for ever, He is Himself our King and our God; our King, inasmuch as born of the tribe of Judah, after the flesh, was Christ the Lord, the Saviour; but our God, who is before Judah, and before Heaven and earth, by whom were made all things, both spiritual and corporal. For if all things by Himself were made; even Mary herself, out of whom He was born, by Himself was made.…
[vers. 1.] Psalmi hujus limen ita inscribitur: In finem, pro Idithun, Psalmus ipsi Asaph. In finem quid sit, nostis: Finis enim Legis Christus ad justitiam omni credenti . Idithun interpretatur Transiliens eos; Asaph interpretatur Congregatio. Loquitur hic ergo congregatio transiliens, ut perveniat ad finem qui est Christus Jesus. Quae sint itaque transilienda, ut ad illum finem pervenire possimus, ubi jam quod transiliamus non habebimus, Psalmi textus ipse demonstrat. Etenim tamdiu transilire debemus quidquid nos impedit, quidquid irretit, quidquid visco quodam illigat, et onere aggravat volatum nostrum, donec perveniamus ad id quod sufficit, ultra quod nihil est, infra quod sunt omnia, et ex quo sunt omnia. Patrem quippe ipsum volebat Philippus intueri, et dicebat Domino Jesu Christo, Ostende nobis Patrem, et sufficit nobis; tanquam tamdiu illi transiliendum esset quidquid aliud esset, donec perveniret ad Patrem, ubi jam securus assisteret, et quid ei ultra requirendum esset non haberet: hoc est enim, Sufficit. Verum ille qui verissime dixerat, Ego et Pater unum sumus , admonuit Philippum, docuitque omnem hominem qui Christum intelligeret, etiam in eo habere finem, quia ipse et Pater unum sunt: Tanto, inquit, tempore vobiscum sum, et non vidistis me? Philippe, qui me videt, videt et Patrem . Quisquis ergo psalmi hujus animum sentire, imitari, tenere vult, omnia desideria carnalia transiliat, saeculique hujus pompam et illecebram calcet, nihilque sibi aliud proponat ubi consistat, nisi ex quo sunt omnia: in quibus omnibus etiam ipse laborat donec ad finem perveniat. Quid nobis ergo indicat iste transiliens?
76.2 PL 36, 971
2. “Known in Judæa is God, in Israel great is the Name of Him” (ver. 1). Concerning Israel also we ought so to take it as we have concerning Judæa: as they were not the true Jews, so neither was that the true Israel. For what is Israel said to be? One seeing God. And how have they seen God, among whom He walked in the flesh; and while they supposed Him to be man, they slew Him?…“In Israel great is His Name.” Wilt thou be Israel? Observe that man concerning whom the Lord saith, “Behold an Israelite indeed, in whom guile is not.” If a true Israelite is he in whom guile is not, the guileful and lying are not true Israelites. Let them not say then, that with them is God, and great is His name in Israel. Let them prove themselves Israelites, and I grant that “in Israel great is His Name.”
[vers. 2.] Voce mea, inquit, ad Dominum clamavi. Sed multi clamant ad Dominum pro divitiis acquirendis damnisque devitandis, pro suorum salute, pro stabilitate domus suae, pro felicitate temporali, pro dignitate saeculari; postremo pro ipsa etiam salute corporis, quae patrimonium est pauperis. Pro his atque hujusmodi rebus multi clamant ad Dominum; vix quisquam propter ipsum Dominum. Facile quippe homini est quodlibet desiderare a Domino, et ipsum Dominum non desiderare; quasi vero suavius esse possit quod dat, quam ipse qui dat. Quisquis ergo pro alia re qualibet clamat ad Dominum, nondum est transiliens. Hic vero transiliens quid dicit? Voce mea ad Dominum clamavi. Et ne arbitreris vocem ipsius qua clamavit ad Dominum, propter aliud emissam quam propter ipsum Dominum, secutus ait: Et vox mea ad Deum. Emittitur enim vox qua clamemus ad Deum, et ipsa vox ad aliud est, non ad Deum. Ad hoc enim est vox, propter quod editur vox. Iste vero qui Deum gratis amabat, qui voluntarie Deo sacrificabat , qui transilierat quidquid infra est, nihilque aliud supra se viderat quo effunderet animam suam, nisi ex quo, et per quem, et in quo creatus erat, ad quem clamaverat voce sua, ad illum esse fecerat ipsam vocem suam: Vox mea, inquit, ad Deum. Et numquid sine causa? Vide quid sequitur: Et attendit mihi. Vere tunc tibi attendit, quando ipsum quaeris, non quando per ipsum aliud quaeris. Dictum est de quibusdam: Clamaverunt, nec erat qui salvos faceret, ad Dominum, nec exaudivit eos . Quare? Quia vox eorum non ad Dominum. Exprimit hoc alio loco Scriptura, ubi dicit de talibus: Dominum non invocaverunt. Ad illum clamare non cessaverunt; et tamen Dominum non invocaverunt. Quid est, Dominum non invocaverunt? Dominum in se non vocaverunt: ad cor suum Dominum non invitaverunt; a Domino se habitari noluerunt. Et ideo quid eis contigit? Ibi trepidaverunt timore, ubi non erat timor . Ideo de rerum praesentium amissione tremuerunt, quoniam non erant pleni illo quem non invocaverunt. Non gratis amaverunt, ut amissis temporalibus rebus possent dicere: Sicut Domino placuit, ita factum est; sit nomen Domini benedictum . Ergo iste, Vox mea, inquit, ad Dominum, et attendit mihi. Doceat nos quomodo id fiat.
