The Philistines go out to war against Israel. Saul being forsaken by God, hath recourse to a witch. Samuel appeareth to him.
The Philistians fighting against Saul, Dauid promiseth fidelitie to Achis. 3. Saul destroyeth magicians, 6. but God not answering him, 7. seeketh a woman that hath a Pithon spirite, 12. willeth her to raise vp Samuel. 15. who appearing fortelleth him, that he, and his sonnes shal die the next day.
1And it came to pass in those days, that the Philistines gathered together their armies, to be prepared for war against Israel: And Achis said to David: Know thou now assuredly, that thou shalt go out with me to the war, thou, and thy men.Or egli avvenne in quei giorni che i Filistei raunarono le loro schiere per prepararsi alla guerra contro Israele: e Achis disse a David: Sappi per cosa certa che verrai in campo con me tu, e la tua gente.AND it came to passe that in those daies the Philistijms gathered together their companies, that they might be prepared to battel against Israel: and Achis sayd to Dauid: Knowing know thou now, that thou shalt goe forth with me in the campe, thou, and thy men.Factum est autem in diebus illis, congregaverunt Philisthiim agmina sua, ut præpararentur ad bellum contra Israël: dixitque Achis ad David: Sciens nunc scito quoniam mecum egredieris in castris, tu et viri tui. 2And David said to Achis: Now thou shalt know what thy servant will do. And Achis said to David: And I will appoint thee to guard my life for ever.E David rispose ad Achis; Or tu saprai quel che sia per fare il tuo servo. E Achis disse a David: E io ti fiderò la guardia della mia persona per sempre.And Dauid sayd to Achis: Now thou shalt know what thy seruant wil doe. And Achis sayd to Dauid: And I wil appoint thee keper of my head al daies.Dixitque David ad Achis: Nunc scies quæ facturus est servus tuus. Et ait Achis ad David: Et ego custodem capitis mei ponam te cunctis diebus. 3Now Samuel was dead, and all Israel mourned for him, and buried him in Ramatha, his city. And Saul had put away all the magicians and soothsayers out of the land.Or Samuele era morto, e tutto Israele lo avea pianto, e lo avean sepolto in Ramatha sua patria. E Saul avea discacciati dal paese i maghi, e gl'indovini.And Samuel was dead, and al Israel mourned for him, and buried him in Ramatha his citie. And Saul tooke al the magicians and soothsayers out of the land.Samuel autem mortuus est, planxitque eum omnis Israël, et sepelierunt eum in Ramatha urbe sua. Et Saul abstulit magos et hariolos de terra. 4And the Philistines were gathered together, and came and encamped in Sunam: and Saul also gathered together all Israel, and came to Gelboe.Ed essendosi raunati i Filistei andarono a porre il campo a Sunam: Saul parimente raunò tutto Israele, e andò a Gelboe.And the Philistijms were gathered together, and came and camped in Sunam: and Saul also gathered together al Israel, and came into Gelboe.Congregatique sunt Philisthiim, et venerunt, et castrametati sunt in Sunam: congregavit autem et Saul universum Israël, et venit in Gelboë.
5And Saul saw the army of the Philistines, and was afraid, and his heart was very much dismayed.E Saul avendo veduto l'accampamento de' Filistei, ebbe timore, e il suo cuore si sbigottì formisura;And Saul saw the campe of the Philistijms, and feared, and his hart was afrayd excedingly.Et vidit Saul castra Philisthiim, et timuit, et expavit cor ejus nimis. 6And he consulted the Lord, and he answered him not, neither by dreams, nor by priests, nor by prophets.E consultò il Signore, il quale non gli diede risposta nè in sogno, nè per mezzo de' sacerdoti, nè per mezzo de' profeti.And he consulted our Lord, and he answered him not, neither by dreames, nor by priestes, nor by prophetes.Consuluitque Dominum, et non respondit ei neque per somnia, neque per sacerdotes, neque per prophetas. 7And Saul said to his servants: Seek me a woman that hath a divining spirit, and I will go to her, and enquire by her. And his servants said to him: There is a woman that hath a divining spirit at Endor.E Saul disse a' suoi servi: Cercatemi una donna, che abbia lo spirito di Pithone: e andrò a trovarla, e consulterò per mezzo di lei. E i suoi servi disser a lui. Havvi in Endor una donna che ha lo spirito di Pithone.And Saul sayd to his seruantes: Seeke me a woman that hath a pithonical spirite, and I wil goe to her, and wil aske by her. And his seruantes sayd to him: There is a woman that hath a pithonical spirite in Endor.Dixitque Saul servis suis: Quærite mihi mulierem habentem pythonem, et vadam ad eam, et sciscitabor per illam. Et dixerunt servi ejus ad eum: Est mulier pythonem habens in Endor. 8Then he disguised himself: and put on other clothes, and he went, and two men with him, and they came to the woman by night, and he said to her: Divine to me by thy divining spirit, and bring me up him whom I shall tell thee.Egli adunque si contraffece, e prese altre vesti, e andò con due altri a trovare la donna di notte tempo, e le disse: Interroga per me lo spirito di Pithone, e fammi apparire colui ch'io ti dirò.He therefore changed his habite and was clothed with other garmentes, and he went himselfe, and two men with him, and they came to the woman in the night, and sayd to her: Deuine vnto me in the pythonical spirite, and raise me vp whom I shal tel thee.Mutavit ergo habitum suum, vestitusque est aliis vestimentis, et abiit ipse, et duo viri cum eo: veneruntque ad mulierem nocte, et ait illi: Divina mihi in pythone, et suscita mihi quem dixero tibi. 9And the woman said to him: Behold thou knowest all that Saul hath done, and how he hath rooted out the magicians and soothsayers from the land: why then dost thou lay a snare for my life, to cause me to be put to death?E la donna disse a lui: Tu ben sai tutto quel che ha fatto Saul, e come ha sterminati dal paese i maghi, e gl'indovini: perchè adunque vieni tu a tentarmi per farmi perder la vita?And the woman sayd to him: Loe, thou knowest what great thinges Saul hath done, and how he hath raysed the magicians and sothsayers out of the land: why therefore doest thou lye in waite for my life, that I may be slaine?Et ait mulier ad eum: Ecce, tu nosti quanta fecerit Saul, et quomodo eraserit magos et hariolos de terra: quare ergo insidiaris animæ meæ, ut occidar ?
