Joram’s wicked reign: his punishment and death.
CHAP: XXI. Iosaphat dieth, and Ioram succeding killeth his owne brethren, and some other chiefe men. 6. reigneth wickedly. 8. Edom, and Lobua reuolt from him. 12. Elias by letters forwarneth him of plagues, 16. which falling vpon him, he dieth after two yeares languishing, and horrible disease.
1And Josaphat slept with his fathers, and was buried with them in the city of David: and Joram his son reigned in his stead.E Josaphat si addormentò co' padri suoi, e fu sepolto con essi nella città di David: e gli succedette nel regno Joram suo figliuolo.AND Iosaphat slept with his fathers, & was buried with them in the Citie of Dauid: and Ioram his sonne reigned for him.Dormivit autem Josaphat cum patribus suis, et sepultus est cum eis in civitate David: regnavitque Joram filius ejus pro eo. 2And he had brethren the sons of Josaphat, Azarias, and Jahiel, and Zacharias, and Azaria, and Michael, and Saphatias, all these were the sons of Josaphat king of Juda.E i suoi fratelli, figliuoli di Josaphat, furono Azaria, e Jahiel e Zacharia, e Azaria, e Michael, e Saphatia: tutti questi figliuoli di Josaphat re di Giuda.Who had brethren the sonnes of Iosaphat, Azarias, and Iahiel, and Zacharias, and Azarias, and Michael, and Saphatias. al these were the sonnes of Iosaphat the king of Iuda.Qui habuit fratres filios Josaphat, Azariam, et Jahiel, et Zachariam, et Azariam, et Michaël, et Saphatiam: omnes hi filii Josaphat regis Juda. 3And their father gave them great gifts of silver, and of gold, and pensions, with strong cities in Juda: but the kingdom he gave to Joram, because he was the eldest.E il padre loro diede ad essi molti doni in oro, e argento, e delle entrate, e delle città fortissime in Giuda: ma il regno lo diede a Joram, perchè egli era il primogenito.And their father gaue them manie giftes of siluer, and of gold, and pensions, with the most fensed cities in Iuda: but the kingdom he deliuered to Ioram, because he was the first begotten.Deditque eis pater suus multa munera argenti et auri, et pensitationes, cum civitatibus munitissimis in Juda: regnum autem tradidit Joram, eo quod esset primogenitus. 4So Joram rose up over the kingdom of his father: and when he had established himself, he slew all his brethren with the sword, and some of the princes of Israel.Joram pertanto prese possesso del regno del padre suo: e quando ebbe stabilita la sua autorità, fece morir di spada tutti i suoi fratelli, e alcuni dei principi d'Israele.And Ioram rose ouer the kingdom of his father: and when he had established himself, he slew al his brethren with the sword, and certain of the princes of Israel.Surrexit ergo Joram super regnum patris sui: cumque se confirmasset, occidit omnes fratres suos gladio, et quosdam de principibus Israël. 5Joram was two and thirty years old when he began to reign: and he reigned eight years in Jerusalem.Trentadue anni avea Joram quando cominciò a regnare: e regnò otto anni in Gerusalemme.Two and thirtie yeare old was Ioram when he began to reigne: and he reigned eight yeares in Ierusalem.Triginta duorum annorum erat Joram cum regnare cœpisset, et octo annis regnavit in Jerusalem.