76.3 PL 36, 972
3. “And there hath been made in peace a place for Him, and His habitation is in Sion” (ver. 2). Again, Sion is as it were the country of the Jews; the true Sion is the Church of Christians. But the interpretation of the Hebrew names is thus handed down to us: Judæa is interpreted confession, Israel, one seeing God. After Judæa is Israel. Wilt thou see God? First do thou confess, and then in thyself there is made a place for God; because “there hath been made in peace a place for Him.” So long as then thou confessest not thy sins, in a manner thou art quarrelling with God. For how art thou not disputing with Him, who art praising that which displeaseth Him? He punisheth a thief, thou dost praise theft: He doth punish a drunken man, thou dost praise drunkenness. Thou art disputing with God, thou hast not made for Him a place in thy heart: because in peace is His place. And how dost thou begin to have peace with God? Thou beginnest with Him in confession. There is a voice of a Psalm, saying, “Begin ye to the Lord in confession.” What is, “Begin ye to the Lord in confession”? Begin ye to be joined to the Lord. In what manner? So that the same thing may displease you as displeaseth Him. There displeaseth Him thy evil life; if it please thyself, thou art disunited from Him; if it displease thee, through confession to Him thou art united.…
[vers. 3.] In die tribulationis meae Deum exquisivi. Quis es, qui hoc facis? In die tribulationis tuae, vide quid exquiras. Si carcer facit tribulationem, exire de carcere exquiris: si febris facit tribulationem, sanitatem exquiris: si fames facit tribulationem, saturitatem exquiris: si damna faciunt tribulationem, lucrum exquiris: si peregrinatio facit tribulationem, civitatem tuae carnis exquiris. Et quid cuncta commemorem, aut quando cuncta commemorem? Vis esse transiliens? In die tribulationis tuae Deum exquire: non per Deum aliud, sed ex tribulatione Deum; ut ad hoc Deus removeat tribulationem, ut securus inhaereas Deo. In die tribulationis meae Deum exquisivi: non aliud aliquid, sed Deum exquisivi. Et quomodo exquisisti? Manibus meis nocte coram eo. Dic hoc rursus: videamus, intelligamus, imitemur, si possumus. In die tribulationis tuae quid exquisisti? Deum. Quomodo exquisisti? Manibus meis. Quando exquisisti; Nocte. Ubi exquisisti? Coram eo. Et quo fructu exquisisti? Et non sum deceptus. Omnia ergo videamus, fratres, omnia consideremus, omnia interrogemus; et quid sit tribulatio, in qua iste Deum exquisivit, et quid sit manibus inquirere Deum, et quid sit nocte, et quid sit coram illo: et sequitur, quod omnes intelligunt, Et non sum deceptus. Quid est enim, Et non sum deceptus? Inveni quod quaerebam.
76.4 PL 36, 972
4. “There He hath broken the strength of bows, and the shield, and the sword, and the battle” (ver. 3). Where hath He broken? In that eternal peace, in that perfect peace. And now, my brethren, they that have rightly believed see that they ought not to rely on themselves: and all the might of their own menaces, and whatsoever is in them whetted for mischief, this they break in pieces; and whatsoever they deem of great virtue wherewith to protect themselves temporally, and the war which they were waging against God by defending their sins, all these things He hath broken there.
Tribulatio non illa vel illa cogitanda est. Etenim unusquisque nondum transiliens, nondum putat esse tribulationem, nisi quae acciderit huic vitae ex aliquo tristi tempore: at vero ille transiliens, totam vitam istam tribulationem suam reputat. Sic enim amat patriam supernam, ut terrena peregrinatio ipsa sit maxima tribulatio. Quomodo enim non sit tribulatio vita ista, rogo vos? quomodo non sit tribulatio, quae dicta est tota tentatio? Habes scriptum in libro Job: Numquid non tentatio est vita humana super terram (Id. VI, 1? Numquid dixit: Tentatur vita humana super terram? Ipsa vita tentatio est: si ergo tentatio, utique tribulatio. In hac igitur tribulatione, hoc est in hac vita, Deum exquisivit iste transiliens. Quomodo? Manibus, inquit, meis. Quid est, manibus meis? Operibus meis. Non enim aliquid corporeum quaerebat, ut contrectando inveniret quod perdiderat; ut manibus quaereret nummum, aurum, argentum, vestem, quidquid tale est quod manibus teneri possit. Quanquam et ipse Dominus noster Jesus Christus voluit se manibus inquiri, quando dubitanti discipulo cicatrices ostendit. Sed numquid cum ille exclamasset tangens cicatrices vulnerum ejus, Dominus meus et Deus meus! nonne audivit: Quia vidisti, credidisti; beati qui non viderunt et crediderunt ? Si ergo ille manibus quaerens Christum, hoc audire meruit, ut opprobrium ei fuerit ita quaesisse; nos qui beati dicti sumus qui non vidimus et credimus, quid ergo, ad nos non pertinet manibus quaerere? Pertinet, sicut dixi, operibus quaerere. Quando hoc? Nocte. Quid est, nocte? In hoc saeculo. Nox enim est antequam effulgeat dies in adventu