10And Saul swore unto her by the Lord, saying: As the Lord liveth, there shall no evil happen to thee for this thing.E Saul le giurò pel Signore, dicendo: Viva il Signore, non ti avverrà nissun male per questo.And Saul sware vnto her in our Lord, saying: Our Lord liueth, there shal no euil happen vnto thee for this thing.Et juravit ei Saul in Domino, dicens: Vivit Dominus, quia non eveniet tibi quidquam mali propter hanc rem. 11And the woman said to him: Whom shall I bring up to thee? And he said, Bring me up Samuel.E la donna disse: Chi debb'io farli apparire? E quegli rispose: Fammi apparir Samuele.And the woman sayd to him: Whom shal I rayse vp to thee? Who sayd: Raise me vp Samuel.Dixitque ei mulier: Quem suscitabo tibi ? Qui ait: Samuelem mihi suscita. 12And when the woman saw Samuel, she cried out with a loud voice, and said to Saul: Why hast thou deceived me? for thou art Saul.Ma la donna avendo veduto apparir Samuele levò un grande strido, e disse a Saul: Perchè mi hai tu ingannata? tu se' Saul.And when the woman had seene Samuel, she cried out with a loud voice, and sayd to Saul: Why hast thou deceiued me? for thou art Saul.Cum autem vidisset mulier Samuelem, exclamavit voce magna, et dixit ad Saul: Quare imposuisti mihi ? tu es enim Saul. 13And the king said to her: Fear not: what hast thou seen? and the woman said to Saul: I saw gods ascending out of the earth.Ma il re disse: Non temere: che hai tu veduto? E la donna disse a Saul: Ho veduti degli dei uscir fuori della terra.And the King sayd to her: Feare not: what sawest thou? And the woman sayd to Saul: I saw Goddes coming out of the earth.Dixitque ei rex: Noli timere: quid vidisti ? Et ait mulier ad Saul: Deos vidi ascendentes de terra. 14And he said to her: What form is he of? And she said: An old man cometh up, and he is covered with a mantle. And Saul understood that it was Samuel, and he bowed himself with his face to the ground, and adored.Ed ei le disse: Come è egli fatto? Disse colei: È venuto un vecchio coperto con un mantello. E Saul comprese come quegli era Samuele, e s'inchinò colla faccia sino a terra, e lo adorò.And he sayd to her: What maner of forme hath he? who sayd: An old man is come vp, and he is clothed with a mantel. And Saul vnderstood that it was Samuel,and he bowed himselfe vpon his face on the earth, and adored.Dixitque ei: Qualis est forma ejus ? Quæ ait: Vir senex ascendit, et ipse amictus est pallio. Et intellexit Saul quod Samuel esset, et inclinavit se super faciem suam in terra, et adoravit.