6And he walked in the ways of the kings of Israel, as the house of Achab had done: for his wife was a daughter of Achab, and he did evil in the sight of the Lord.E camminò per le vie dei re d'Israele, come avea fatto la casa di Achab: perocché egli avea per moglie una figliuola di Achab, ed ei fece il male nel cospetto del Signore.And he walked in the waies of the kinges of Israel, as the house of Achab had done: for Achabs daughter was his wife, and he did euil in the sight of our Lord.Ambulavitque in viis regum Israël, sicut egerat domus Achab: filia quippe Achab erat uxor ejus: et fecit malum in conspectu Domini. 7But the Lord would not destroy the house of David: because of the covenant which he had made with him: and because he had promised to give a lamp to him, and to his sons for ever.Con tutto ciò il Signore non volle sperdere la casa di David a causa dell'alleanza fatta con lui: e perchè avea promesso di lasciare a lui, e a' suoi figliuoli una facella in ogni tempo.But our Lord would not destroy the house of Dauid for the couenant, which he had made with him: and because he had promised that he would geue him a lampe, and to his sonnes for euer.Noluit autem Dominus disperdere domum David propter pactum quod inierat cum eo: et quia promiserat ut daret ei lucernam, et filiis ejus omni tempore. 8In those days Edom revolted, from being subject to Juda, and made themselves a king.In quel tempo Edom si ribellò, e si sottrasse dalla soggezione di Giuda, e si creò un re.In those daies Edom rebelled, from being subiect to Iuda, and made them selues a king.In diebus illis rebellavit Edom, ne esset subditus Judæ, et constituit sibi regem. 9And Joram went over with his princes, and all his cavalry with him, and rose in the night, and defeated the Edomites who had surrounded him, and all the captains of his cavalry.E Joram portatosi colà co' suoi capitani, e con tutta la cavalleria, che teneva seco, di notte assalì, e sconfisse gl'Idumei, e tutti i capitani della loro cavalleria, i quali lo aveano circondato.And when Ioram had passed with his princes, and al the horsemen, that were with him, he rose in the night, and stroke Edom, which had compassed him, and al the captaynes of his horsemen.Cumque transisset Joram cum principibus suis, et cuncto equitatu qui erat secum, surrexit nocte, et percussit Edom, qui se circumdederat, et omnes duces equitatus ejus. 10However Edom revolted, from being under the dominion of Juda unto this day: at that time Lobna also revolted, from being under his hand. For he had forsaken the Lord the God of his fathers.Con tutto ciò l'Idumea fu ribelle, e si sottrasse all'impero di Giuda, com'è anche in oggi. In quel tempo anche Lobna si ritiro dalla ubbidienza di lui: perchè egli avea abbandonato il Signore Dio de' padri suoi.But yet Edom rebelled, from being vnder the dominion of Iuda vntil this day: at that time Lobna also reuolted, from being vnder his hand. For he had forsaken our Lord the God of their fathers:Attamen rebellavit Edom, ne esset sub ditione Juda usque ad hanc diem: eo tempore et Lobna recessit ne esset sub manu illius. Dereliquerat enim Dominum Deum patrum suorum:
11Moreover he built also high places in the cities of Juda, and he made the inhabitants of Jerusalem to commit fornication, and Juda to transgress.Egli oltre a ciò fece ergere de' luoghi eccelsi nella città di Giuda, e indusse gli abitanti di Gerusalemme all'idolatria, e Giuda ad essere peccatore.moreouer he built also excelses in the cities of Iuda, and he made the inhabitantes of Ierusalem to fornicate, and Iuda to transgresse.insuper et excelsa fabricatus est in urbibus Juda, et fornicari fecit habitatores Jerusalem, et prævaricari Judam. 12And there was a letter brought him from Eliseus the prophet, in which it was written: Thus saith the Lord the God of David thy father: Because thou hast not walked in the ways of Josaphat thy father nor in the ways of Asa king of Juda,Or fu recata a lui una lettera di Elia profeta, nella quale stava scritto: Queste cose dice il Signore Dio di David padre tuo: Perché tu non hai battute le vie di Josaphat tuo padre, né le vie di Asa re di Giuda,And there were letters brought him from Elias the prophete, in which was Writen: Thus sayth our Lord the God of Dauid thy father: Because thou hast not walked in the waies of Iosaphat thy father, & in the waies of Asa the king of Iuda,Allatæ sunt autem ei litteræ ab Elia propheta, in quibus scriptum erat: Hæc dicit Dominus Deus David patris tui: Quoniam non ambulasti in viis Josaphat patris tui, et in viis Asa regis Juda, 13But hast walked in the ways of the kings of Israel, and hast made Juda and the inhabitants of Jerusalem to commit fornication, imitating the fornication of the house of Achab, moreover also thou hast killed thy brethren, the house