clarificato Domini nostri Jesu Christi. Nam vultis videre quia nox est? Nisi lucernam hic haberemus, in tenebris permaneremus. Petrus enim dicit: Et nos habemus certiorem propheticum sermonem, cui bene facitis intendentes, velut lucernae lucenti in obscuro loco, donec dies lucescat, et lucifer oriatur in cordibus vestris . Venturus est ergo dies post istam noctem; interim in hac nocte lucerna non desit. Et hoc est fortasse quod nunc facimus: has Litteras exponendo, lucernam inferimus, ut in hac nocte gaudeamus. Quae quidem debet accensa esse semper in domibus vestris. Talibus enim dicitur: Spiritum nolite exstinguere . Et tanquam exponens quid diceret, secutus ait, Prophetiam nolite spernere: id est, lucerna in vobis semper luceat. Et haec quidem lux in comparatione cujusdam ineffabilis diei nox dicitur. Nam ipsa vita fidelium in comparatione vitae infidelium dies est. Quomodo autem sit nox, jam diximus, et ostendimus Petri apostoli testimonio: qui quidem etiam et lucernam nominavit, et de ipsa lucerna nos admonuit ut intendamus ei, id est prophetico sermoni, donec dies lucescat, et lucifer oriatur in cordibus nostris. Quomodo autem jam vita fidelium dies sit in comparatione vitae impiorum, Paulus ostendit: Abjiciamus, inquit, opera tenebrarum, et induamur arma lucis; sicut in die honeste ambulemus . Ergo honeste viventes, in comparatione vitae impiorum, in die sumus. Sed iste dies vitae fidelium non sufficit huic Idithun; transilire vult et istum diem, donec veniat ad illum diem, ubi noctis tentationem nullam omnino formidet. Hic enim quamvis dies sit vita fidelium, tentatio est vita humana super terram . Nox, et dies: dies in comparatione infidelium; nox in comparatione Angelorum. Habent enim diem Angeli quem nos nondum habemus: jam nos habemus quem non habent infideles; sed nondum habent fideles quem Angeli habent: tunc autem habebunt, cum erunt aequales Angelis Dei; quod illis in resurrectione promissum est . In hac ergo jam die, et adhuc nocte; nocte in comparatione futuri diei quem desideramus, die in comparatione praeteritae noctis cui renuntiavimus: in hac ergo, inquam, nocte Deum requiramus manibus nostris. Non cessent opera; quaeramus Deum, non sit inane desiderium. Si in via sumus, sumptus erogemus, ut pervenire possimus: manibus quaeramus Deum. Etsi nocte quaerimus quem manibus quaerimus, non decipimur quia « coram ipso » quaerimus. Quid est « coram ipso? Nolite facere justitiam vestram coram hominibus, ut videamini ab eis; alioqui non habebitis mercedem apud Patrem vestrum. Cum ergo facis eleemosynam, » ait, manus illae sunt quaerentes Deum, « noli tubicinare ante te, sicut hypocritae faciunt: sed sit eleemosyna tua in occulto, et Pater tuus qui videt in occulto, reddet tibi » . Ergo, « Manibus meis nocte coram eo et non sum deceptus. »
76.5 PL 36, 974
5. “Thou enlightening marvellously from the eternal mountains” (ver. 4). What are the eternal mountains? Those which He hath Himself made eternal; which are the great mountains, the preachers of truth. Thou dost enlighten, but from the eternal mountains: the great mountains are first to receive Thy light, and from Thy light which the mountains receive, the earth also is clothed. But those great mountains the Apostles have received, the Apostles have received as it were the first streaks of the rising light.…Wherefore also, in another place, a Psalm saith what? “I have lifted up mine eyes unto the mountains, whence there shall come help to me.” What then, in the mountains is thy hope, and from thence to thee shall there come help? Hast thou stayed at the mountains? Take heed what thou doest. There is something above the mountains: above the mountains is He at whom the mountains tremble. “I have lifted up,” he saith, “mine eyes unto the mountains, whence there shall come help to me.” But what followeth? “My help,” he saith, “is from the Lord, who hath made Heaven and earth.” Unto the mountains indeed I have lifted up eyes, because through the mountains to me the Scriptures were displayed: but I have my heart in Him that doth enlighten all mountains.…
Quanta tamen iste Idithun pertulerit in hac terra, et in hac nocte, et quomodo habuerit quodammodo transiliendi necessitatem, impingentibus atque pungentibus deorsum tribulationibus, ut necesse fuerit transilire, intentissime audiamus. Negavit consolari anima mea. Tantum taedium hic me occupavit, ut contra omnem consolationem clauderet se anima mea. Huic tali unde taedium? Fortasse quia vinea grandinata est, aut quia olea non provenit, aut quia vindemia a pluvia intercepta est. Unde huic taedium? Audi hoc ex alio psalmo. Ipsius enim et ibi vox est: Taedium detinuit me, a peccatoribus relinquentibus legem tuam . Tanto ergo taedio de hujusmodi malo affectum se iste dicit, ut negaret consolari anima ipsius. Prope absorbuerat eum taedium, tristitiaque eum omnino irreparabiliter merserat; negat se consolari. Quid igitur restabat?