15And Samuel said to Saul: Why hast thou disturbed my rest, that I should be brought up? And Saul said: I am in great distress: for the Philistines fight against me, and God is departed from me, and would not hear me, neither by the hand of prophets, nor by dreams: therefore I have called thee, that thou mayst shew me what I shall do.Ma Samuele disse a Saul: Perchè m'inquieti tu, facendomi apparire? E disse Saul: Io sono in angustie: perocché i Filistei mi han mossa guerra, e Dio si è ritirato da me, e non ha voluto esaudirmi nè per mezzo di profeti, nè per via di sogni. Ho adunque fatto apparir te, perchè mi dica quel che ho da fare.And Samuel sayd to Saul: why hast thou disquieted me, that I should be raised vp? And Saul sayd, I am in great distresse: for the Philistijms fight against me, and God is departed from me, and would not heare me, neither in the hand of prophetes, not by dreames: therefore I haue called thee, that thou shouldest shew me, what I shal doe.Dixit autem Samuel ad Saul: Quare inquietasti me ut suscitarer ? Et ait Saul: Coarctor nimis: siquidem Philisthiim pugnant adversum me, et Deus recessit a me, et exaudire me noluit neque in manu prophetarum, neque per somnia: vocavi ergo te, ut ostenderes mihi quid faciam. 16And Samuel said: Why askest thou me, seeing the Lord has departed from thee, and is gone over to thy rival?E Samuele rispose: Per qual motivo consulti me, mentre il Signore si è ritirato da te, ed è favorevole al tuo rivale?And Samuel sayd: Why askest thou, whereas our Lord is departed from thee, and is passed to thine aduersarie?Et ait Samuel: Quid interrogas me, cum Dominus recesserit a te, et transierit ad æmulum tuum ? 17For the Lord will do to thee as he spoke by me, and he will rend thy kingdom out of thy hand, and will give it to thy neighbour David:Perocché il Signore farà quello che per mezzo mio ti predisse, e strapperà di mano a te il regno, e darallo al tuo prossimo Davidde:For our Lord wil doe to thee as he spake in my hand, and he wil cut thy kingdome out of thy hand, & wil geue it to thy neighbour Dauid:Faciet enim tibi Dominus sicut locutus est in manu mea, et scindet regnum tuum de manu tua et dabit illud proximo tuo David: 18Because thou didst not obey the voice of the Lord, neither didst thou execute the wrath of his indignation upon Amalec. Therefore hath the Lord done to thee what thou sufferest this day.Perchè tu non hai ubbidito alla voce del Signore, e non facesti quello che l'ira di lui esigeva contro gli Amaleciti: per questo il Signore ha fatto oggi a te quello che tu patisci.because thou hast not obeyed the voice of our Lord, neither didst thou the wrath of his furie in Amalec. Therefore that which thou sufferest hath our Lord done to thee this day.quia non obedisti voci Domini, neque fecisti iram furoris ejus in Amalec: idcirco quod pateris, fecit tibi Dominus hodie.
19And the Lord also will deliver Israel with thee into the hands of the Philistines: and to morrow thou and thy sons shall be with me: and the Lord will also deliver the army of Israel into the hands of the Philistines.E il Signore di più darà Israele con te nelle mani de' Filistei: domane tu, e i tuoi figliuoli sarete con me: e anche il campo d'Israele darà il Signore in preda a' Filistei.And our Lord wil geue Israel also with thee into the handes of the Philistijms: and to morow thou and thy sonnes shal be with me: yea the campe also of Israel wil our Lord deliuer into the handes of the Philisthijms.Et dabit Dominus etiam Israël tecum in manus Philisthiim: cras autem tu et filii tui mecum eritis: sed et castra Israël tradet Dominus in manus Philisthiim. 20And forthwith Saul fell all along on the ground; for he was frightened with the words of Samuel, and there was no strength in him, for he had eaten no bread all that day.Subitamente cadde Saul per terra disteso: perocché si sbigottì alle parole di Samuele ed era senza forze, non avendo preso cibo per tutto quel giorno.And forthwith Saul fel stretched forth on the ground, for he feared much the wordes of Samuel, and there was no strength in him, because he had not eaten bread al that day.Statimque Saul cecidit porrectus in terram: extimuerat enim verba Samuelis, et robur non erat in eo, quia non comederat panem tota die illa. 21And the woman came to Saul, (for he was very much troubled) and said to him: Behold thy handmaid hath obeyed thy voice, and I have put my life in my hand: and I hearkened unto the words which thou spokest to me.Ma quella donna tornò a trovar Saul, che era turbato altamente, e gli disse: Ecco che la tua serva ha ubbidito alla tua parola, e ho messa in pericolo la mia vita, e ho prestato fede a quel che tu mi hai detto.That woman therefore went vnto Saul (for he was very much trubled) and sayd to him: Behold thy handmaide hath obeied thy voice, and I haue put my life in my hand: and I heard the wordes, which thou spakest to me.Ingressa est itaque mulier illa ad Saul (conturbatus enim erat valde), dixitque ad eum: Ecce obedivit ancilla tua voci tuæ, et posui animam meam in manu mea: et audivi sermones tuos, quos locutus es ad me. 22Now therefore, I pray thee, hearken thou also to the voice of thy handmaid, and let me set before thee a morsel of bread, that thou mayst eat and recover strength, and be able to go on thy journey.Adesso adunque ascolta anche tu la voce della tua serva, e io ti porrò davanti un pezzo di pane, onde ripigli le forze col mangiare, e possi far tuo viaggio.Now therefore heare thou also the voice of thy handmaide, and I wil set before thee a morsel of bread, that eating thou mayest recouer strength, and be able to goe on thy iourney.Nunc igitur audi et tu vocem ancillæ tuæ, et ponam coram te buccellam panis, ut comedens convalescas, et possis iter agere.
23But he refused, and said: I will not eat. But his servants and the woman forced him, and at length hearkening to their voice, he arose from the ground, and sat upon the bed.Ma egli negò, e disse: Non mangerò. I suoi servi però e la donna gli fecero violenza, e finalmente facendo a modo loro si alzò da terra, e si pose a sedere sul letto.Who refused, and sayd: I wil not eate. But his seruantes and the woman forced him, and at length hearing their voice, he arose from the ground, and sate vpon the bed.Qui renuit, et ait: Non comedam. Coëgerunt autem eum servi sui et mulier, et tandem audita voce eorum surrexit de terra, et sedit super lectum. 24Now the woman had a fatted calf in the house, and she made haste and killed it: and taking meal, kneaded it, and baked some unleavened bread,Or la donna aveva in casa un vitello di serbatoio, e andò in fretta, e lo uccise, e presa della farina la impastò, e ne fece pane senza lievito;And that woman had a pasture fed calfe in the house, and she made hast, and killed him: and taking meale kneded it, and baked azimes,Mulier autem illa habebat vitulum pascualem in domo, et festinavit, et occidit eum: tollensque farinam, miscuit eam, et coxit azyma, 25And set it before Saul, and before his servants. And when they had eaten they rose up, and walked all that night.E lo pose davanti a Saul e a' suoi servi. Ed eglino mangiato che ebbero si partirono, e camminarono tutta notte.and sette before Saul, and before his seruantes, who when they had eaten rose vp, and walked al that night.et posuit ante Saul et ante servos ejus. Qui cum comedissent, surrexerunt, et ambulaverunt per totam noctem illam.