of thy father, better men than thyself,Ma se' andato dietro ai re d'Israele, e hai indotti a idolatrare Giuda, e gli abitanti di Gerusalemme imitando l'idolatria della casa di Achab, e di più hai messi a morte i tuoi fratelli, stirpe del padre tuo, migliori di te:but hast gone by the waies of the kinges of Israel, and hast made Iuda to fornicate, and the inhabitantes of Ierusalem, hauing imitated the fornication of the house of Achab, moreouer also hast killed thy brethren, the house of thy father, better men then thou:sed incessisti per iter regum Israël, et fornicari fecisti Judam et habitatores Jerusalem, imitatus fornicationem domus Achab, insuper et fratres tuos, domum patris tui, meliores te, occidisti: 14Behold the Lord will strike thee with a great plague, with all thy people, and thy children, and thy wives, and all thy substance.Ecco che il Signore ti percuoterà con aspro flagello insieme col popol tuo, e co' tuoi figliuoli, e colle tue mogli, e con tutto quello, che a te appartiene:behold our Lord wil strike thee with a great plague with al thy people, and children, and thy wiues, and al thy substance.ecce Dominus percutiet te plaga magna cum populo tuo, et filiis, et uxoribus tuis, universaque substantia tua.
15And thou shalt be sick of a very grievous disease of thy bowels, till thy vital parts come out by little and little every day.E tu ti ammalerai di malattia pessima nel tuo ventre a segno tale, che usciran fuora a poco a poco ogni dì le tue viscere.And thou shalt be sicke of a very sore disease of thy bealie, til thy vital partes come forth by litle and litle euerie day.Tu autem ægrotabis pessimo languore uteri tui, donec egrediantur vitalia tua paulatim per singulos dies. 16And the Lord stirred up against Joram the spirit of the Philistines, and of the Arabians, who border on the Ethiopians.Signore adunque risvegliò contro Joram lo spirito de' Filistei, e degli Arabi, che confinano cogli Etiopi:Our Lord therfore raised vp agaynst Ioram the spirit of the Philisthianes, and of the Arabians, which are borderers to the Aethiopians.Suscitavit ergo Dominus contra Joram spiritum Philisthinorum, et Arabum qui confines sunt Æthiopibus: 17And they came up into the land of Juda, and wasted it, and they carried away all the substance that was found in the king’s house, his sons also, and his wives: so that there was no son left him but Joachaz, who was the youngest.Ed entrarono nella terra di Giuda, e la devastarono, e portaron via tutto quello, che trovarono nella casa del re, e anche i suoi figliuoli, e le mogli: e non gli rimase altro figliuolo, se non Joachaz, che era il più piccolo di età.and they went vp into the Land of Iuda, and wasted it, and they spoyled al the substance, that was found in the kinges house, moreouer also his sonnes, and wiues: neither was there a sonne left him but Ioachaz, who was the yongest.et ascenderunt in terram Juda, et vastaverunt eam, diripueruntque cunctam substantiam quæ inventa est in domo regis, insuper et filios ejus, et uxores: nec remansit ei filius, nisi Joachaz, qui minimus natu erat. 18And besides all this the Lord struck him with an incurable disease in his bowels.E di più il Signore lo flagellò con malattia incurabile di ventre.And beside al these thinges our Lord stroke him with an incurable disease of the bealie.Et super hæc omnia percussit eum Dominus alvi languore insanabili. 19And as day came after day, and time rolled on, two whole years passed: then after being wasted with a long consumption, so as to void his very bowels, his disease ended with his life. And he died of a most wretched illness, and the people did not make a funeral for him according to the manner of burning, as they had done for his ancestors.E un giorno succedendo all'altro, consumandosi le rivoluzioni de' tempi, terminò il corso di due anni: ed egli distrutto dal suo pestifero morbo, talmente che gettava fuora anche gl'intestini, finì di penare, e di vivere. E morto che fu di quell'orrido male, il popolo non fece a lui. come a' suoi maggiori, l'esequie coll'abbruciarlo secondo il costume.And when day succeded day, and the spaces of times passed about, the circuite of two yeares was complete: and soe being wasted with a long comsumption, soe that he voyded euen his very bowels, he was ridde of the disease, and of his life together. And he died in an exceding vile infirmitie, & the people made him not exequies according to the maner of burning, as they had done to his anceters.Cumque diei succederet dies, et temporum spatia volverentur, duorum annorum expletus est circulus: et sic longa consumptus tabe, ita ut egereret etiam viscera sua, languore pariter, et vita caruit. Mortuusque est in infirmitate pessima, et non fecit ei populus secundum morem combustionis exequias, sicut fecerat majoribus ejus.