76.6 PL 36, 974
6. “There have been troubled all the unwise in heart” (ver. 5).…How have they been troubled? When the Gospel is preached. And what is life eternal? And who is He that hath risen from the dead? The Athenians wondered, when the Apostle Paul spake of the resurrection of the dead, and thought that he spake but fables. But because he said that there was another life which neither eye hath seen, nor ear heard, nor hath it gone up into the heart of man, therefore the unwise in heart were troubled. But what hath befallen them? “They have slept their sleep, and all men of riches have found nothing in their hands.” They have loved things present, and have gone to sleep in the midst of things present: and so these very present things have become to them delightful: just as he that seeth in a dream himself to have found treasure, is so long rich as he waketh not. The dream hath made him rich, waking hath made him poor. Sleep perchance hath held him slumbering on the earth, and lying on the hard ground, poor and perchance a beggar; in sleep he hath seen himself to lie on an ivory or golden bed, and on feathers heaped up; so long as he is sleeping, he is sleeping well, waking he hath found himself on the hard ground, whereon sleep had taken him. Such men also are these too: they have come into this life, and through temporal desires, they have as it were slumbered here; and them riches, and vain pomps that fly away, have taken, and they have passed away: they have not understood how much of good might be done therewith. For if they had known of another life, there they would have laid up unto themselves the treasure which here was doomed to perish: like as Zacchæus, the chief of the Publicans, saw that good when he received the Lord Jesus in his house, and he saith, “The half of my goods I give to the poor, and if to any man I have done any wrong, fourfold I restore.” This man was not in the emptiness of men dreaming, but in the faith of men awake.…
[vers. 4.] Primo vide unde consoletur. Nonne sustinuerat qui simul contristaretur, et non invenerat ? Quo enim se verteret ad consolationem, quem occupaverat taedium de peccatoribus relinquentibus legem Dei? Quo se verteret? Ad hominem Dei quemlibet? In multis jam forte iste expertus erat magnam tribulationem, quo magis de illorum aliqua delectatione praesumpserat. Videntur enim aliquando justi homines, et gaudetur ad eos; et necesse est ut gaudeatur, quoniam charitas sine gaudio talis esse non potest: in his autem in quibus gavisus est homo, si forte aliquid pravum contigerit, quomodo saepe contingit, quanta laetitia ibi erat, tantus moeror accedit; ita ut postea jam timeat homo laxare habenas gaudiorum, timeat se laetitiae committere, ne quanto magis laetatus fuerat, tanto amplius si aliquid contigerit, contabescat. Percussus ergo scandalis abundantibus, quasi multis vulneribus, clausit se contra humanam consolationem, et negavit consolari anima ipsius. Et unde vita? unde respiratio? Memor fui Dei, et delectatus sum. Non frustra manus operatae fuerant; invenerant magnum consolatorem. Non quiescendo memor fui Dei, et delectatus sum. Praedicandus igitur est Deus, cujus iste memor factus delectatus est, et consolatus in quadam tristitia, et quodammodo salute desperata recreatus: praedicandus est Deus. Denique, quod consolatus est iste, secutus ait, Garrivi. In ipsa consolatione memor factus Dei, delectatus garrivi. Quid est, garrivi? Laetatus sum, exsultavi loquendo. Garruli enim proprie dicuntur, qui a vulgo verbosi appellantur, accedente laetitia nec valentes nec volentes tacere. Factus est iste talis. Et rursus quid ait? Et defecit spiritus meus.
76.7 PL 36, 975
7. “By Thy chiding, O God of Jacob, there have slept all men that have mounted horses” (ver. 6). Who are they that have mounted horses? They that would not be humble. To sit on horseback is no sin; but it is a sin to lift up the neck of power against God, and to deem one’s self to be in some distinction. Because thou art rich, thou hast mounted; God doth chide, and thou sleepest. Great is the anger of Him chiding, great the anger. Let your Love observe the terrible thing. Chiding hath noise, the noise is wont to make men wake. So great is the force of God chiding, that he said, “By Thy chiding, O God of Jacob, there have slept all men that have mounted horses.” Behold what a sleep that Pharaoh slept who mounted horses. For he was not awake in heart, because against chiding he had his heart hardened. For hardness of heart is slumber. I ask you, my brethren, how they sleep, who, while the Gospel is sounding, and the Amen, and the Hallelujah, throughout the whole world, yet will not condemn their old life, and wake up unto a new life. There was the Scripture of God in Judæa only, now throughout the whole world it is sung. In that one nation one God who made all things was spoken of, as to be adored and worshipped; now where is He unsaid? Christ hath risen again, though derided on the Cross; that very Cross whereon He was derided, He hath now imprinted on the brows of kings: and men yet sleep.…
[vers. 5.] Taedio contabuerat, recolendo Deum delectatus fuerat, rursus garriendo defecerat; quid sequitur? Anticipaverunt vigilias omnes inimici mei. Vigilaverunt super me omnes inimici mei: plus me vigilaverunt; vigilando praeoccupaverunt me. Ubi non muscipulas ponunt? Nonne vigilias omnes anticipaverunt inimici mei? Qui sunt enim isti inimici, nisi illi de quibus dicit Apostolus: Non est vobis colluctatio adversus carnem et sanguinem; sed adversus principatus, et potestates, et rectores mundi tenebrarum harum, adversus spiritualia nequitiae in coelestibus ? Ergo adversus diabolum et angelos ejus inimicitias exercemus. Rectores eos mundi dixit, quia ipsi regunt dilectores mundi: non enim regunt mundum, quasi rectores sint coeli et terrae; sed mundum peccatores dicit. Et mundus eum non cognovit : talem mundum illi regunt, qui non cognoscit Christum. Contra hos habemus inimicitias perpetuas. Denique quaslibet habeas inimicitias adversus hominem, cogitas finire; sive illius satisfactione, si ipse te laesit; sive tua, si tu laesisti; sive alterutrius, si vos invicem laesistis; laboras satisfacere et concordare: cum diabolo autem et angelis ejus nulla concordia est. Ipsi nobis invident regnum coelorum. Mitescere omnino erga nos non possunt, quia anticipaverunt vigilias omnes inimici mei. Plus illi vigilaverunt ad decipiendum, quam ego ad custodiendum me: Anticipaverunt vigilias omnes inimici mei. Quomodo enim non anticipaverunt vigilias, qui ubique scandala, ubique muscipulas posuerunt? Taedium inest cordi; metuendum est ne absorbeat tristitia: in laetitia metuendum est ne garriendo deficiat spiritus tuus: Anticipaverunt vigilias omnes inimici mei. Denique in ipsa garrulitate, dum loqueris, et securus loqueris, quanta plerumque inveniuntur quae velint tenere inimici et reprehendere, unde velint etiam criminari et calumniari: Hoc dixit, illud sensit, hoc locutus est? Quid faciat homo, nisi quod sequitur? Conturbatus sum, et non sum locutus. Conturbatus ergo, ne in ejus garrulitate inimici anticipantes vigilias, calumnias quaererent et invenirent, non est locutus. Nunquam tamen iste transiliens cessaret in se: et si forte a garrulitate cessavit, qua subrepserat ei de ipsa locutione placere hominibus; non tamen destitit, non cessavit ut conaretur et hoc ipsum transcendere. Et quid dicit?