28:1
Year of the World 2949, Year before Christ 1055.
Salien
Israel. God made use of the ill-will of the Philistines to punish Saul, and to make way for David to the throne. (Salien)
Calmet
Each of the five lords brought their armies into the field, where they were united. Achis, placing the greatest confidence in David, requires his attendance. (Calmet)
28:2
Haydock
Do; or "can do." Thou wilt be convinced of my valour and fidelity. (Haydock)
Calmet
But could David lawfully fight against his brethren? or could he desert Achis in the heat of the engagement? His answer is ambiguous. (Calmet)
Salien
He prudently committed his cause into the hands of Providence, resolved to do nothing contrary to his duty, and to abide by God's decision, in this critical juncture, so that Cajetan blames him unjustly. (Salien; Menochius; Tirinus)
Guard. Septuagint, "captain of my body guard."
28:3
Haydock
Samuel. His death is here recorded, as well as the abolition of magic, to explain what follows, when Saul, not being able to obtain an answer from God, as his prophet had been withdrawn in anger, had recourse to the devil. (Haydock)
Land, while he reigned virtuously, (Menochius) according to the law, Leviticus 19:31., and Deuteronomy 18:11.
28:4
28:5
Salien
Dismayed. It was so numerous, while his own conscience upbraided him with being at enmity with God, who increased his fears. (Salien)
28:6
Dreams. During which God often revealed his will. See Deuteronomy 13:3.
Calmet
Priests. Hebrew, "nor by Urim." It seems Saul had appointed some priests, and had fabricated a fresh ephod, with the Urim, etc., after the departure of Abiathar. (Calmet)
Haydock
But Salien calls this in question, and there might neither be priests nor prophets for Saul to consult. (Haydock)
Menochius
God despised a man, who had slain so many of his sacred ministers. (Menochius)
28:7
Dickenson
Spirit. Hebrew, "an ob," or vessel distended, as such impostors seemed to swell at the presence of the spirit. Septuagint, "a belly talker." They endeavour to speak from that part. We read of some who, without magic, have possessed the art in great perfection, so as to deceive the company, and make them think that some one was calling them from a great distance; as was the case with one Farming in England, 1645. (Dickenson, C. 9.)
Virgil
Brodeus mentions that the valet of Francis I could thus counterfeit the speech of people deceased, and by these means prevailed upon a rich young woman to marry him, and a banker of Lyons to give him a large sum of money. James Rodoginus, a possessed person in Italy, 1513, could make articulate sounds from the hollow of his belly, when his lips and nostrils were closed up. The oracles of idols were generally given in a low tone, as if they proceeded from the earth. Submissi petimus terram et vox fertur ad aures. (Virgil)
Calmet
Those of Apollo were the most famous, and hence a divining spirit is called a Python. Saul must have been stupidly blind, thus to depend on what he had formerly banished with such care. (Calmet)
Menochius
He flattered himself that some would still be left, especially among the women, who are most addicted to superstition, as well as to religion. (Menochius)
Adrichomius
Endor was distant from Gelboe about four hours' walk. (Adrichomius)
Salien
But Saul made a long circuit to avoid the enemy. (Salien, 5:20.)
28:8
Calmet
Clothes, that he might not fill the woman or his army with dismay. (Calmet)
28:10
Saline[Salien?]
Thing. He adds this crime of swearing unjustly, to all the rest. (Saline[Salien?])
28:11
Calmet
Samuel. Here we behold the antiquity of necromancy, which is a proof that people believed the soul's immortality; animas responsa daturas. (Horace, 1:sat. 8.) (Calmet)
Worthington
Protestants sometimes deny (Haydock) that souls appear again, contrary to this history and Matthew xvii. (St. Augustine) (Worthington)
28:12
Salien
Woman. The Rabbins pretend that she was Abner's mother, (Calmet) which is extremely improbable, as he was of the tribe of Benjamin, and a man of such renown. (Salien)
Bellarmine
Theodoret follows their opinion, in supposing that the woman was startled, because Samuel appeared in a standing posture, and not with his feet upwards, or lying down on his back, as in a coffin, which they say (Calmet) is the usual manner of spirits appearing to people of her character. (Bellarmine, Purgat. 2:6.)