20He was two and thirty years old when he began his reign, and he reigned eight years in Jerusalem. And he walked not rightly, and they buried him in the city of David: but not in the sepulchres of the kings.Trentadue anni aveva egli quando principiò a regnare e otto anni regnò in Gerusalemme. E camminò non rettamente, e lo seppellirono nella città di David: ma non nel sepolcro dei re.He was two and thirtie yeares old, when he began to reigne, and he reigned eight yeares in Ierusalem. And he walked not rightly, and they buried him in the Citie of Dauid: but yet not in the sepulchre of the kinges.Triginta duorum annorum fuit cum regnare cœpisset, et octo annis regnavit in Jerusalem. Ambulavitque non recte, et sepelierunt eum in civitate David, verumtamen non in sepulchro regum.
21:1
Year of the World 3115, Year before Christ 889.
21:2
Haydock
Azarias. The only difference between this and the former name is, that the younger brother's (Haydock) has u at the end, (Calmet) Azrieu. Protestants and Septuagint, make no difference, which we should nevertheless expect. (Haydock)
21:3
Pensions. Hebrew, "precious things." Septuagint, "arms."
21:4
Calmet
Sword. This cruel policy (Haydock) has been very common in the East. (Calmet)
Tirinus
Israel. They had perhaps opposed his impious plans, animated by his brethren. God presently chastised him with the rebellion of Idumea; and though Joram gained a victory over Seir, (4 Kings 8:21.) he was not able to reduce the nation, being called off by other wars, ver. 16. His own subjects at Lobna, a Levitical city in Juda, also abandoned him. Dreadful evils were denounced in a letter from the prophet Elias, who had been translated to paradise nine years before, and at last the honours of sepulture were denied to the wicked king. (Tirinus)
21:6
Achab. It is supposed by Jezabel. She might be grand-daughter of Amri, 2 Paralipomenon 22:2. The infamous Athalia is blamed for most of the evils which her husband committed.
21:7
Lamp; heir and successor. (Calmet) (Psalm 131:17.)
21:10
Day, when the author lived. See 4 Kings 8:20.
21:11
Menochius
Fornication; idolatry. (Menochius)
Calmet
Hebrew, "and compelled Juda." Septuagint, "seduced." Syriac, "dissipated Juda." (Calmet)
Haydock
He used every art of seduction and violence to introduce idolatry, to the ruin of his kingdom. (Haydock)
21:12
Junius
Elias. Le Clerc would read Eliseus. Grotius supposes that all passed in a dream. Others think that Elias had written the letter before his removal from the conversation of men, some years before, foreseeing the impiety of Joram, and leaving the letter with Eliseus, to be delivered unto him. (Menochius) (Junius)
Tirinus
But the most common opinion is, that the prophet wrote it in paradise, (Calmet) and sent it to the king by an angel, etc. (Seder. xvii.) (Bellarmine) (Tirinus)
Worthington
Elias had been taken away in the 18th year of Josaphat, who reigned 25; so he shewed this special care of Joram and his kingdom, so many years after his assumption. (Worthington)
Haydock
Thus the saints in heaven interest themselves in our defence, 2 Machabees 15:11. (Haydock)
Calmet
Prophet. Hebrew, "And there came in him a writing of," etc. (Calmet)
21:14
Haydock
Thee is not expressed in Hebrew, but it is in the Septuagint and the king was not only afflicted with illness, but with the losses of his people and family. (Haydock)
21:15
Calmet
By little. Hebrew, "by reason of the sickness, (Haydock) day by day," or in two years time, ver. 19. (Calmet)
Haydock
He was probably ill so long. (Haydock)
Agrippa and Antiochus were treated in the same manner, (Calmet) with a diarrhoea, (Menochius) or dysentery, (Calmet) the vitals being corrupted. (Valesius 40.)