76.8 PL 36, 975
8. “Thou art terrible, and who shall withstand Thee at that time by Thine anger?” (ver. 7). Now they sleep, and perceive not Thee angry; but for cause that they should sleep, He was angry. Now that which sleeping they perceived not, at the end they shall perceive. For there shall appear the Judge of quick and dead. “And who shall withstand Thee at that time by Thine anger?” For now they speak that which they will, and they dispute against God and say, who are the Christians? or who is Christ? or what fools are they that believe that which they see not, and relinquish the pleasures which they see, and follow the faith of things which are not displayed to their eyes! Ye sleep and snore, ye speak against God, as much as ye are able. “How long shall sinners, O Lord, how long shall sinners glory, they answer and will speak iniquity?” But when doth no one answer and no one speak, except when he turneth himself against himself?…
[vers. 6.] Cogitavi dies antiquos. Jam iste velut qui vapulaverat foris, tulit se intro, in secretario suae mentis agit. Et quid ibi agat dicat nobis: Cogitavi dies antiquos. Bene est illi. Videte quae cogitat, rogo vos. Intus est, apud se cogitat dies antiquos. Nemo illi dicit, Male dixisti; nemo illi dicit, Multum locutus es; nemo illi dicit, Perverse sensisti. Ita sit ei bene secum, adjuvet Deus: cogitet dies antiquos, et dicat nobis in ipso interiore cubiculo suo quid egerit, quo pervenerit, quid transilierit, ubi manserit: Cogitavi dies antiquos, et annorum aeternorum memor fui. Qui sunt anni aeterni? Magna cogitatio! Videte si vult ista cogitatio, nisi magnum silentium. Ab omni forinsecus strepitu, ab omni rerum humanarum tumultu intus requiescat, qui cogitare vult annos istos aeternos. Numquid anni in quibus sumus aeterni sunt, aut in quibus fuerunt majores nostri, aut in quibus futuri sunt posteri nostri? Absit ut aeterni existimentur. Quid enim de his annis manet? Ecce loquendo dicimus, Hoc anno; et quid tenemus de hoc anno, praeter unum diem in quo sumus? Nam superiores dies anni hujus jam transierunt, nec tenentur; futuri autem nondum venerunt. In uno die sumus, et dicimus, Hoc anno: imo dic, Hodie, si aliquid vis praesens dicere. Nam de toto anno quid praesens tenes? Quidquid de illo praeteritum est, jam non est; quidquid de illo futurum est, nondum est: quomodo, Hoc anno? Corrige locutionem: Hodie, dic. Verum dicis, Hodie, jam dicam. Rursus et hoc attende, quod hodie horae matutinae jam transierunt, horae futurae nondum venerunt. Et hoc ergo corrige: Hac hora, dic. Et de ista hora quid tenes? Momenta ejus quaedam jam transierunt; quae futura sunt nondum venerunt. Hoc momento, dic. Quo momento? Dum syllabas loquor, si duas syllabas dicam, altera non sonat, nisi cum illa transierit: ipsa denique una syllaba, si duas litteras habeat, non sonat posterior littera nisi prior abierit. Quid ergo tenemus de his annis! Anni isti mutabiles sunt: anni aeterni cogitandi sunt, anni qui stant, qui non venientibus et abuentibus diebus peraguntur; anni de quibus alio loco Scriptura dicit Deo: Tu autem idem ipse es, et anni tui non deficient . Hos annos iste transiliens, non in garrulitate forinsecus, sed in silentio cogitavit: Et annorum aeternorum memor fui.