Calmet
She cried out, because he appeared before she had begun her incantations, and was arrayed like a priest, according to Josephus, (Haydock) in great majesty, or she pretended to see him, the better to impose upon the king; for some think that all was a delusion. (Calmet)
Menochius
Saul. This she learnt either from Samuel, (Josephus) or from her familiar spirit. (Menochius)
28:13
Worthington
Gods, or one venerable and divine personage. (Worthington)
Calmet
Elohim, is applied to Samuel for greater honour. It is a title given to the true God, to idols, and people in dignity. (Calmet)
28:14
Challoner
Understood that it was Samuel. It is the more common opinion of the holy fathers, and interpreters, that the soul of Samuel appeared indeed; and not, as some have imagined, an evil spirit in his shape. Not that the power of her magic could bring him thither, but that God was pleased for the punishment of Saul, that Samuel himself should denounce unto him the evils that were falling upon him. See Ecclesiasticus 46:23. (Challoner)
Haydock
The passage is decisive; (Tirinus) he slept and he made known to the king, and shewed him the end of his life, and he lifted up his voice from the earth, in prophecy, etc. Those who have called in question the reality of Samuel's apparition, seem not to have remembered this passage. (Haydock)
Tirinus
Yet his soul was not united to his body, (Salien) nor was he adduced by the power of the devil, but (Du Hamel) by a just judgment of God, to denounce destruction to the wicked king. (St. Augustine, etc.) (Tirinus)
The woman, beholding Samuel, fled out of the place, to Saul's companions, and left him alone with the king, ver. 21.
Salien
Adored Samuel with an inferior honour, as the friend of God, exalted in glory. (Salien)
Worthington
That Samuel really appeared, is the more common opinion of the fathers. (St. Augustine, Cura. xv.) (Worthington)
28:15
Haydock
Up. To inform a person of something very terrible, is distressing; and though the saints deceased cannot partake in the afflictions of mortals, yet we read that "the angels of peace will weep, but they will approve of the just sentence of the judge" against the reprobate. (Haydock)
Calmet
The Scripture language conforms itself to the opinions of the people, who thought that such avocations disturbed the soul's repose. Hence the fathers at [the Synod of] Elvira (Canon xxxi.) forbid "the lighting of wax candles in church-yards during the day, for the spirits of the saints are not to be disquieted." Isaias (xiv. 9,) represents hell all in commotion, at the approach of the king of Babylon. These expressions are figurative. (Calmet)
28:16
Haydock
Rival. How vain is it to expect that a prophet can give an answer, when the Lord is silent! Hebrew, "is become thy enemy." (Haydock)
28:17
Calmet
To thee. Hebrew, "to him." This was only a repetition of what Samuel had before denounced, 1 Kings 15:28. If the evil spirit spoke this, he was not guilty of falsehood, no more than [in] Matthew 8:29. (Calmet)
Haydock
But would he dare so often to repeat the name of the Lord? (Haydock)
Worthington
Could he know what would happen to Saul, etc., the next day? (Worthington)
28:19
Calmet
To-morrow. Usher supposes some days afterwards. But all might take place the day after this was spoken. (Calmet)
Haydock
Sons, except Isboseth, who enjoyed, for a time, part of his father's kingdom. (Haydock)
Challoner
With me. That is, in the state of the dead, and in another world, though not in the same place. (Challoner)
28:20
Haydock
Day, through excessive anguish. (Haydock)
Salien
He fainted away; upon which his attendants and the woman rushed in. (Salien)
28:21
Hand, in the most imminent danger. See Judges 12:3.
28:24
Haydock
The generosity of this woman deserves commendation. (Josephus, [Antiquities?] 6:15.) (Haydock)
28:14
Understood that it was Samuel.... It is the more common opinion of the holy fathers, and interpreters, that the soul of Samuel appeared indeed: and not, as some have imagined, an evil spirit in his shape. Not that the power of her magic could bring him thither, but that God was pleased for the punishment of Saul, that Samuel himself should denounce unto him the evils that were falling upon him. See Eccli. 46.23.
28:19
With me.... That is, in the state of the dead, and in another world, though not in the same place.
28:13
Not manie but one excellent person, an old man come lie in apparel. Saul adored not Samuel with diuine honour, but with dulia, reuerencedue to a blessed soule.
28:14
14. Saul vnderstood that it vvas Samuel.] It is not defined nor certaine, whetherthe soule of Samuel appeared, or an euil spirit tooke his shape, and spake to Saul. S. Augustin (li. 2. q. 3. ad Simplician) proposeth both the opinions as S. Augustin: opinion whether Samuele soule appeared, or no. probable. VVhere first he sheweth, that Samuels soule might appeare; either brought thither by the euil spirite, which is not so much to be merueled at, as that our Lord and Sauiour suffered him self to be sette vpon the pinnacle of the temple, and to be caried into a high mountaine by the diuel; yea to be taken prisoner, bound, whipped, and crucified, by the diuels ministers: or els that the spirite of the holie prophet, was not raised by force of the inchantment, or anie powre of the diuel, but by Gods secrete ordinance vnknowen to the pythonical woman, and to Saul, and so appeared in the kings presence, and stroke him with diuine sentence Againe he answereth, that there may be a more easie and readie sense of this place, to wit, that Samuels spirite (or soule) was not in deede raised, but an imaginarie illusion made by the diuels inchantment, which semed to be Samuel, and which the Scripture calleth by the name of Samuel, as pictures or images are commonly called those persons or thinges, More probable that his verie soule appeared, not compelled by the euil spirite but obeying Gods secrete ordinance. which they represent. So when we behold pictures in a table, or on a wal, we say, this is Cicero, that is Salust, that Achilles, that is Rome. To this effect S. Augustin discourseth more at large in the place before cited. But in an other worke written after (de cura pro mortuis gerenda. c. 15.) teaching that soules of the dead appeare sometimes to the liuing, he saieth expresly, Samuel the prophet being dead, foretold suture thinges to King Saul yet liuing. Though some be of opinion (saieth he) that Samuel himself appeared not, but some euil spirit tooke his similitude.