21:16
Philistines; who, it seems, had been obedient since the days of David.
21:17
Calmet
Joachaz, alias Ochozias, (Challoner) or Azarias, in Hebrew, 2 Paralipomenon 22:1., and 6. (Calmet)
The variation of names seems to originate in the mistakes of transcribers, very frequently. If we found in some profane author, that Philip had only one son, Ander-alex, left, and that this son, Alex-ander, succeeded him, we should readily allow that the first syllables had been erroneously placed last, (Kennicott) as on this occasion aez-ieu stands for ieu-aez. Septuagint has here Ochozias; as the other versions have also Ochozias, (chap. 22:6.) instead of Azrieu, (Haydock) a name given to Ozias, king of Juda, when it belonged to the priests, as it here belongs to one of the captains, 2 Paralipomenon 23:1. Sometimes we find Aezie, 4 Kings 9:16. Strange inconsistency! (Kennicott) See 4 Kings 14:21.
21:19
Year of the World 3119, Year before Christ 885.
Calmet
And. Protestants, "And it came to pass that, in process of time, after the end of two years, his bowels fell out, by reason of his sickness: so he died of sore diseases: And his people made no burning for him," etc., (Haydock) not that the body was usually consumed, but no aromatical spices were burned near it, (Sanctius; Tirinus) as in the funeral of Asa, 2 Paralipomenon 16:14. (Calmet)
Menochius
The point is controverted. (Menochius)
21:20
Rightly. Septuagint, "unpraised." Hebrew, "without any satisfaction;" or, "he departed unregretted," oppressed with illness, and odious to all.
Calmet
Kings. Joas, Achaz, Achab, and Manasses, were disgraced in like manner, after their death. The Hebrews then shewed their resentment, without fear. The like custom prevailed in Egypt, and kept many within bounds. No person could receive the usual honours of burial, if his accusers could maintain their charge against his character before a court of above forty people, assembled for the purpose. Calumny was severely punished. But the kings themselves were to stand their trial, while their corpse was placed in the porch of the monument, and the priest spoke their funeral oration. The people testified their approbation or discontent, "and many of the kings have been deprived of a glorious and legal burial, on account of the opposition of the multitude." (Diodorus 1:and ii.) (Calmet)
21:17
Joachaz.... Alias Ochozias.
21:1
Concordance 4. Reg. 8.
21:12
Elias was assumpted from ordinarie conuersation with mortal men the eighttenth yeare of king Iosaphat 4. Reg. 2. 3. who reigned twentie fiue yeares 3. Reg. 22. v. 42. So he shewed this special care of Ioram and his kingdom, after his assumption seuen yeares.
21:16
St Augustine of Hippo † AD 430 A Treatise on Grace and Free Will 42
… “Moreover, the Lord stirred up against Jehoram the spirit of the Philistines, and of the Arabians, that were neighbours to the Ethiopians; and they came up to the land of Judah, and ravaged it, and carried away all the substance which was found in the king’s house.”
21:4
4. HE KILLED ALL HIS BROTHERS WITH THE SWORD, AND SOME OF THE PRINCES, — perhaps because they themselves opposed his new religion and idolatry. And if this is so, they truly fell as martyrs.