9 [vers. 7.] Et meditatus sum nocte cum corde meo. Nemo illi calumniosus tendiculas verborum requirit, in corde suo meditatus est. Garriebam. Ecce est illud garrire. Observa iterum, ne deficiat spiritus tuus. Non, inquit: non sic garriebam quasi foris; alio modo nunc. Quomodo nunc? Garriebam, et scrutabar spiritum meum. Si scrutaretur iste terram, ut venas auri inveniret, nemo eum desipere diceret; imo sapientem multi dicerent, qui vellet ad aurum pervenire: quanta homo habet intus, et non fodit? Scrutabatur iste spiritum suum, et cum ipso spiritu suo loquebatur, et in ipsa locutione garriebat. Seipsum interrogabat, seipsum examinabat, in se judex erat. Et sequitur: Scrutabar spiritum meum. Timendum ne in ipso spiritu suo remaneat: garrivit enim foris; et quia anticipaverunt vigilias omnes inimici ejus, invenit ibi tristitiam, et defecit spiritus ejus. Qui garriebat foris, ecce coepit intus garrire securus, ubi solus in silentio cogitat annos aeternos: Et perscrutabar, inquit, spiritum meum. Et hic timendum ne in spiritu suo remaneat, et non sit transiliens. Jam tamen melius agit quam foris agebat. Transcendit aliquid: et hinc videamus quo. Non enim cessat iste transiliens, donec veniat in finem unde habet titulum Psalmus: Garriebam, inquit, et scrutabar spiritum meum.
76.9 PL 36, 970
9. “From Heaven Thou hast hurled judgment: the earth hath trembled, and hath rested” (ver. 8). She which now doth trouble herself, she which now speaketh, hath to fear at the end and to rest. Better had she now rested, that at the end she might have rejoiced. Rested? When? “When God arose unto judgment, that He might save all the meek in heart” (ver. 9). Who are the meek in heart? They that on snorting horses have not mounted, but in their humility have confessed their own sins. “For the thought of a man shall confess to Thee, and the remnants of the thought shall celebrate solemnities to Thee” (ver. 10). The first is the thought, the latter are the remnants of the thought. What is the first thought? That from whence we begin, that good thought whence thou wilt begin to confess. Confession uniteth us to Christ. But now the confession itself, that is, the first thought, doth produce in us the remnants of the thought: and those very “remnants of thought shall celebrate solemnities to Thee.” What is the thought which shall confess? That which condemneth the former life, that whereunto that which it was is displeasing, in order that it may be that which it was not, is itself the first thought. But because thus thou oughtest to withdraw from sins, with the first thought after having confessed to God, that it may not escape thy memory that thou hast been a sinner; in that thou hast been a sinner, thou dost celebrate solemnities to God. Furthermore it is to be understood as followeth. The first thought hath confession, and departure from the old life. But if thou shalt have forgotten from what sins thou hast been delivered, thou dost not render thanks to the Deliverer, and dost not celebrate solemnities to thy God. Behold the first confessing thought of Saul the Apostle, now Paul, who at first was Saul, when he heard a voice from Heaven!…He put forth the first thought of obedience: when he heard, “I am Jesus of Nazareth, whom thou persecutest,” “O Lord,” he saith, “what dost Thou bid me to do?” This is a thought confessing: now he is calling upon the Lord, whom he persecuted. In what manner the remnants of the thought shall celebrate solemnities, in the case of Paul ye have heard, when the Apostle himself was being read: “Be thou mindful that Christ Jesus hath risen from the dead, of the seed of David, after my Gospel.” What is, be thou mindful? Though effaced from thy memory be the thought, whereby at first thou hast confessed: be the remnant of the thought in the memory.…
76.10 PL 36, 977
10. Even once was Christ sacrificed for us, when we believed; then was thought; but now there are the remnants of thought, when we remember Who hath come to us, and what He hath forgiven us; by means of those very remnants of thought, that is, by means of the memory herself, He is daily so sacrificed for us, as if He were daily renewing us, that hath renewed us by His first grace. For now the Lord hath renewed us in Baptism, and we have become new men, in hope indeed rejoicing, in order that in tribulation we may be patient: nevertheless, there ought not to escape from our memory that which hath been bestowed upon us. And if now thy thought is not what it was,—for the first thought was to depart from sin: but now thou dost not depart, but at that time didst depart,—be there remnants of thought, lest He who hath made whole escape from memory.…
[vers. 8.] Et quid invenisti? Non in aeternum repellet Deus. Taedium invenerat in hac vita; nusquam fidam, nusquam securam consolationem. Ad quoscumque homines intendebat, scandalum in eis inveniebat, aut timebat. Nusquam ergo securus. Tacere illi malum erat, ne sileret a bonis: loqui et foris garrire molestum erat, ne anticipantes vigilias omnes inimici ejus, calumnias inquirerent in verbis ejus. Angustatus in hac vita vehementer, multum de vita alia cogitavit, ubi ista non sit tentatio. Et quando illuc pervenitur? Non enim non constat, quia quod hic patimur, ira Dei est. Dicitur hoc in Isaia: Non in aeternum vindex in vobis ero, neque per omne tempus irascar vobis. Et dicit quare: Spiritus enim a me procedet, et omnem flatum ego feci. Propter peccatum paululum quid contristavi eum, et percussi eum, et averti faciem meam ab illo; et abiit tristis, et ambulavit vias suas. Quid ergo, haec ira Dei semper erit? Non hoc invenit iste in silentio. Quid enim dicit? Non in aeternum repellet Deus; et non apponet ultra ut beneplaceat ei adhuc: id est, ut beneplaceat ei adhuc repellere, et in aeternum repellere non apponet. Necesse est ut revocet ad se servos suos, necesse est ut recipiat fugitivos redeuntes ad Dominum, necesse est ut exaudiat vocem compeditorum: Non in aeternum repellet Deus; et non apponet ultra ut beneplaceat ei adhuc.