And this last iudgement of S. Augustin is much confirmed; first by the wordes of this text, literally and plainly affirming that Samuel appeared, and spake First proose. to Saul, and Saul to him. and that Saul vnderstood (or•nevv, not only thought, imagined, or supposed) that it vvas Samuel. Secondly, this apparition came sooner, preuenting the inchantment, and in better order, then the pithonical 2 woman expected, as appeareth by her answer, saying she saw God (or an excellent person) ascending in comelie maner and attyre: whereas euil spirites vsed to appeare (as the Rabbins testifie) in vglie bodies, with the heeles into the ayer, and head downward. Thirdly, the Author of Ecclestasticus (ch. 46.) amongst the prayses of Samuel the prophet, saieth, he slept, (or died) and certified 3 the King, and shevved to him, the end of his life. VVhere it semeth clere, that the same person that died, denounced Gods wil and sentence to Saul. Moreouer if it had bene an illusion of an euil spirite, it would hardly seme anie praise at al. Fourthly, the diuel could not naturally foretel that Saul and his sonnes, 4 with manie of the people should be slaine the next day, and Dauid reigne after him: neither is it probable, that God reueiled such secretes to euil spirites, wherby men might take more occasion to folow nicromancie. Fiftly, most Fathers and Doctors are of the same iudgement. S. Iustinus Martyr. • to. •. pag. 210. Dialogo cum Triphone. S. Basil. Epist. 80. ad Eustathium. S. Ambrose li. 1. in Luc. 1. S. Hierom. in Isaiae. 7. Iosephus li. 6. c. 15. Antiq. and manie other old and late writers. The chiefest argument for the other opinion is the authoritie of Tertullian. li. de anima. Procopius and Eucherius vpon this place. and the vncertaine authors, Questionum apud Iustinum. q. 52. lib. de mirabil. Sac. Script. and Quest. vet. Testamenti, q. 27. apud Augustinum, tomo. 3. et. 4. As for the Protestantes denying, that soules once parted from their bodies, can appeare to anie aliue, S. Augustin confuteth them, both by this example of Samuel, supposing the Soules sometimes appeare after death. loco 〈◊〉 tat•. booke of Ecclesiasticus to be Canonical Scripture, and of Moyses being dead, and Elias yet liuing (whom they hold also to be dead) both appearing with Christ in his transfiguration. Mat. 17.
•iadag• cognouit Luevv.
28:19
In state of the dead in an other world, not in the same particular state.
28:3
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Reply to Faustus the Manichæan 22.65
… Thus, although Saul was blameworthy, it was not the less praiseworthy in him to examine so carefully who had eaten food during the curse, and to pronounce the stern sentence in obedience to the commandment of God. So, too, he was right in banishing those that had familiar spirits and wizards out of the land.
28:6
Tertullian † AD 220 A Treatise on the Soul 57
… And I suppose that they can do so under cover of a lying wonder. For, indeed, it was no less than this that was anciently permitted to the Pythonic (or ventriloquistic) spirit —even to represent the soul of Samuel, when Saul consulted the dead, after (losing the living) God.
28:7
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 On Christian Doctrine 2.23
… the ground that those who profess them speak lies, but it says, “Even if what they tell you should come to pass, hearken not unto them.” For though the ghost of the dead Samuel foretold the truth to King Saul, that does not make such sacrilegious observances as those by which his ghost was brought up the less detestable; and though the ventriloquist woman
28:8
St John Chrysostom † AD 407 Homilies on Titus 3
… ( Acts xvi. 17 .) And why did Christ hinder the devils from speaking of Him? In this case there was reason, since the miracles were going on. For here it was not a star that proclaimed Him, but He Himself; and the demons again were not worshiped
28:11
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 On Care to Be Had for the Dead 18
… Moreover, that some from the dead are sent to the living, as, on the other hand, Paul from the living was rapt into Paradise, divine Scripture doth testify. For Samuel the Prophet, appearing to Saul when living, predicted even what should befall the king:
28:12
St Justin Martyr † AD 165 Dialogue with Trypho 105
… so that, when we arrive at the end of life, we may ask the same petition from God, who is able to turn away every shameless evil angel from taking our souls. And that the souls survive, I have shown
St Methodius † AD 311 From the Discourse on the Resurrection, Part III 2
… If, then, any one of those who have fallen asleep is recorded as having appeared, in the same way he has been seen in the form which he had when he was in the flesh. Besides, when Samuel appeared, it is clear that, being seen, he was clothed in a body;
28:13
St Basil the Great † AD 379 The Letters 189
… “Let the gods,” it is written, “who have not made heaven and earth, be taken away, and cast beneath the earth;” and again, “the gods of the nations are idols.” And the witch, when she called up the required spirits for Saul, is said to have seen gods.