21:7
7. A LAMP, — that is the succession of the royal and splendid line. See Psalm cxxxi, 17.
21:10
10. NEVERTHELESS EDOM REBELLED. — Idumæa namely shook off the yoke of the impious king Joram of Juda; and then was fulfilled the prophecy of Jacob, Genesis xxvii, 40, predicting that Esau would shake off the yoke of Jacob, namely that the Idumæans would shake off the yoke of the Jews. AT THAT TIME ALSO LOBNA REVOLTED. — It was an ancient city in the tribe of Juda, as if to say: Not only the foreign Idumæans, but also the subject inhabitants of Lobna, although impious to their king Joram, rebelled. Hear Adrichomius in his Description of the tribe of Juda, number 176: "Lebna, which is also called Lobna and Labana, a city of the Levites, strong and fortified, not far distant from Lachis, had in ancient times a king; after he was killed, Joshua also conquered it. After the state of the Jews came to the Monarchy, on account of the impiety of king Joram son of Josaphat, Lebna revolted from him; finally it was besieged by Sennacherib king of the Assyrians. Now it is a village in the region of Eleutheropolitana, which is called Lobna, about which Isaiah writes, as the author Jerome testifies. Some place this in the tribe of Dan."
21:12
12. NOW LETTERS WERE BROUGHT TO HIM FROM ELIAS THE PROPHET. — You will ask: What letters were these, of what kind, when and how were they written and sent by Elias? Note that Elias had long before been taken up from the earth in a fiery chariot to heaven. For in the time of Josaphat, who was the father of this Joram, Eliseus flourished and prophesied, who succeeded Elias already taken up, as is evident from IV Kings III, 11. For what Cajetan thinks, that this is another Elias and different from the Thesbite, has no appearance of probability, and is said newly without foundation. Such also is what Vatablus says, that by Elias here Eliseus is understood, because the spirit of Elias had settled upon him. Others, as Emmanuel Sa thinks, believe that Elias wrote these letters before his rapture, and gave them to Eliseus or someone similar, so that after his rapture he would deliver them to King Joram. But truly others commonly think that Elias from paradise, or the place in which he himself dwelt after his rapture with Enoch, sent these letters, either through an Angel clothed in human form, or through Eliseus or another prophet, or a faithful man, to King Joram. And so just as in the Transfiguration of Christ there appeared to Peter, James and John Elias with Moses, so also the same appeared here to some man, and gave him letters written by himself to be carried to Joram. Thus the Hebrews in Seder-Olam, cap. xvii, Lyran, Serarius, Sanchez, Bellarmine, and Salian, who think these letters were given by Elias in the ninth year after his rapture; for his rapture was in the nineteenth year of Josaphat, who then reigned for six more years, namely until the twenty-fifth year; but these letters were given in the third or fourth year of Joram, namely when he alone reigned after his father Josaphat's death. He wrote moreover from paradise, so that he might more strike the impious Joram and convert him, and so that he might show how much he and the Saints, even after this life, have care for the faithful, especially. The same is thought by Genebrard, lib. I Chronol., Joseph Acosta, lib. III De Noviss. Temp., cap. vii, Aben Ezra and Peter Figuerius in cap. iv of Malachy, Thomas Malvenda, lib. IX De Antichristo, cap. ii. Moreover by these letters Elias gravely rebukes Joram, because he had fallen away from God equally as from the religion of his father Josaphat, and because he had killed his brothers almost as a parricide, and threatens him with a threefold plague: namely first, a public plundering of goods both of the king himself and of the kingdom and people, equally as the seizure of his wives and sons, which the Philistines, Arabs and Ethiopians soon brought upon him, as is said in verse 16. Secondly, a grave disease and a long wasting of two years, so that his bowels came out, and thus in pains and foul odors he breathed out his wretched soul, verse 18. Thirdly, that he would lack the honor of a royal burial. This third punishment Elias does not express, but this followed from the two prior ones, and from his infamous life and death that followed, as is evident in verse 19.
21:17
21:19
19. AND THE PEOPLE MADE HIM NO FUNERAL RITES ACCORDING TO THE CUSTOM OF BURNING, EXEQUIES, AS THEY HAD DONE FOR HIS FOREFATHERS, — by burning, not the body of the king (for that was buried in the sepulcher of David and Solomon, or in his own magnificently erected for this purpose almost as a mausoleum), but near the body, precious aromatics and ointments; and this was done with "ambition" and "great" pomp for Asa the grandfather of Joram, cap. xvi, verse 14. See what is said in Jerem. cap. xxxiv, verse 5.