76.11 PL 36, 977
11. “Vow ye, and pay to the Lord our God” (ver. 11). Let each man vow what he is able, and pay it. Do not vow and not pay: but let every man vow, and pay what he can. Be ye not slow to vow: for ye will accomplish the vows by powers not your own. Ye will fail, if on yourselves ye rely: but if on Him to whom ye vow ye rely, ye will be safe to pay. “Vow ye, and pay to the Lord our God.” What ought we all in common to vow? To believe in Him, to hope from Him for life eternal, to live godly according to a measure common to all. For there is a certain measure common to all men. To commit no theft is not a thing enjoined merely upon one devoted to continence, and not enjoined upon the married woman: to commit no adultery is enjoined upon all men: not to love wine-bibbing, whereby the soul is swallowed up, and doth corrupt in herself the Temple of God, is enjoined to all alike: not to be proud, is enjoined to all men alike: not to slay man, not to hate a brother, not to lay a plot to destroy any one, is enjoined to all in common. The whole of this we all ought to vow. There are also vows proper for individuals: one voweth to God conjugal chastity, that he will know no other woman besides his wife: so also the woman, that she will know no other man besides her husband. Other men also vow, even though they have used such a marriage, that beyond this they will have no such thing, that they will neither desire nor admit the like: and these men have vowed a greater vow than the former. Others vow even virginity from the beginning of life, that they will even know no such thing as those who having experienced have relinquished: and these men have vowed the greatest vow. Others vow that their house shall be a place of entertainment for all the Saints that may come: a great vow they vow. Another voweth to relinquish all his goods to be distributed to the poor, and go into a community, into a society of the Saints: a great vow he doth vow. “Vow ye, and pay to the Lord our God.” Let each one vow what he shall have willed to vow; let him give heed to this, that he pay what he hath vowed. If any man doth look back with regard to what he hath vowed to God, it is an evil. Some woman or other devoted to continence hath willed to marry: what hath she willed? The same as any virgin. What hath she willed? The same as her own mother. Hath she willed any evil thing? Evil certainly. Why? Because already she had vowed to the Lord her God. For what hath the apostle Paul said concerning such? Though he saith that young widows may marry if they will: nevertheless he saith in a certain passage, “but more blessed she will be, if so she shall have remained, after my judgment.” He showeth that she is more blessed, if so she shall have remained; but nevertheless that she is not to be condemned, if she shall have willed to marry. But what saith he concerning certain who have vowed and have not paid? “Having,” he saith, “judgment, because the first faith they have made void.” What is, “the first faith they have made void”? They have vowed, and have not paid. Let no brother therefore, when placed in a monastery, say, I shall depart from the monastery: for neither are they only that are in a monastery to attain unto the kingdom of Heaven, nor do those that are not there not belong unto God. We answer him, but they have not vowed; thou hast vowed, thou hast looked back. When the Lord was threatening them with the day of judgment, He saith what? “Remember Lot’s wife.” To all men He spake. For what did Lot’s wife? She was delivered from Sodom, and being in the way she looked back. In the place where she looked back, there she remained. For she became a statue of salt, in order that by considering her men might be seasoned, might have sense, might not be infatuated, might not look back, lest by giving a bad example they should themselves remain and season others. For even now we are saying this to certain of our brethren, whom perchance we may have seen as it were weak in the good they have purposed. And wilt thou be such an one as he was? We put before them certain who have looked back. They are savourless in themselves, but they season others, inasmuch as they are mentioned, in order that fearing their example they may not look back. “Vow ye, and pay.” For that wife of Lot to all doth belong. A married woman hath had the will to commit adultery; from her place whither she had arrived she looked back. A widow who had vowed so to remain hath willed to marry, she hath willed the thing which was lawful to her who hath married, but to herself was not lawful, because from her place she hath looked back. There is a virgin devoted to continence, already dedicated to God; let her have also the other gifts which truly do adorn virginity itself, and without which that virginity is unclean. For what if she be uncorrupt in body and corrupt in mind? What is it that he hath said? What if no one hath touched the body, but if perchance she be drunken, be proud, be contentious, be talkative? All these things God doth condemn. If before she had vowed, she had married, she would not have been condemned: she hath chosen something better, hath overcome that which was lawful for her; she is proud, and doth commit so many things unlawful. This I say, it is lawful for her to marry before that she voweth, to be proud is never lawful. O thou virgin of God, thou hast willed not to marry, which is lawful: thou dost exalt thyself, which is not lawful. Better is a virgin humble, than a married woman humble: but better is a married woman humble, than a virgin proud. But she that looked back upon marriage is condemned, not because she hath willed to marry; but because she had already gone before, and is become the wife of Lot by looking back. Be ye not slow, that are able, whom God doth inspire to seize upon higher callings: for we do not say these things in order that ye may not vow, but in order that ye may vow and may pay. Now because we have treated of these matters, thou perchance wast willing to vow, and now art not willing to vow. But observe what the Psalm hath said to thee. It hath not said, “Vow not;” but, “Vow and pay.” Because thou hast heard, “pay,” wilt thou not vow? Therefore wast thou willing to vow, and not to pay? Nay, do both. One thing is done by thy profession, another thing will be perfected by the aid of God. Look to Him who doth guide thee, and thou wilt not look back to the place whence He is leading thee forth. He that guideth thee is walking before thee; the place from whence He is guiding thee is behind thee. Love Him guiding, and He doth not condemn thee looking back.