St Gregory of Nyssa † AD 395 On the Holy Trinity, and of the Godhead of the Holy Spirit 1
… For it says, “Let the gods that have not made the heavens and the earth perish, and be cast down beneath the earth ”; and, “all the gods of the heathen are devils ”; and the witch in her incantations, when she brings up for Saul the spirits that he sought for, says that she “saw gods
St Jerome † AD 420 The Letters of St. Jerome 97.1
… Where now is the yelping of those shameless hounds who, to win over the simple minded, falsely proclaimed our adherence to their cause? Crushed by the authority and eloquence of Theophilus they are now like demon-spirits only able to mutter and that from out of the earth.
28:14
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 Letters of St. Augustin 158.6
… For the angels themselves, if they were not numbered by bodies of some kind which they have, could not be called many, as they are by the Truth Himself when He said in the gospel, “I could pray the Father, and He will presently give me twelve legions of angels.” Again it is certain that Samuel was seen in the body when he was raised at the request of Saul;
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 A Treatise on the Soul and its Origin 4.29
… Have you not yourself said (and with perfect truth): “Aliments and vestments are not wanted by the soul, but only by the body”? Why, then, did the rich man in hell crave for the drop of water? Why did holy Samuel appear after his death (as you have yourself noticed) clothed in his usual garments?
28:15
St John Chrysostom † AD 407 The Homilies of St. John Chrysostom 59
… And that miserable man, for instance, until David departed, burst not forth into that piteous cry, bewail ing himself and saying, “I am sore distressed, and the Philistines make war against me, and the Lord is departed from me.”
28:2
2. NOW YOU SHALL KNOW WHAT YOUR SERVANT WILL DO. — David here speaks ambiguously, lest he offend King Achish and bring himself into danger of his life. For he did not intend truly to fight with Achish against his own Israelites; for it would have been impious to wage war against his own country and God's people: nor did he wish to avenge himself upon Saul; hence when he was slain, David grieved greatly at his death. Thus Abulensis.
28:3
3. AND SAUL REMOVED THE MAGICIANS — because God had commanded it, Leviticus 19 and 20. Saul did this at the beginning of his reign, says Abulensis. You will say: Saul consulted the Pythoness; why therefore did he kill the magicians? Justin Martyr: "He removed the diviners, hoping by this deed to placate God, so that He would revoke His sentence, which deprived him of the kingdom: not because he hated the crime of the diviners, but because he loved the kingdom."
28:6
6. AND HE ANSWERED HIM NOT, NEITHER BY DREAMS, NOR BY PRIESTS. — In Hebrew, neither by Urim, that is by the priest clothed in the Rational in which were the Urim. God would not answer Saul because of his disobedience and impiety, by which he had killed the priests and persecuted David. Wherefore Saul, seeing himself spurned by God, fled to the Python, that is to the devil, according to that saying: "If I cannot bend the powers above, I will move Acheron."
28:7
7. AND SAUL SAID TO HIS SERVANTS: SEEK FOR ME A WOMAN THAT HAS A PYTHON, — that is a familiar demon, whom the Septuagint call engastrimython, that is a ventriloquist, who namely spoke from the belly of the woman as if from a wineskin (for this is what the Hebrew ob signifies). Hence Apollo was called Pythius, because he gave forth oracles, and his ministers and ministresses were called Pythii and Pythonissae. Hence again "Python" signifies any kind of divination, whether it be done through necromancy and the raising of the dead, as here was done through the raising of Samuel, or through sortilege, or through incantations.
28:11
11. RAISE UP SAMUEL FOR ME. — You will ask whether the Samuel whom the Pythonness raised up was truly Samuel? Many deny it, thinking it was a demon or phantom. Thus Procopius, Theodoret, Rupert, Tertullian, Cyril, Bede and others. More truly, many others and weightier authorities affirm it, because the following passages clearly signify this, and more clearly Ecclesiasticus, chapter 46, verse 23, where among the praises of Samuel it assigns this, that after death he prophesied: "He lifted up his voice from the earth in prophecy, to cause sins to cease." And this is the opinion of Abulensis, Lyran, Cajetan, St. Augustine, Basil, Gregory of Nazianzus, Josephus, Justin Martyr, St. Ambrose, St. Jerome, St. Thomas, Suarez and Bellarmine.
28:12
12. WHEN THE WOMAN HAD SEEN SAMUEL. — God prevented the incantations of the Pythonness, which are wont to be tedious and lengthy, lest Samuel, raised up by their force, should appear to be summoned: therefore immediately upon Saul's request Samuel stood before her. For this reason the woman, troubled, cried out. She was troubled and cried out, because she saw that Samuel had come before her incantations, and stood before her not yet called: for by his venerable and august appearance he struck the Pythonness with fear.
28:13
13. I SAW GODS ASCENDING OUT OF THE EARTH. — "Gods," that is "God." For in Hebrew it is Elohim, that is God, that is a certain divine man, namely Samuel: for him alone she saw, as is evident from what follows.
28:15
15. WHY HAST THOU DISQUIETED ME THAT I SHOULD BE RAISED UP? — that is, why were you not the cause, but the occasion that I should be raised up? for the proper cause, and that efficacious, of Samuel's raising up was God. Moreover, Samuel says he was disquieted by Saul, because he was moved and angered by the indignity of the manner in which Saul attempted to raise him up through magic.