Machine translation from the Latin, not reviewed.
21:2
Besides a son of King Jehoshaphat (II Chron. 21:2) and a prefect of the "house of God" in the time of King Josiah (ibid. 35:8), three Levites bear this name: one belonging to the harp players (I Chron. 15:18, 20; 16:5); another …
Michael (Hebrew Mikhā'el « Who [is] like God? »)
… tribe of Manasseh, who helped David with his men in the campaign against the Amalekites (ibid. 12:21; cf. 1 Sam. 30:1 ff.). 7. Father of Omri of the tribe of Issachar in the time of David (1 Chron. 27:18). 8. Brother of King Jehoram, son of Jehoshaphat (2 Chron. 21:2). 9. Member of the Jewish community in Babylon during the exile (Ezra 8:8).
21:6
… sought in some latent opposition to the new politico-religious direction of the king, who, departing from his father's line and instead following the example of the kings of Israel, began to suppress the religion of Yahweh, favoring idolatrous cults (II Chron. 21, 6.11).
21:8
to the invasion of Jerusalem under Joram around 845 B.C. by Arabs and Philistines (cf. II Kings 8:20-22; II Chron. 21:8-17), and they adduce the following literary reasons: the dependence of Jeremiah (49:7-22) on A. (5-17) and of Amos (1-2) on Joel (4:16), which in turn depends (3:5) on A. (17). …
Asiongaber (Hebrew Ešjōn-Gēbher "Grove of Gēbher [Name of a Man?]")
… there destined for Ophir, but it was destroyed in the port of A. by a storm (I Kings 9:26 ff.; 22:48 f.; II Chron. 8:17; 9:21; 20:35-37). Already under Joram (849-842 B.C.) Edom, having revolted, deprived the kingdom of Judah (cf. II Kings 8:20-22; II Chron. 21:8-10) of its coveted outlet to the sea. Afterward, the Bible no longer speaks of A., but of Elath, retaken from Edom by Uzziah (789-38 B.C.).
21:10
Lebna (Heb. Libhná; Gr. Lechna, Lochna)
… Libhná; Gr. Lechna, Lochna). - A city of Palestine situated between Maceda and Lachish (Josh. 10:29-31). Taken by Joshua (Josh. 10:30, 39; 12:15), it was assigned to the Levites (Josh. 21:13; 1 Chron. 6:57). It made itself independent by revolting against Judah under Jehoram (2 Kings 8:22; 2 Chron. 21:10). It seems to have had a fortress which Sennacherib, in his struggle against Hezekiah,
21:12
… J. died at the age of 40, after a long and shameful illness, foretold to him by the prophet Elijah (v.), and he did not even have the honor of burial in the royal tombs (II Chron. 21, 12-20).
21:16
… These Arabs would have carried out the raid against Joram (2 Chron. 21:16); Uzziah defeated the "Arabs who dwelt in Gurbaal" (2 Chron. 26:7). In A.D. 105 Trajan reduced the kingdom to a Roman province.
… Philistines and the Arab tribes as well, who had made an act of submission to Jehoshaphat, rebelled against J. and plundered the country; indeed they made raids as far as Jerusalem, sacked the palace and deported members of the royal family themselves (II Chron. 21, 16 ff.). …
… He was among the few members of the royal family who escaped deportation in the terrible incursion of the Philistines and Edomites into the territory of Judah during the reign of Jehoram (II Par. 21, 16-17). Having ascended the throne at the age of twenty-two, he followed in his father's footsteps, shaping his policy along anti-Yahwist lines, after the example of the house of Ahab, to …
Douay-Rheims (Challoner) · Vulgata Clementina · original Douay-Rheims (Douay 1609-10), transcription by EEBO-TCP (CC0) · La Sacra Bibbia, tradotta dalla Volgata da Antonio Martini (1769-1781) (LaParola (laparola.net), Martini OSIS text, Public domain (LaParola's electronic edition marks it 'Dominio pubblico')). Public domain.