[vers. 9, 10.] Aut in finem misericordiam abscidet a generatione in generationem? aut obliviscetur misereri Deus? In te, a te, in alterum nulla est misericordia, nisi eam tibi Deus donet: et ipse Deus obliviscetur misericordiam? Rivus currit: fons ipse siccabitur? Aut obliviscetur misereri Deus? aut continebit in ira miserationes suas? id est, sic irascetur, ut non misereatur? Facilius ille iram quam misericordiam continebit. Hoc et per Isaiam dixerat: Non in aeternum vindex in vobis ero, neque per omne tempus irascar vobis. Hoc et posteaquam dixit, Abiit tristis, et ambulavit vias suas. Vias, inquit, ejus vidi, et sanavi eum . Hoc ubi cognovit iste, transcendit et se delectatus in Deo, ut ubi esset, et in ejus operibus magis garriret; non in spiritu suo, non in eo quod erat, sed in eo a quo factus erat. Et hinc ergo transiliens transcendit. Videte transilientem, videte si remaneat alicubi quousque perveniat ad Deum.
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12. “All they that are in the circuit of Him shall offer gifts.” Who are in the circuit of Him?…Whatever is common to all is in the midst. Why is it said to be in the midst? Because it is at the same distance from all, and at the same proximity to all. That which is not in the middle, is as it were private. That which is public is set in the middle, in order that all they that come may use the same, may be enlightened. Let no one say, it is mine: lest he should be wanting to make his own share of that which is in the midst for all. What then is, “All they that are in the circuit of Him shall offer gifts”? All they that understand truth to be common to all, and who do not make it as it were their own by being proud concerning it, they shall offer gifts; because they have humility: but they that make as it were their own that which is common to all, as though it were set in the middle, are endeavouring to lead men astray to a party, these shall not offer gifts.…“To Him terrible.” Let therefore all men fear that are in the circuit of Him. For therefore they shall fear, and with trembling they shall praise; because they are in the circuit of Him, to the end that all men may attain unto Him, and He may openly meet all, and openly enlighten all. This is, to stand in awe with others. When thou hast made him as it were thine own, and no longer common, thou art exalted unto pride; though it is written, “Serve ye the Lord in fear, and exult unto Him with trembling.” Therefore they shall offer gifts, who are in the circuit of Him. For they are humble who know truth to be common to all.
[vers. 11.] Et dixi. Jam seipsum transiliens, quid dixit? Nunc coepi: cum excessissem et me. Nunc coepi. Hic jam nullum periculum est: nam et in meipso remanere, periculum fuit. Et dixi: Nunc coepi; haec est immutatio dexterae Excelsi. Modo me coepit mutare Excelsus; modo coepi aliquid, ubi securus sim, modo intravi aliquam aulam gaudiorum, ubi nullus timeatur inimicus, modo coepi esse in ea regione, ubi non anticipent vigilias omnes inimici mei: Nunc coepi; haec est immutatio dexterae Excelsi.
76.13 PL 36, 978
13. To whom shall they offer gifts? “To Him terrible, and to Him that taketh away the spirit of princes” (ver. 12). For the spirits of princes are proud spirits. They then are not His Spirits; for if they know anything, their own they will it to be, not public; but, that which setteth Himself forth as equal toward all men, that setteth Himself in the midst, in order that all men may take as much as they can, whatever they can; not of what is any man’s, but of what is God’s, and therefore of their own because they have become His. Therefore they must needs be humble: they have lost their own spirit, and they have the Spirit of God.…For if thou shalt have confessed thyself dust, God out of dust doth make man. All they that are in the circuit of Him do offer gifts. All humble men do confess to Him, and do adore Him. “To Him terrible they offer gifts.” Whence to Him terrible exult ye with trembling: “and to Him that taketh away the spirit of princes:” that is, that taketh away the haughtiness of proud men. “To Him terrible among the kings of the earth.” Terrible are the kings of the earth, but He is above all, that doth terrify the kings of the earth. Be thou a king of the earth, and God will be to thee terrible. How, wilt thou say, shall I be a king of the earth? Rule the earth, and thou wilt be a king of the earth. Do not therefore with desire of empire set before thine eyes exceeding wide provinces, where thou mayest spread abroad thy kingdoms; rule thou the earth which thou bearest. Hear the Apostle ruling the earth: “I do not so fight as if beating air, but I chasten my body, and bring it into captivity, lest perchance preaching to other men, I myself become a reprobate.”…
[vers. 12.] Memor fui operum Domini. Jam videte illum spatiari in operibus Domini. Garriebat enim foris, et constristatus inde defecit spiritus ejus: garrivit intus cum corde suo, et cum spiritu suo, et perscrutatus eumdem spiritum suum, memor fuit annorum aeternorum, memor fuit misericordiae Domini, quia non repellet Dominus in aeternum; et coepit jam in ejus operibus securus gaudere, securus exsultare. Audiamus jam opera ipsa, et exsultemus et nos: sed affectibus etiam nos transiliamus, nec ad temporalia gaudeamus. Hebemus enim et nos cubile nostrum. Quare non illuc intramus? quare non in silentio agimus? quare non spiritum nostrum perscrutamur? quare annos aeternos non cogitamus? quare in operibus Dei non laetamur? Sic nunc audiamus, et ipso dicente delectemur, ut etiam cum hinc abierimus, faciamus quod ipso loquente faciebamus; si tamen facimus coeptum ipsius quod dixit: Nunc coepi. Gaudere in operibus Dei, est oblivisci et te, si potes illo solo delectari. Quid enim melius illo? Non vides, quia cum ad te redis, in deteriorem redis? Memor fui operum Domini: quia memor ero ab initio mirabilium tuorum.