28:19
19. TOMORROW THOU AND THY SONS SHALL BE WITH ME, — in the other age and life, namely among the dead, but not in the same part and place of hell, as if to say: You and your sons shall die and be added to the dead, and shall be with me in the place and state of the dead, but in unequal lot and abode: for I am in limbo, you shall descend to gehenna. "For Saul the wicked is not in the same place where Jonathan the good merited to be received," says Bede.
28:21
21. THE WOMAN THEREFORE ENTERED IN. — Hence Abulensis probably opines that the Pythonness was not present in that place and time when Saul was speaking with Samuel, because Saul did not wish anyone to hear him speaking with him. Therefore, Samuel departing, and his conversation with Saul being finished, the Pythonness entered into the place where Saul was. AND I HAVE PUT MY LIFE IN MY HAND, — that is, I exposed myself to the danger of death, as a sorceress raising up Samuel: for I knew that Saul had killed all the magicians.
Machine translation from the Latin, not reviewed.
28:4
before the battle against Saul on Mount Gilboa (1 Sam. 28:4). It was the homeland of Abishag (1 Kings 1:3), of the pious woman whose son Elisha raised from the dead (2 Kings 4:8, 12; 8:1), and of the Shulammite (Song 7:1; Gk. Σουνταξίτης). …
28:5
… At the express request of his people, Yahweh institutes prophetism (Deut. 15, 22; v. A. Clamer, in h. l., in L. Pirot, La ste Bible, II [1946], pp. 633-35). Again out of condescension, to remove them from the temptation to turn to soothsayers and mediums (I Sam. 28, 5-20; II Reg. 1, 1-14, etc.), he authorizes them to consult him himself by means of the ephod (I Sam. 23, 6-13; 30, 6-8) and of the úrim and tumulm (Num. 27, 21, etc.; v. A. Clamer, …
28:6
… He died very old (ibid. 25:1), and, after death, appeared to Saul, who wished to know the outcome of the battle of Gilboa, foretelling to him defeat and death (ibid. 28:6-19).
URIM AND THUMMIM. - Mysterious objects used in ancient Israel to cast the sacred lots (I Sam. 28:6). The most probable meaning of the two names is "light" and "integrity," but it remains doubtful to what the two names referred (the guilt or innocence of an individual? cf. I Sam. …
28:7
… necromancer, to whom Saul, having himself brought there by night and in disguise, asked that she summon Samuel: the shade of the dead prophet appeared and confirmed to Saul the ancient prediction, to which he added that of the imminent catastrophe of Israel (1 Sam. 28:7-24).
… King Saul obtains the response of the deceased prophet Samuel (I Sam. 28:7-20) by means of a necromancer (ba'alath 'ōbh "mistress of a spirit": 'ōbh is the spirit of a dead person); Samuel appears as "a god (spirit) rising from the earth." Saul venerates him …
28:8
"The souls, held to be the most vital part of man, something that survived the dissolution of the body, a kind of reduction of the human being, but which preserved its personality intact (cf. I Sam. 28, 8-20), these souls all descended into šē'ōl, where their lot was not determined by any judgment" (M. J. Lagrange, Le judaïsme [v. bibl.], p. 345). It is impossible in fact to understand …
Saul (Heb. Šāʾūl "Obtained with Prayer")
… him (ibid. 19, 1-27, 12). As a decisive attack by the Philistines in the plain of Jezreel was imminent, having been unable to obtain a response from God, S. consulted a necromancer at Endor, who evoked the shade of Samuel, who predicted the defeat (ibid. 28, 8-23). The next day Israel was routed by the Philistines at Aphek on Gilboa, and with many others 3 sons of S. fell (Jonathan, Abinadab, Malchishua); S. threw himself upon his spear (ibid. …
Vision (Mystical Intellectual Phenomenon)
… Therefore all those are to be rejected which are obtained through magic and spiritistic rites, of persons or things, of the living or the dead, such as necromantic evocations (1 Sam. 28:8-21), as already those of the ancient divinities, which manifested themselves to anyone who went to consult them. …
28:15
appears distinct, to the "evil spirit" (opposed to the "spirit of Yahweh" which abandons Saul when the latter breaks [with him]: 1 Sam. 16:14-16; 18:10-12; 19:9; 26:19; 28:15-16), referred to divine causality by virtue of an absolute theocentrism; the "evil spirit" works as a spirit of discord (Judg. 9:23), is a "lying spirit" that impels one to transgress …
28:24
Unleavened (Greek: ἀζημός, from privative α and ζῆν, «without leaven»; Hebrew: maṣṣāḥ, pl. maṣṣōth)
UNLEAVENED BREAD (ἀζημός, from à priv. and ζῆν, "without leaven"; Heb. maṣṣāh, plur. maṣṣōth). - The Old Testament alludes to unleavened bread on the occasion of hasty flight (Gen. 19, 3; Ex. 12, 34; I Sam. 28, 24); this circumstance caused the use of unleavened bread in Israel's flight from Egypt (Ex. 12, 8-18; 13, 3; Deut. 16, 3). In remembrance of this, the law of eating unleavened bread …
Douay-Rheims (Challoner) · Vulgata Clementina · original Douay-Rheims (Douay 1609-10), transcription by EEBO-TCP (CC0) · La Sacra Bibbia, tradotta dalla Volgata da Antonio Martini (1769-1781) (LaParola (laparola.net), Martini OSIS text, Public domain (LaParola's electronic edition marks it 'Dominio pubblico')). Public domain.